Effect of deformation temperature on transformation-induced plasticity effect of lean duplex stainless steel

Effects of deformation temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of lean duplex stainless steels B2102 and S32101 have been investigated. It was found that the strength decreased continuously with increases in temperature from -60 ℃ to 100 ℃. The strength of S32101 was higher than that of B2102 owing to its higher nitrogen content. Plasticity of B2102 increased with an increase in deformation temperature from - 60 ℃ and reached the optimal elongation ratio of 49% - 54% after deformation at 20 - 50 ^（2. Martensite transformation was observed during deformation due to the transformation-induced plasticity effect. The optimal elongation was achieved at deformation temperatures close to the Md（3O/50） temperatures of 62 ℃ and 6 ℃ for B2102 and S32101. respectively.

Temperature-jump tensile tests to induce optimized TRIP/TWIP effect in a metastable austenitic stainless steel

In the present work,plastic deformation mechanisms were initially tailored by adjusting the deformation temperature in the range of 0 to 200℃ in AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel,aiming to optimize the strength-ductility synergy.It was shown that the combined twinning-induced plasticity(TWIP)/transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)effects and a wider strain range for the TRIP effect up to higher strains by adjusting the deformation temperature are good strategies to improve the strength-ductility synergy of this metastable stainless steel.In this regard,by consideration of the observed temperature-dependency of plastic deformation,the controlled sequence of TWIP and TRIP effects for archiving superior strength-ductility trade-off was intended by the pre-designed temperature jump tensile tests.Accordingly,the optimum tensile toughness of 846 MJ/m^(3) and total elongation to 133% were obtained by this strategy via exploiting the advantages of the TWIP effect at 100℃ and the TRIP effect at 25℃ at the later stages of the straining.Consequently,a deformation-temperature-transformation(DTT)diagram was developed for this metastable alloy.Moreover,based on work-hardening analysis,it was found that the main phenomenon constraining further improvement in the ductility and strengthening was the yielding of the deformation-induced α′-martensite.

EFFECT OF AUSTEMPERING ON TRANSFORMATION INDUCED PLASTICITY OF HOT ROLLED MULTIPHASE STEELS

Effect of austempering on the transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） of hot rolled multiphase steel was investigated. Polygonal ferrite, granular bainite, and a large amount of stabilized retained austenite could be obtained in the hot rolled multiphase steel. Strain induced martensite transformation （SIMT） of retained austenite and TRIP effectively occur under straining owing to austempering after hot rolling, and mechanical properties of the present steel remain at a relatively high constant value for austempering at 400℃. The mechanical properties of the steel exhibited a good combination of tensile strength （791MPa） and total elongation （36%） because the stability of retained austenite is optimal when the steel is held for 20min.

Influence of original microstructure on the transformation behavior and mechanical properties of ultra-high-strength TRIP-aided steel

The transformation behavior and tensile properties of an ultra-high-strength transformation-induced plasticity （TRIP） steel （0.2C-2.0Si-I.SMn） were investigated by different heat treatments for automobile applications. The results show that F-TRIP steel, a tradi- tional TRIP steel containing as-cold-rolled ferfite and pearlite as the original microstructure, consists of equiaxed grains of intercritical ferrite surrounded by discrete particles of M/RA and B. In contrast, M-TRIP steel, a modified TRiP-aided steel with martensite as the original mi- crostlucture, containing full martensite as the original microstructure is comprised of lath-shaped grains of ferrite separated by lath-shaped martensite/retained austenite and bainite. Most of the austenite in F-TRIP steel is granular, while the austenite in M-TRIP steel is lath-shaped. The volume fraction of the retained austenite as well as its carbon content is lower in F-TRIP steel than in M-TRIP steel, and austenite grains in M-TRIP steel are much finer than those in F-TRIP steel. Therefore, M-TRIP steel was concluded to have a higher austenite stability, re- sulting in a lower transformation rate and consequently contributing to a higher elongation compared to F-TRIP steel. Work hardening be- havior is also discussed for both types of steel.

Microstructure and Performance of 2Y-PSZ/TRIP Steel Composites

2Y-PSZ/TRIP steel composites have been sintered by hot-pressing method. Their microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated by means of SEM, TEM, XRD and static tension, split Hopkinson pressure bar method. The results showed that the strength and elastic modulus of 2Y-PSZ/TRIP steel composites at room temperature decreased with the increase of 2Y-PSZ content. The main reason was that the combining strength was quite weak between the grains of ZrO2. Distortion induced martensite transformation and plasticity during the dynamic loading increased the strength and distortion capability of the composites. The transformation was carried out mainly through twins formation. The shape of martensite induced by distortion was lamellate with substructures of twins. The habit plane was near {259}T with no mid-ridge and no explosion phenomena. The interface was straight between the austenite and martensite induced by distortion. The increase of 2Y-PSZ content, on the one hand, made the composite dynamic flow stress improved. Thereby, the fracture strength was improved. On the other hand, it depressed both the distortion capability and the martensite transformation induced by distortion. This resulted in the decrease of dynamic fracture strength.

Effect of retained austenite and nonmetallic inclusions on the thermal/electrical properties and resistance spot welding nuggets of Si-containing TRIP steels

Five advanced high-strength transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) steels with different chemical compositions were studied to correlate the retained austenite and nonmetallic inclusion content with their physical properties and the characteristics of the resistance spot welding nuggets. Electrical and thermal properties and equilibrium phases of TRIP steels were predicted using the JMatPro? software. Retained austenite and nonmetallic inclusions were quantified by X-ray diffraction and saturation magnetization techniques. The nonmetallic inclusions were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the contents of Si, C, Al, and Mn in TRIP steels increase both the retained austenite and the nonmetallic inclusion contents. We found that nonmetallic inclusions affect the thermal and electrical properties of the TRIP steels and that the differences between these properties tend to result in different cooling rates during the welding process. The results are discussed in terms of the electrical and thermal properties determined from the chemical composition and their impact on the resistance spot welding nuggets.

Effects of Holding Temperature for Austempering on Mechanical Properties of Si-Mn TRIP Steel

A new type of high strength steel containing a significant amount of stable retained austenite was obtained by austempering immediately after intercritical annealing.This sort of low carbon steel only contains alloying elements of silicon and manganese rather than nickel and chromium.Its mechanical properties were enhanced considerably due to strain-induced martensite transformation and transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)of retained austenite when it was strained at temperatures between Msand Md,because retained austenite was moderately stabilized due to carbon enrichment by austempering.Austempering was carried out at different temperatures and 400 ℃ was found to be optimal.Tensile strength,total elongation and strength-ductility balance reached the maximum values and the product of tensile strength and total elongation exceeded 30 135 MPa % when the TRIP steel was held at 400 ℃ and strained at 350 ℃.

Effect of Silicon and Manganese on Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Plain TRIP Steel

A great deal of stabilized retained austenite can be obtained by means of austempering immediately after intercritical annealing in the low-carbon plain steel sheets which only contain alloying elements of silicon and manganese. Transformation from retained austenite to martensite may be induced by strain at a temperature ranging from 50 ℃ to 400 ℃ during tension testing. Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) may occur. Alloying of silicon improves the stability of retained austenite. Mechanical properties of the present TRIP steels containing manganese increase with increasing silicon amount when the amount of silicon is less than two percent.

Mechanisms of strength-plasticity enhancement and stress-induced phase transition in a medium-carbon low-alloy steel

A medium-carbon low-alloy steel with designed chemical composition was investigated.The steel exhibits an excellent product of strength and elongation value of 31,832 MPa%through quenching and partitioning treatment,with a tensile strength of 1413 MPa and elongation of 22%.X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy characterizations confirm that the retained austenite in the specimens undergoes stress-induced phase transformation to the martensite and hexagonal phases,namely the transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)effect is triggered.This TRIP effect,triggered by the stress-induced phase transition of retained austenite,is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties obtained in the steel.For further investigating the stress-induced phase transition mechanism,thermodynamic methods are applied.Gibbs free energy of face-centered cubic-Fe,ε-Fe,ω-Fe and body-centered cubic-Fe associated with the stress-induced phase transition was calculated using molecular dynamics simulations,and a calculation method of strain energy in thermodynamic units for the stress-induced martensitic transformation is presented.The final results reveal the process and thermodynamic mechanism of stress-induced martensitic transformation in medium-carbon steels,in which the hexagonal phase can participate in the process as an intermediate product.

Temperature dependence of Lüders strain and its correlation with martensitic transformation in a medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel

The Luders deformation behavior in a medium Mn transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steel is investigated at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 300 ℃. It demonstrates that the Ltiders band appears at all testing temperatures but with varied Luders strains which do not change monoton ically with temperature. The martensitic transformation is simultaneously observed within the Ltiders band in varying degrees depending on the testing temperature. It is well verified that the martensitic transformation is not responsible for the formation of Luders band, and a reasonable explanation is given for the non-monotonic variation of Luders strain with increasing temperature.

Surface effect induced phase transformation by Mn removal during annealing and its textures in cold-rolled high manganese transformation-induced plasticity steel

The surface effect induced transformation texture during vacuum annealing of cold-rolled high manganese transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)steels was studied.Due to Mn removal occurring at the surface layer,γ→δdiffusional phase transformation leads to the formation of hard pancake-shaped ferrite grains due to solution strengthening at the surface and the centre layer remains as austenite+martensite after annealing.In the case of slow heating,{112}/{111}<110>textures for the surface ferrite were strengthened with the increase in temperature and holding time,indicating an inheritance of rolling textures.By increasing the heating rate of annealing,the rotated cube texture was developed in surface ferrite.This kind of multiphase sandwich structure with hard ferrite surface layer and tough austenite dominant centre can increase tensile strength and should also improve deep drawing properties,therefore providing new possibility of controlling properties for the application of high manganese TRIP steel.

Enhancement of ballistic performance enabled by transformation-induced plasticity in high-strength bainitic steel

High-strength bainitic steels have created a lot of interest in recent times because of their excellent combination of strength,ductility,toughness,and high ballistic mass efficiency.Bainitic steels have great potential in the fabrication of steel armor plates.Although various approaches and methods have been conducted to utilize the retained austenite(RA)in the bainitic matrix to control mechanical properties,very few attempts have been conducted to improve ballistic performance utilizing transformationinduced plasticity(TRIP)mechanism.In this study,high-strength bainitic steels were designed by controlling the time of austempering process to have various volume fractions and stability of RA while maintaining high hardness.The dynamic compressive and ballistic impact tests were conducted,and the relation between the effects of TRIP on ballistic performance and the adiabatic shear band(ASB)formation was analyzed.Our results show for the first time that an active TRIP mechanism achieved from a large quantity of metastable RA can significantly enhance the ballistic performance of high-strength bainitic steels because of the improved resistance to ASB formation.Thus,the ballistic performance can be effectively improved by a very short austempering time,which suggests that the utilization of active TRIP behavior via tuning RA acts as a primary mechanism for significantly enhancing the ballistic performance of high-strength bainitic steels.

低碳Si-Mn系TRIP钢的热处理工艺对组织的影响

低碳Si Mn系TRIP钢有着复杂的显微组织 ,主要由多边形铁素体 (F) +无碳贝氏体 (B) +残留奥氏体(AR)组成。本试验采用了彩色金相法 ,并结合X ray衍射、SEM和TEM等手段研究了低碳Si Mn系TRIP钢显微组织与工艺的关系 ,发现随着两相区退火温度的升高 ,最终显微组织中铁素体基体体积分数变小 ,并且贝氏体量增多 ,残留奥氏体的稳定性呈起伏式变化 ;在贝氏体转变区的等温温度过高或过低 ,均使最终显微组织中残留奥氏体体积分数减少 ;在贝氏体转变区等温时 ,所形成贝氏体表现出粒状的特征。

相同成分DP钢和TRIP钢部分力学性能的比较

对同一种钢板进行不同热处理分别制成具有相同铁素体含量的双相钢(DP钢)和相变诱发塑性变形钢(TRIP钢),并对其部分力学性能进行对比。比较发现,铁素体基体上不同的第二相使得材料力学性能产生巨大差异:马氏体使DP钢具有很高的抗拉强度,残余奥氏体则赋予TRIP钢优良的伸长率;DP钢拥有更加优良的加工硬化能力,TRIP钢则具有较为理想的烘烤硬化能力。试验还表明,考察DP钢和TRIP钢的烘烤硬化能力时,除柯氏气团外,内应力的消除也应该考虑其中。

高强中锰TRIP钢的残余奥氏体含量及其稳定性

设计了一种中锰相变诱导塑性(TRIP)钢,利用全新的热处理工艺对其进行处理,研究了其残余奥氏体含量及其稳定性,并对该钢的显微组织和力学性能进行了分析。结果表明:中锰TRIP钢退火后的残余奥氏体体积分数均在39%以上,且奥氏体在变形过程中绝大部分转变为马氏体,提高了钢的塑性和强度;在630℃退火可使该钢的抗拉强度大于1 000 MPa,伸长率大于30%,强塑积大于30GPa.%,残余奥氏体体积分数为51.4%。

应力状态对TRIP钢残余奥氏体稳定性的影响

通过单向拉伸、平面应变和双向等拉实验研究了宏观应力状态对相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢中残余奥氏体稳定性的影响.实验中残余奥氏体在不同应变量的体积分数通过X-射线衍射法测量,并引入应力三维度水平来表征不同应力状态.结果表明,不管何种变形模式,TRIP钢中残余奥氏体的体积含量都随塑性应变的增大而减少,而且应力三维度水平越高,TRIP钢的相变速率越快,残余奥氏体的力学稳定性越差.基于此,给出了能够表征不同应力状态的应变诱发马氏体相变动力学方程.

不同应变率下TRIP钢的拉伸性能

在自制气动式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验机上对含 1 6Si 1 5 8Mn 0 1 95C的TRIP (Transformation inducedPlasticity)钢在不同应变率下的高速冲击拉伸性能进行了研究 ,并和静态拉伸性能进行了比较。结果显示 ,随应变速率的提高 ,材料的抗拉强度显著增加 ,延伸率降低。由于TRIP钢组织中残余奥氏体在应力应变作用下向马氏体的相变诱发转变显著改善了材料的塑性 。

两相区退火温度对TRIP780钢组织和性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、X-射线衍射等方法,研究了0.16C-1.47Si-1.64Mn-0.02Nb-0.02Ti冷轧TRIP钢不同两相区退火温度对组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,实验钢在840℃退火180s和420℃等温240s处理后,可以获得53.0%的铁素体、38.6%的贝氏体、8.4%的残余奥氏体,此时可以获得较佳的相变诱发塑性和好的强韧性配合,其强塑积可达22.4×103MPa.%,较低或较高的退火温度都将减少残余奥氏体含量。

等温淬火温度对含铌TRIP钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射等方法研究了0.15C-1.46Si-1.56Mn-0.06Nb冷轧TRIP钢板等温淬火温度对组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢最佳的临界热处理工艺:在840℃两相区保温180 s,再快速冷却到420℃并在该温度保温240 s,进行贝氏体等温转变处理。采用这种热处理工艺,试验钢的微观组织为铁素体+贝氏体+残留奥氏体,其中铁素体占72%,贝氏体占20%,残留奥氏体占8%,可获得较佳的相变诱发塑性和较好的强韧性配合,其强塑积可达到2.5×104MPa.%,提高或降低贝氏体等温淬火温度都会降低强塑积。结果还表明,在840℃,适当的延长热处理时间可以提高残留奥氏体体积分数及残留奥氏体的碳含量,有助于提高材料的强塑积。

TRIP高强度钢板成形极限的实验研究

简要回顾了相变诱发塑性 (TRIP)高强度钢板的最新研究进展 ,总结了预测成形极限的三种模型 ,对TRIP钢的成形极限进行了预测和实验研究。预测结果与实验结果的比较表明 ,这三种模型都没有准确地预测TRIP钢的成形极限 ,其中NADDRG模型预测结果与实验值最接近 ,Swift-Hill模型预测结果偏小 ,而修正的Swift-Hill模型预测结果偏大。对两种高强度钢DP和ZStE1 80的成形极限进行了比较分析。