Transhepatic catheter-directed thrombolysis for portal vein thrombosis after partial splenic embolization in combination with balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of splenorenal shunt

一个 66 岁的女人与自发的门静脉高血压(IPH ) 为脾机能亢进经历了部分脾的 embolization (PSE ) 。一个星期以后，提高对比的 CT 揭示了广泛的门静脉血栓(PVT ) 并且扩大了 portosystemic 分流。PVT 没被尿激的静脉内的管理溶解。正确的门静脉是经由在超声的指导和 4 Fr 下面的经皮的 transhepatic 线路的 canulated。直导管通过血栓被推进进门静脉。Transhepatic 指导导管的血栓溶解被执行溶解 PVT， splenorenal 分流并发地被堵塞增加门血流，用堵塞汽球后退 transvenous 涂去(BRTO ) 技术。随后的提高对比的 CT 显示出门静脉和形成血栓 splenorenal 分流的好明显。与 BRTO 相结合的 Transhepatic 指导导管的血栓溶解为有 portosystemic 分流的 PVT 可行、有效。

Clinical outcomes of Angio Jet pharmacomechanical thrombectomy versus catheter-directed thrombolysis for the treatment of filter-related caval thrombosis

BACKGROUND The inferior vena cava filter is utilized worldwide to intercept thrombi and to reduce the risk of fatal pulmonary embolism(PE).However,filter-related thrombosis is a complication of filter implantation.Endovascular methods such as AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy(ART)and catheter-directed thrombolysis(CDT)can treat filter-related caval thrombosis,but the clinical outcomes of both treatment modalities have not been determined.AIM To compare the treatment outcomes of AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy vs catheter-directed thrombolysis in patients with filter-related caval thrombosis.METHODS In this single-center retrospective study,65 patients(34 males and 31 females;mean age:59.0±13.43 years)with intrafilter and inferior vena cava thrombosis were enrolled between January 2021 and August 2022.These patients were assigned to either the AngioJet group(n=44)or the CDT group(n=21).Clinical data and imaging information were collected.Evaluation measures included thrombus clearance rate,periprocedural complications,urokinase dosage,incidence of PE,limb circumference difference,length of stay,and filter removal rate.RESULTS Technical success rates were 100%in the AngioJet and CDT groups.In the AngioJet group,grade II and grade III thrombus clearance was achieved in 26(59.09%)and 14(31.82%)patients,respectively.In the CDT group,grade II and grade III thrombus clearance was accomplished in 11(52.38%)patients and 8(38.10%)patients,respectively(P>0.05).The peridiameter difference of the thigh was significantly reduced in patients from both groups after treatment(P<0.05).The median dosage of urokinase was 0.08(0.02,0.25)million U in the AngioJet group and 1.50(1.17,1.83)million U in the CDT group(P<0.05).Minor bleeding was shown in 4(19.05%)patients in the CDT group,and when it was compared with that in the AngioJet group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).No major bleeding occurred.Seven(15.91%)patients in the AngioJet group had hemoglobinuria and 1(4.76%)patient in the CDT group had bacteremia.There were 8(18.18%)patients with PE in the AngioJet group and 4(19.05%)patients in the CDT group before the intervention(P>0.05).Computed tomography angiopulmonography(CTA)showed that PE was resolved after the intervention.New PE occurred in 4(9.09%)patients in the AngioJet group and in 2(9.52%)patients in the CDT group after theintervention(P>0.05).These cases of PE were asymptomatic.The mean length of stay was longer in the CDT group(11.67±5.34 d)than in the AngioJet group(10.64±3.52 d)(P<0.05).The filter was successfully retrieved in the first phase in 10(47.62%)patients in the CDT group and in 15(34.09%)patients in the AngioJet group(P>0.05).Cumulative removal was accomplished in 17(80.95%)out of 21 patients in the CDT group and in 42(95.45%)out of 44 patients in the ART group(P>0.05).The median indwelling time for patients with successful retrieval was 16(13139)d in the CDT group and 59(12231)d in the ART group(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Compared with catheter-directed thrombolysis,AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy can achieve similar thrombus clearance effects,improve the filter retrieval rate,reduce the urokinase dosage and lower the risk of bleeding events in patients with filter-related caval thrombosis.

Agitation thrombolysis combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis for the treatment of non-cirrhotic acute portal vein thrombosis

AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of agitation thrombolysis(AT) combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis(CDT) for the treatment of non-cirrhotic acute portal vein thrombosis(PVT). METHODS Nine patients with non-cirrhotic acute PVT who underwent AT combined with CDT were analyzed retrospectively. Portography was carried out via the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic(commonly known as TIP) or percutaneous transhepatic(commonly known as PT) route, followed by AT combined with CDT. Complications of the procedure, and the changes in clinical symptoms, hemodynamics of the portal vein and liver function were recorded. Follow-up was scheduled at1, 3 and 6 mo after treatment, and every 6 mo thereafter, or when the patients developed clinical symptoms related to PVT. Color Doppler ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging were performed during the follow-up period to determine the condition of the portal vein.RESULTS AT combined with CDT was successfully performed. The portal vein was reached via the TIP route in 6 patients, and via the PT route in 3 patients. All clinical symptoms were relieved or disappeared, with the exception of 1 patient who died of intestinal necrosis 9 d after treatment. Significant differences in the changes in portal vein hemodynamics were observed, including the maximum lumen occupancy of PVT, portal vein pressure and flow velocity between pre-and posttreatment(P < 0.05). During the follow-up period, recurrence was observed in 1 patient at 19 mo after the procedure, and the portal vein was patent in the remaining patients.CONCLUSION AT combined with CDT is a safe and effective method for the treatment of non-cirrhotic acute PVT.

Stenting of iliac vein obstruction following catheter-directed thrombolysis in lower extremity deep vein thrombosis

Background Catheter-directed thrombolysis （CDT） for deep venous thrombosis （DV-F） of the lower extremity has good effect, but whether iliac vein stent placement after thrombolytic therapy is still controversial. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of stent placement in the iliac vein following CDT in lower extremity DVT. Methods This was a single-canter, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial. After receiving CDT, the major branch of the distal iliac vein was completely patent in 155 patients with lower extremity DVT, and 74 of these patients with iliac vein residual stenosis of 〉50% were randomly divided into a control group （n=29） and a test group （n=45）. In the test group, stents were implanted in the iliac vein, whereas no stents were implanted in the control group. We evaluated the clinical indicators, including patency of the deep vein, C in CEAP classification, Venous Clinical Severity Score （VCSS）, and Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire （CIVIQ） Score. Results All patients had postoperative follow-up visits for a period of 6-24 months. Venography or color ultrasound was conducted in subjects. There was a significant difference between the patency rate at the last follow-up visit （87.5% vs. 29.6%） and the 1-year patency rate （86.0% vs. 54.8%） between the test and control groups. The change in the C in CEAP classification pre- and post-procedure was significantly different between the test and control groups （1.61±0.21 vs. 0.69±0.23）. In addition, at the last follow-up visit, VCSS and CIVIQ Score were both significantly different between the test and control groups （7.57±0.27 vs. 0.69±0.23; 22.67±3.01 vs. 39.34±6.66, respectively）. Conclusion The stenting of iliac vein obstruction following CDT in lower extremity DVT may increase the patency of the deep vein, and thus provides better efficacy and quality of life.

A hybrid technique： intra-arterial catheter-directed thrombolysis following the recanalization of superior mesenteric artery in acute mesenteric ischemia

Acute mesenteric ischemia is a deadly process withoverall mortality rate of 40%. Acute thrombosis of an atherosclerotic lesion with previous partial occlusion isone of the common causes. Peri-operative mortality ofsuperior mesenteric artery （SMA） thrombosis is higherbecause of the difficulty in diagnosis,

经皮经肝介入门静脉血栓溶栓治疗

目的评价经皮经肝门静脉穿刺置管介入溶栓术的安全性和疗效。方法3例患者中，男性2例，女性1例．年龄分别为56岁，62岁，70岁。肝炎肝硬化2例。1例腹痛原因待查（后经手术证实为肠间脓肿）。3例患者均经彩色多普勒和CT检查发现门静脉血栓。3例患者均在B超引导下进行经皮经肝门静脉穿刺，置入5F Cobra Ⅰ型导丝及导管鞘。经导管输注20万单位尿激酶后，继以每日30万单位持续注入。连续3天～5天行溶栓治疗，术后抗凝治疗。结果3例患者经皮经肝门静脉穿刺均一次成功，在置管造影及溶栓过程中均无不良反应；拔管前复查造影显示2例患者门静脉100%再通。1例80％再通；3例患者治疗后临床症状好转，腹水消退。肝功能改善．其中2例肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度减轻。1例腹痛原因待查患者溶栓后腹痛减轻但未完全缓解．体温较前下降但未正常，于溶栓后2周行剖腹探查。术中证实右下腹肠间包裹性脓肿。行脓肿切开引流，脓液培养为大肠杆菌，继续抗炎治疗2周后，体温降至正常，腹痛完全缓解。结论经皮经肝门静脉穿刺置管介入溶栓术是治疗门静脉血栓的安全、有效方法。

Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy: UltrasoundAssisted Catheter-Directed Thrombolytic Therapy for the Treatment of a Pulmonary Embolus—A Case Report

In the United States,pulmonary embolism(PE)accounts for approximately 10%of all pregnancy related deaths.The standard treatment for a patient with high-risk PE is systemic thrombolysis.Systemic thrombolysis in pregnancy is associated with the risk of maternal hemorrhage and fetal complications,including spontaneous abortion,preterm delivery,and fetal bleeding.Currently,there is limited evidence for a standardized approach for the treatment and management of intermediate-and high-risk PEs in pregnancy.A 36-year-old gravida 3 para 2002 woman at 31+1weeks of gestation with a history of deep vein thrombosis in her prior pregnancy presented with shortness of breath.A computed tomography angiogram revealed a large pulmonary embolus with a saddle component that extended into the bilateral upper and lower lobes and into the secondary and tertiary pulmonary branches.A subsequent bedside echocardiogram demonstrated a dilated right ventricle with severely reduced right ventricular systolic function.The patient was successfully treated with bilateral ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis.She subsequently delivered a healthy male infant at term.Reported cases of ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis in pregnant patients is limited.Our case demonstrates that localized thrombolysis is a viable treatment option for life-threatening PE in pregnancy.Catheterdirected thrombolysis can be efficacious in treating intermediate-and high-risk PEs in pregnancy while simultaneously reducing the risk of bleeding complications.

Targeted Thrombolytic Therapy

Venous and arterial thrombosis are closely related to many severe diseases, especially to cardiovascular and cerebrovasular disorders. Thrombolytic therapy has been proven to be an effective method to treat such disease, which decreased the mortality and morbidity greatly.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in the Acute Care Setting

Thromboembolic diseases continue to be one of the most prevalent medical problems today and can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as pulmonary embolism (PE). Currently, PE diagnosis and treatment are a challenge because of acute onset right ventricular strain with right-sided heart failure, sudden death, pulmonary infarction, and cardiogenic shock, which limit the time for therapeutic success.?The aim of this study was to evaluate our perception, knowledge, and concerns regarding PE, discuss the importance of promptly diagnosing PE to provide appropriate treatment options for this life-threatening condition, list the most common clinical manifestations present when PE is suspected, and review the clinical approach to patients with suspected PE in an inpatient setting.?In addition, this study reviews the risk stratification of patients with PE and treatment options beyond anticoagulation, compares new treatment options for patients presenting with acute symptomatic PE, and compares aspiration catheters (10 F Pronto .035” and 14 F XL extraction catheter (Vascular Solutions, Minneapolis, MN)) and ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (USAT) versus systemic thrombolysis.This literature review was limited by the quality and number of studies available regarding new treatment options for patients presenting with acute symptomatic PE. Thus, more studies are needed to prove the validity of newer treatment options being trialed, such as aspiration catheters (10 F Pronto .035” and 14 F XL extraction catheter) and USAT, with the hope that further studies will guide patient management and increase our understanding of next generation aspiration catheters, which may provide novel insights on treating acute symptomatic PE.

Efficacy of percutaneous mechanical thrombus removal in acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

BACKGROUND Acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis(LEDVT)is a common vascular emergency with significant morbidity risks,including post-thrombotic syndrome(PTS)and pulmonary embolism.Traditional treatments like catheter-directed thrombolysis(CDT)often result in variable success rates and complications.AIM To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of percutaneous mechanical thrombus removal in acute LEDVT.METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed to examine 58 hospitalised patients with acute LEDVT between August 2019 and August 2022.The patients were categorised into the percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy(PMT)group(n=24)and CDT group(n=32).The follow-up,safety and treatment outcomes were compared between the two groups.The main observational indexes were venous patency score,thrombus removal effect,complications,hospitalisation duration and PTS.RESULTS The venous patency score was 9.04±1.40 in the PMT group and 8.81±1.60 in the CDT group,and the thrombus clearance rate was 100%in both groups.The complication rate was 8.33%in the PMT group and 34.84%in the CDT group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The average hospitalisation duration was 6.54±2.48 days in the PMT group and 8.14±3.56 days in the CDT group.The incidence of PTS was lower in the PMT group than in the CDT group;however,the difference was not statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Compared with CDT,treatment of LEDVT via PMT was associated with a better thrombus clearance rate,clinical therapeutic effect and PTS prevention function,but the difference was not statistically significant.Moreover,PMT was associated with a reduced urokinase dosage,shortened hospitalisation duration and reduced incidence of complications,such as infections and small haemorrhages.These results indicate that PMT has substantial beneficial effects in the treatment of LEDVT.

经皮肝穿刺门静脉置管溶栓治疗急性肠系膜上静脉血栓(附7例报道)

目的探讨经皮肝穿门静脉置管溶栓治疗急性肠系膜上静脉血栓的效果。方法回顾性分析我院2005年8月至2009年4月期间通过经皮肝穿门静脉置管溶栓对7例急性肠系膜上静脉血栓患者的治疗情况及疗效。结果 7例经皮肝穿门静脉置管均成功,穿刺后无漏胆,无腹腔出血。患者腹痛、腹胀和血便症状在2～5d内缓解,2～5d开始进食流质。1例患者因症状加重而行急诊手术,无肠瘘发生。复查造影显示大部分或全部血栓被清除,门静脉和肠系膜上静脉血流通畅。随访3个月至3年,均无复发。结论经皮肝穿门静脉置管溶栓治疗急性肠系膜上静脉血栓是安全、有效的。