STEADY-SHEAR VISCOSITY AND TRANSIENT STRESS RESPONSE FOR ELASTO-THIXOTROPIC FLUIDS

A phenomenological model for dispersed systems which exhibit complex theological behaviour such as shear and time-dependent viscosity, yield stress, and elasticity is proposed. The model extends the Quemeda model to describe the viscosity function with a structural parameter λ which varies according to differ- ent kinetic orders of particle aggregation and segregation. The transient stress response is obtained by solving an instantaneous Maxwell model with an assumed shear modulus function G of the same form as the viscosity function η. Accuracy of the proposed model is verified experimentally with the results obtained for two oil (creosote)/water emulsions. The model that gives the best fit of experimental data appears to be the one with kinetic orders n = m = 2.

Numerical Simulation of Transient Thermal Stress Field for Laser Metal Deposition Shaping

To decrease thermal stress during laser metal deposition shaping(LMDS)process,it is of great importance to learn the transient thermal stress distribution regularities.Based on the“element life and death”technique of finite element analy- sis(FEA),a three-dimensional multi-track and multi-layer numerical simulation model for LMDS is developed with ANSYS parametric design language(APDL)for the first time,in which long-edge parallel reciprocating scanning paths is introduced. Through the model,detailed simulations of thermal stress during whole metal cladding process are conducted,the generation and distribution regularities of thermal stress are also discussed in detail.Using the same process parameters,the simulation results show good agreement with the features of samples which fabricated by LMDS.

Effect of restraint stress on depression-like behaviors in rats after transient focal cerebral ischemic injury

BACKGROUND： Restraint stress is a typical psychophysiological stressor. Simulating the early passion and difficulty in walking of patients after attack of stroke meets onset features.OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effect of restraint stress on depression-like behaviors in rats after transient focal cerebral ischemic injury, and to investigate the feasibility for its being as modeling method of depression model after stroke.DESIGN： A randomized controlled animal experiment.SETTING： Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS： Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 240 - 270 g, provided by the Experimental Animal Center of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA were used in the current study.METHODS： The experiments were carried out in the Faculty of Aerospace Medicine of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between August 2005 and August 2006. ①Experiment intervention： The rats were randomized into middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion （MCAO） ＋stress group, simple MCAO group, sham-operation ＋ stress group and simple sham-operation group, with 12 rats in each group.Rats in the first two groups were developed into cerebral ischemia/reperfusion models by suture-occluded method. Rats in the MCAO＋stress group were modeled and restraint stress scheme was performed. At week 5 after modeling, the rats were placed in self-made restraining tubes, 2 hours/time, once a day, for 2 successive weeks. The common carotid artery, external and internal carotid arteries of rats in the latter two groups were exposed. The stress way of sham-operation＋ stress group was the same as that of MCAO＋ stress group. ②The neurological status grading and motor performance evaluation （screen test, rota-rod test and balance beam test） were conducted in rats with simple sham-operation group and MCAO group before, 1st and 28^th days after modeling. Depression-like behavior test was performed in the rats of each group by sucrose preference test and open field test at the end of the experiment.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Changes of depression-like behaviors of rats in each group.RESULTS： Forty-eight rats were involved in the experiment. Two rats with meningeal irritation sign were excluded from simple MCAO group, and one rat in the MCAO＋stress group died of some unclear causes during the experiments. The other 45 rats entered the stage of finial analysis. ① Depression-like behavior assessment results： The rats in the MCAO＋ stress group had a significantly decreased preference for sucrose solution, crossing and rearing scores, and increased immobility duration after the 14-day restraint stress,compared with those in other three groups （all P〈0.05）. ②The neurological status grading and motor performance evaluation： There were significant differences in the two indexes of rats in the simple MCAO group before, 1^st and 28^th days after modeling （P〈0.01）, while there was no significant difference before and 28^th days after modeling （P〉0.05）. There were no significant changes in sham-operation group at each time point （P〉0.05）.CONCLUSION： After being exerted restraint stress, the rats with transient focal ischemic injury may show obvious depression-like behaviors. Therefore, restraint stress can be used as a novel animal modeling method for further studying biological mechanism in central nervous system of post-stroke depression animals.

ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT THERMAL STRESS IN CYLINDRICALLY ORTHOTROPIC TUBES

The incorrect deduction of equations in the research works devoted to the studies of transient stress in cylindrically orthotropic tubes and done by Kardomateas (Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1989, 1990) leads to the wrong results. The errata (1991) correct the deduction error, but do not give the right numerical results. All errors are corrected, and the Mathematica is adopted to solve the large argument problem for Bessel function. A theoretical solution of the transient thermal stresses in tubes with uniform form is presented, and a numerical example is studied.

Wall shear stress can improve prediction accuracy for transient ischemic attack

BACKGROUND Early prediction of transient ischemic attack (TIA) has important clinical value. To date, systematic studies on clinical, biochemical, and imaging indicators related to carotid atherosclerosis have been carried out to predict the occurrence of TIA. However, their prediction accuracy is limited. AIM To explore the role of combining wall shear stress (WSS) with conventional predictive indicators in improving the accuracy of TIA prediction. METHODS A total of 250 patients with atherosclerosis who underwent carotid ultrasonography at Naval Military Medical University Affiliated Gongli Hospital were recruited. Plaque location, plaque properties, stenosis rate, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity were measured and recorded. The WSS distribution map of the proximal and distal ends of the plaque shoulder was drawn using the shear stress quantitative analysis software, and the average values of WSS were recorded. The laboratory indicators of the subjects were recorded. The patients were followed for 4 years. Patients with TIA were included in a TIA group and the remaining patients were included in a control group. The clinical data, laboratory indicators, and ultrasound characteristics of the two groups were analyzed. Survival curves were plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method. Receiver operating characteristic curves were established to evaluate the accuracy of potential indicators in predicting TIA. Logistic regression model was used to establish combined prediction, and the accuracy of combined predictive indicators for TIA was explored.RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficients of the WSS between the proximal and distal ends of the plaque shoulder were 0.976 and 0.993, respectively, which indicated an excellent agreement. At the end of the follow-up, 30 patients suffered TIA (TIA group) and 204 patients did not (control group). Hypertension (P = 0.037), diabetes (P = 0.026), homocysteine (Hcy)(P = 0.022), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.034), plaque properties (P = 0.000), luminal stenosis rate (P = 0.000), and proximal end WSS (P = 0.000) were independent influencing factors for TIA during follow-up. The accuracy of each indicator for predicting TIA individually was not high (area under the curve [AUC]< 0.9). The accuracy of the combined indicator including WSS (AUC = 0.944) was significantly higher than that of the combined indicator without WSS (AUC = 0.856) in predicting TIA (z = 2.177, P = 0.030). The sensitivity and specificity of the combined indicator including WSS were 86.67% and 92.16%, respectively. CONCLUSION WSS at plaque surface combined with hypertension, diabetes, Hcy, blood glucose, plaque properties, and stenosis rate can significantly improve the accuracy of predicting TIA.

TRANSIENT TORSIONAL WAVE IN FINITE HOLLOW CYLINDER WITH INITIAL AXIAL STRESS

An analytical solution is obtained for transient torsional vibration of a finite hollow cylinder with initial axial stress. The cylinder is subjected to dynamic shearing stress at the internal surface and is fixed at the external surface. The basic equations are presented and the solution is obtained by means of Fourier series expansion technique and the separation of variables method. The effects of the initial stress on the natural frequencies and transient torsional responses are presented and discussed.

TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE FIELDS AND RESIDUAL STRESS FIELDS OF METALLIC MATERIALS UNDER WELDING

Based on the situation of welding thermal conduction and thermo-elasto-platicity research, this paper explores some problems in this field. First, the boundary element method for nonlinear problems is improved by linearization of nonlinear problems and used in welding thermal conduction analysis. Second, the thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method is used for the welding stress calculation, in which the phase transformation is considered by the 'equivalent linear expansion coefficient method'. The comparison of the calculated results with experimental data shows that the methods provided in this paper are available.

高速子弹侵彻Ti6Al4V合金的热力耦合分析

基于动力学、温度-位移关系和几何非线性原理,采用Johnson-Cook本构模型构建起高速子弹撞击Ti6Al4V数值分析模型,研究了不同速度下子弹着靶时剩余速度的变化及靶板的温升特性及靶板的瞬态应力变化规律进行了分析;分析了距离撞击点不同位置的应力变化规律及碰撞时上下表面的应力变化情况,并分析了子弹撞击Ti6Al4V合金板过程中的冲击能量突变过程。结果表明:通过对比不同速度子弹侵彻Ti6Al4V的数值分析模型,得出子弹初速度大小是影响侵彻过程中各参数变化的重要因素;随着初速度的增大,其碰撞时间减小且剩余速度随初速度的变化规律近似线性递增;碰撞过程中子弹动能转化为整体内能使温度上升,碰撞区域温度随速度增大而增大;瞬态应力的大小及传递速度随子弹速度变化而改变,速度越大,碰撞中心弹性和塑性变形越剧烈,应力值越大。

齿轨铁路齿条啮合与轮轨滚动接触间耦合作用机理分析

针对适于山地轨道交通的齿轨铁路,建立基于显式时间积分的三维齿轨轮对-轨道瞬态接触有限元模型,模型可分析齿轮齿条啮合和轮轨滚动接触间中、高频耦合动力作用。轮对和轨道真实几何,齿轮与车轮轮径差导致“车轮悖论”现象及结构振动等均有考虑,齿轮齿条啮合和轮轨接触采用集成库仑摩擦的“面-面”接触算法求解。对比零和非零轮轨摩擦系数工况,解构“车轮悖论”现象对动态接触的影响。以初步设计的Strub型齿轨铁路为例,分析速度为10 km/h和0‰、240‰、480‰坡度下动态接触现象。结果表明,受齿轮啮合影响,齿条、轮轨接触力均呈现周期性波动,但垂向接触总力和总牵引扭矩分别在重力载荷与牵引扭矩附近波动。“车轮悖论”使齿条垂向力和法向接触应力减小,而轮轨垂向力和法向接触应力增加,齿面切向接触应力与接触斑内滑移区面积相应增加,在坡度240‰下,轮轨摩擦系数由0增至0.2,齿条、轮轨最大法向接触应力由248.69、752.66 MPa增至195.17、757.44 MPa,最大切向接触应力相应由24.48、152.84 MPa变成21.31、2.14 MPa。轮轨接触斑因发生显著蠕滑呈现全滑移。相同速度及摩擦条件下,坡度增加使齿条垂向力和牵引力增加,轮轨垂向力和牵引力减小,接触应力呈同相变化。

涡轮起动机中斜撑离合器的瞬态冲击与楔合特性研究

将稳态楔合拓展至瞬态冲击是深入研究斜撑离合器正向设计的重要组成部分。本文从机械动力学理论出发,关联输入输出端载荷与响应特征,建立斜撑离合器冲击受载微分方程,揭示出离合器由瞬态楔合至稳态传动过程蕴含的动力学原理和一般规律。在此基础上,推导出斜撑离合器内外传动轴的综合应力分析模型,并提出运用接触应力、综合应力和楔角等指标整体考察离合器传动性能的校核方法。最后以某常见离合器部件为例,从理论计算和仿真分析两方面模拟了涡轮起动机环境下的短时受载工况,验证了本文原理和分析模型的有效性,因而对此类离合器的设计与校核分析具有重要意义。

高压直流断路器中的IGCT功能性模型仿真研究

高压直流断路器在柔性直流输电系统中起着至关重要的作用,其中集成门级换流晶闸管(Integrated gate commutated thyristors,IGCT)是保障高压断路器正常分断的关键器件之一。因此,研究IGCT开通和关断时的电压电流暂态特性模型,是高压断路器系统研究中的一个重要内容。对PSCAD中的自带IGCT模型进行了二次开发,建立一种IGCT开、断暂态的功能性模型。首先,采用电气等效、曲线拟合的方法,实现电路仿真中IGCT的不同运行状态。其次,在PSCAD中用所提出的模型搭建了仿真测试电路,并与器件手册进行对比分析。最后,将该模型嵌入到组合式直流断路器中进行仿真验证。仿真结果验证了IGCT功能性模型的有效性与正确性,为进一步研究高压断路器中半导体模块的应力分析打下了基础,具有较高的工程价值和研究意义。

有载分接开关真空管操动机构力学特性动态仿真

真空管操动机构是换流变有载分接开关的核心部件,其机械结构较为复杂,且因其频繁操作常导致机械机构发生塑性形变与损伤,从而发生换流变故障。研究有载分接开关真空管操动机构力学特性动态仿真能够弥补传统测试手段无法直观展示应力分布的不足,并为真空管操动机构的设计与改进提供理论基础。首先,在ANSYS中建立了基于隐式非线性动力学的真空管操动机构瞬态动力学仿真模型,采用Von Mises屈服准则与等向硬化模型计算模型等效应力;其次通过有限元分析了操动机构整体的应力分布情况;最后针对性地分析了凸转盘、凸杆、支撑机构和真空管的应力分布情况,从而便于深入分析分接开关在各种工况下的工作原理,并有助于根据应力分布情况有效改进操动机构机械结构,并在设计阶段预见并避免可能的故障模式。

双有源桥串联谐振变换器的暂态过程与控制

基于移相控制的双有源桥串联谐振变换器(dual-bridge series resonant converter,DBSRC)在传输功率的快速调控过程中,移相角将发生较大的阶跃变化,导致谐振腔出现大幅度长时间的振荡过程,不仅严重恶化了变换器的动态性能,电路元件也会面临严重的过电压和过电流风险。该文首先基于基波分析法推导DBSRC暂态过程的通用计算模型,分析暂态过程中的振荡特性,精确估算暂态过程中的谐振电压峰值、谐振电流峰值以及暂态过渡时间,评估暂态过程中的过电压与过电流程度。基于暂态过程计算模型,提出一种振荡的抑制方法,使变换器在一个开关周期后能够到达新的稳定状态,有效地避免了过电压与过电流的风险,并且大幅改善了闭环控制的动态特性。最后,通过仿真与实验结果验证理论分析和所提出的控制方法。

超高压隔膜压缩机工作过程瞬态仿真及膜片应力分析

为提高超高压隔膜压缩机膜片寿命,结合压缩机热力过程、固支圆板变形以及曲柄连杆运动等基本方程,建立了隔膜压缩机气体-膜片-液压油耦合瞬态仿真模型,并基于仿真瞬态油压和气压,采用数值模拟方法,研究了排气压力达到200 MPa级和45 MPa时膜片的应力分布,分析了膜腔型线对膜片应力与寿命的影响。研究结果表明:膜片变形减小,其沿厚度方向的应力梯度随之降低;当排气压力达200 MPa级时,即使膜片接近水平位置,仍然处于受压状态,压应力达100 MPa,且膜片紧贴膜腔壁面时的最大径向应力低于基于自由变形理论的计算结果;当膜腔型线、膜片半径与厚度不变时,排气压力200 MPa级工况下的膜片径向应力相比45 MPa工况减小97 MPa;超高压下油压和气压对膜片挤压产生的压应力不可忽略,且排气压力越高,压应力越大;超高压下膜片气侧边缘位置应力幅最大,可通过增大型线挠度降低边缘径向应力及应力幅,提高膜片寿命。研究结果可为超高压隔膜压缩机膜腔型线设计提供参考。

温度波动对螺栓法兰连接系统垫片应力的影响

温度波动会造成螺栓法兰连接系统中垫片应力松弛,从而影响其密封性能。文章以DN80法兰接头为研究对象,通过ABAQUS软件建立了三维有限元模型,分析了温度波动对垫片应力的变化,研究了垫片与螺栓载荷变化的机理。结果表明,螺栓法兰连接系统在温度变化时存在着一定的温度滞后现象;当温度波动时,垫片应力随温度的降低而减小,随温度的升高而增大,波动结束后垫片表现出“内紧外松”的应力分布现象。在这一过程中,垫片的热膨胀与温度场的滞后性是垫片应力变化的主要因素。研究结果为螺栓法兰连接系统的进一步优化和改进提供了有力支持。

Transient thermo-mechanical coupling simulation of wet brake friction disk on tracked vehicle

The transient finite element technique is applied, and a transient heat conduction model of wet brake friction disk is established. For obtaining the accurate heat flow density mathematic model and avoiding possibly instable thermoelastic stress produced by the non uniform contact pressure of friction pair, a test method is applied to collect accurate contact pressure between the dual sheet steel and friction disk in the combining process. And then the heat-flow density and transient ther mo mechanical coupling simulation are analyzed. At the same time all possible boundary conditions are considered, such as the heat generation, heat conduction problem, relation between friction and contact, variation in load and heat change problem etc. The simulation results show that the me chanical model of thermo mechanical coupling can express well the dynamic characteristics of fric tion disk, and gives perfect reference for more study on thermoelastic distortion of brake friction pairs.

热障涂层系统热冲击裂纹扩展规律分析

为了深入理解热障涂层材料的热断裂行为,对热障涂层材料热冲击裂纹扩展问题进行了研究。利用瞬态相互作用积分方法提取了热障涂层材料裂纹尖端的瞬态热应力强度因子,同时基于裂纹扩展准则结合材料的断裂韧性和提取的瞬态热应力强度因子,分析了多界面热障涂层材料热冲击裂纹的扩展规律,进一步可以确定热冲击裂纹扩展的重要临界,如预制裂纹的开裂时刻、最终裂纹长度和最终裂纹扩展时间。研究结果表明,方法可以获得热冲击裂纹扩展过程中的重要临界参量,为分析热冲击裂纹扩展规律奠定基础。

面向撞击载荷的疲劳寿命分析及验证

针对宇航用波导开关在反复切换撞击工况下的寿命指标要求,开展疲劳寿命设计与验证。在实际工况应力谱难以获得的情况下,基于数值计算方法,采用两种不同方法获取应力谱后开展疲劳寿命分析并进行了试验验证,验证结果表明:基于瞬态动力学的疲劳分析有较高的准确性,在此基础上,优化改进产品结构,使产品切换寿命满足指标要求。

佛手定眩汤加减联合尼麦角林片治疗短暂性脑缺血发作

目的观察佛手定眩汤加减联合尼麦角林片在短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者中的治疗效果。方法选择短暂性脑缺血发作患者91例进行前瞻性随机对照研究,按随机数表法分为观察组(45例)与对照组(46例),研究过程中对照组1例因治疗依从性差剔除,最终2组各纳入45例。对照组服用尼麦角林片,观察组服用佛手定眩汤加减联合尼麦角林片,2组连续治疗4周。比较2组治疗4周后临床疗效,治疗前、治疗4周后2组血液流变学指标、氧化应激指标、血脂代谢指标,比较2组治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果观察组总有效率(95.56%,43/45)高于对照组(80.00%,36/45)(P<0.05)。治疗4周后2组血浆黏度、全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、红细胞压积低于治疗前,观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);2组丙二醛低于治疗前,谷胱甘肽、超氧化物歧化酶高于治疗前,观察组丙二醛低于对照组,谷胱甘肽、超氧化物歧化酶高于对照组(P<0.05);2组三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于治疗前,观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论佛手定眩汤加减联合尼麦角林片治疗短暂性脑缺血发作疗效显著,能改善患者血液流变学,减轻氧化应激反应,调节血脂代谢,用药安全性良好。

集成排气歧管低周疲劳寿命研究

集成排气歧管的设计使排气部分收到高低温载荷的反复冲击,因此在局部区域会产生较大的应力集中,超过材料的屈服强度,产生塑性变形,会有低周疲劳破坏的风险。本文基于有限元的方法,计算某冲击循环的瞬态温度场结果,并基于此结果进行交变工况下的应力应变分析,研究排气部位危险位置的温度、应力和应变的变化规律,并基于局部应力应变法得到该位置的疲劳寿命,为缸盖设计提供一种分析方法。