Comparison of the S-, N- or P-Deprivations’ Impacts on Stomatal Conductance, Transpiration and Photosynthetic Rate of Young Maize Leaves

Seven-day-old maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically for ten days in deprived nutrient solutions against the corresponding control grown under full nutrition;the effects of S-, N- or P-deprivation on laminas’ mean stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and photosynthetic rate (A) were monitored, along with the impact on the laminas’ total dry mass (DM), water amount (W), length and surface area (Sa). Furthermore, a time series analysis of each parameter’s response ratios (Rr), i.e. the treatment’s value divided by the corresponding control’s one, was performed. Under S-deprivation, the Rr of laminas’ mean gs, E, and A presented oscillations within a ±15% fluctuation zone, notably the “control” zone, whilst those of laminas’ total DM, water amount, surface area, and length included oscillation during the first days and deviation later on, presenting deviation during d10. Under the N-deprivation conditions all Rr time courses except the A one, included early deviations from the control zone without recovering. The deviation from the control zone appeared at d4. Under P-deprivation, all Rr time courses represented oscillations within the control zone. P-deprivation’s patterns resembled those of S-deprivation. Compared to the one of the S-deprivation, the P-one’s oscillations took place within a broader zone. Linear relationships among the various Rr patterns were found between gs-E, gs-A, E-A, DM-W and DM-Sa. In conclusion, the impact of P-deprivation appeared in an early stage and included an alleviation action, the one of N-deprivation appeared early with no alleviation action, whilst that of S-deprivation appeared later, being rather weaker when compared to the impact of the P-deprivation’s impact.

Phosphate Distribution and Movement in Soil－Root In－terface Zone：I． The Influence of Transpiration Rate

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Distribution Profiles and Interrelations of Stomatal Conductance, Transpiration Rate and Water Dynamics in Young Maize Laminas under Nitrogen Deprivation

Seven-day-old maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically for ten days in N-deprived nutrient solution. The distribution profiles according to the position on the stem of the –N laminas stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate (1st-group) were monitored, along with the corresponding profiles of dry mass, water amount, water content, length, surface area, and specific surface area (2nd-group), relative to control. In the uppermost –N laminas, the changes within a parameter of the 1st-group were significantly higher and of the 2nd-group significantly lower than the control, respectively. Correlations of the corresponding values among the parameters of the 1st-or 2nd-group were linear. The parameters between groups correlated non-linearly. Transpiration rate was divided by the lamina’s dry mass correlated with surface area in a power-type function. The slopes of the response ratios linear relations between the various pairs of parameters could be used for simulation of a lamina’s response to the deprivation.

Subtropical Modern Greenhouse Cucumber Canopy Transpiration Under Summer Climate Condition

Greenhouse canopy transpiration not only has effects on greenhouse air temperature and humidity, but also is important for determining the set-point of fertigation. In this study, Penman-Monteith equation was used to calculate the greenhouse cucumber canopy transpiration under summer climate condition. The effects of greenhouse environmental factors on canopy transpiration were analyzed based on the measurements of greenhouse microclimate factors and canopy transpiration. The results showed that Penman-Monteith equation was reliable and robust in estimating greenhouse cucumber canopy transpiration under summer climate condition. Greenhouse cucumber canopy transpiration rate increased linearly with the increase of net radiation and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) above the canopy. But the maximum value of the canopy transpiration rate occurred at the same time as that of VPD whereas about two hours later than that of net radiation. Based on the results, it was concluded that in addition to radiation, air humidity should also be considered when determine the set-point of fertigation.

Study on Transpiration and Stomatal Conductance Characteristics of C3 and C4 Plant

The transpiration experiment was done under greenhouse conditions with a C3 plant sweet pepper （Capsicum annuum Linn.） and two C4 plants, sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.Moench） and maize （Zea mays Linn.）. Three species were irrigated with three different water treatment levels of 100%, 66% and 33% which gave a comparison of tolerance and adaptation to irrigation and two different levels of water stress. The measurements of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were done between 8.00 a.m. and 16.00 p.m. with measurements about each 1.5 h with an infrared gas analyzer. The results showed that Z. mays probably due to a higher leaf area had very low values and was significantly different （LSD pairwise comparison） from C. annuum and S. bicolor. The hypotheses that C4 plants and C3 plants have different transpiration rates and stomatal conductance could not be shown with the results. However, the hypotheses that for the same species, the highest values in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were with the 100% irrigation treatment and the lowest values were with the 33% irrigation treatment could be accepted due to the results of this trial.

Transpiration of the Tamarind Artificial Forest in the Arid-Hot Valleys of Jinshajiang River,Yunnan

The transpiration characteristics of the tamarind artificial forest in the arid-hot valleys of Jinshajiang River, Yunnan were investigated through the measurement of the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of tamarind leaf and the related envi- ronmental factors. The results showed that the transpiration of the tamarind in the clear sky had the close positive correlations with photosynthetically active radiation and air temperature and negative correlation with atmosphere moisture in the whole growth period. The daily change tendency of the transpiration rate was the similar with stomatal conductance, and the transpiration had the positive correlation with stomatal conductance. The transpiration rate of tamarind was highest in the rainy season of June and July and was relatively low in the drought season of March and April. The transpiration water consumption in rainy season of June and July was obviously higher than that in drought season of March and April. It fully suggested that the tamarind showed very good drought resistance and adaptability to the arid-hot valleys of Yunnan .

Comparative Study of Transpiration in Cooling Effect of Tree Species in the Atmosphere

Trees create microclimate under their crowns in comparison to the outside ambient atmosphere, which is a result of physical as well as physiological functions of the tree. The cooling produced by trees varies with species due to variation in several anatomical, structural and physiological attributes of the species. Transpiration is one of the most significant physiological functions performed by plants, which affects cooling produced by a tree under its shade. When solar energy impinges on the leaf, water emerges from its surface through transpiration taking the latent heat to convert it into water vapour. This leads to a rise in humidity of the atmosphere and reduction in temperature of the leaf. To remain leaf in equilibrium, it takes heat from the surrounding atmosphere resulting in reduction in temperature of surroundings. Since, transpiration takes place through stomata which are normally located on the ventral side of the leaf, this reduction in temperature is more experienced beneath the crown of the tree. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the role of transpiration in cooling effect of five forestry tree species. The cooling produced by tree species under their shades has been found positively correlated to the transpiration rate whereas the rate of transpiration has responded positively to the ambient temperature and water conductance. However, no definite relationship has been found between frequency of open stomata and the rate of transpiration.

CO_2, H_2O exchange and stomatal regulation of regenerated Camptotheca acuminata plantlets during ex vitro acclimatization

For finding the changes in CO2, H20 exchange and their stomatal regulation during ex vitro acclimatization of regenerated Camptotheca acuminata plantlets, the net photosynthesis rate （Pn）, respiration rate （Ro）, light compensation point （Lc） and light saturation point （Ls）, transpiration rate （Tr）, stomatal conductance （gs） and water use efficiency（WUE） were measured during 37 days of ex vitro acclimatization. The results showed that Pn sharply increased until 29 days, then slightly decreased. A substantial decrease in Lc and a substantial increase of Ls in the former two weeks were observed, indicating the light regime enlargement for effective leaf photosynthesis. Tr and gs abruptly decreased during the first week then linearly increased until 29days ex vitro acclimatization, reflecting the strong regulation effect of stomata on water changes of ex vitro acclimating plantlets. Stomatal regulation effect on CO2 exchange was different from that on water exchange, i.e. P, was almost independent of gs during the first week, while P. was significantly correlated with gs thereafter （i.e. dual patterns）. Different from dual patterns of gs-Pn relation, the Tr monotonously linearly increased with gs. Furthermore, WUE was almost independent on gs during the first week, while a marked decreasing tendency with gs was found thereafter. At the beginning of the acclimatization, WUE was mainly determined by photosynthetic capacity, while transpiration becomes a main determinant factor for WUE from 7 to 37 days＇ acclimatization.

Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in Pipe Wall Downstream of Orifice for Water and Air-Water Bubble Flows

An orifice is used widely as a flow meter or a contraction device in pipeline systems in hydro-power plants, thermal power plants, and chemical plants because of its simple construction, high reliability, and low cost. However, it is well known that flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) occurs on the pipe wall downstream of the orifice. Some of the authors have examined FAC through experimental and numerical analyses and have reported that one of the major governing parameters of FAC for single-phase water flow is the pressure fluctuation p’ on the pipe wall, and also that pipe wall thinning rate TR can be estimated by p’. In addition, they have presented the effects of the ori-fice geometry on p’ or TR, and have described a method for suppressing p’ or TR. In the present study, FAC for a two-phase air-water bubble flow is examined and compared with the single-phase water flow experimentally. Further, it is shown that because p’ is also considered a governing parameter of FAC for a two-phase air-water bubble flow, TR can be estimated using p’. It is also indicated that, by using a downstream pipe with a smaller diameter than that of the upstream pipe, p’ or TR can be suppressed.

设施生菜光合和蒸腾速率影响因素分析与预测模型构建

光合速率及蒸腾速率是植物的2个重要生理指标。在全人工环境下,选取意大利生菜作为对象,设计并开展多环境变量对生菜光合速率及蒸腾速率影响的嵌套实验,得到环境因子对生菜光合速率及蒸腾速率的影响规律,应用神经网络构建生菜幼苗期光合速率及蒸腾速率预测模型。针对幼苗期生菜,选择温度、相对湿度、光子通量密度(Photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD)及CO_(2)浓度共4个环境影响因素,采用随机森林方法对数据进行相关性分析。结果表明,与蒸腾速率相关性由大到小的因素依次为CO_(2)浓度、温度、相对湿度、PPFD,与光合速率相关性由大到小的因素依次为CO_(2)浓度、PPFD、温度、相对湿度;采用枚举法确定隐藏层节点数和训练函数,通过遗传算法优化BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值,构建GA-BP神经网络生理指标预测模型。应用测试数据对模型进行验证,光合速率及蒸腾速率预测值与实测值的决定系数分别为0.962 12、0.979 44,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.983 2μmol/(m^(2)·s)、0.001 435 8 mol/(m^(2)·s),表明GA-BP神经网络在模型精度和迭代次数方面性能显著提高。研究结果可为设施生菜生产环境调控提供有效依据。

广东毛茶资源及其生理生态特征研究

为了解毛茶资源及其生理生态特征,采用样线法对广东67个自然保护地的毛茶资源进行了野外调查,测定了毛茶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及环境因子的日变化、叶绿度、植物及生境的碳氮含量、稳定碳氮同位素组成。结果表明:在10个保护地的123个生境记录到280株毛茶,其中珠海担杆岛和二洲岛、斗门黄杨山和锅盖栋、台山上川岛为毛茶新增分布点,以深圳三洲田的62处148株为最多。毛茶植物体的碳、氮含量显著高于生境土壤和岩石;叶片δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N比率分别为-34.51‰和-0.94‰,显著低于或高于根、茎的相应值。正常绿色叶片叶绿度(SPAD值)为41.0,显著高于黄叶的17.6;测定日的净光合速率平均为5.55μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);蒸腾速率平均为0.59 mmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);水分利用效率平均为9.13,显示毛茶在冬季气温和大气相对湿度相对较低的情况下,以较低的净光合速率、蒸腾速率但较高的水分利用效率维持正常的生理活动。

五个杨树品种生长、光合生理及根尖离子流速特性比较分析

通过比较不同品种杨树(Populus)的生长、光合生理及根尖离子流速特性差异,为速生适应性强品种的早期选育提供参考。以渤丰3号杨(P.×euramericana‘Bofeng 3’)、渤丰1号杨(P.×euramericana‘Bofeng 1’)、西雄1号杨(P.×euramericana‘Xixiong 1’)、中雄7号杨(P.×euramericana‘Zhongxiong 7’)和中雄4号杨(P.deltoides×P.suaveolens cl.‘Zhongxiong 4’)5个杨树品种1年生苗为研究对象,于正常培养条件下的试验开始和试验结束(30 d)时分别测定株高、地径等生长指标,并于10、20、30 d时分别测定幼苗的叶片数量、单叶面积、叶长、叶宽、瞬时净光合速率(P_(n))、胞间CO_(2)摩尔浓度(C_(i))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、叶绿素相对含量以及根尖K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、H^(+)流速等指标,经过30 d的正常管理,5个品种的株高生长量之间的差异达到显著水平,由高到低依次为中雄4号杨、西雄1号杨、渤丰3号杨、中雄7号杨、渤丰1号杨;其中光合特性指标和蒸腾速率渤丰1号杨均表现为最大,中雄4号杨均表现为最小,但是中雄4号杨的单叶面积((57.49±2.37)cm^(2))、总叶面积((1721.10±28.59)cm^(2))、单株净光合速率((17863.10±910.21)μmol·m-2·s-1)和水分利用率((3.15±0.06)μmol·mmol^(-1))均表现为最大,且K^(+)外排流速最慢,为(62.68±0.45)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1),Ca^(2+)内流流速最快,为(-74.24±1.29)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1),而渤丰1号的单株净光合速率((8539.70±164.64)μmol·m-2·s-1)和水分利用率((2.64±0.07)μmol·mmol^(-1))最小,且K^(+)外排流速((130.81±1.71)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1))最快,Ca^(2+)内流流速((-34.43±0.84)pmol·cm^(-2)·g^(-1))最慢。综上所述,5个杨树品种中,中雄4号杨总叶面积、单株净光合速率、水分利用率最高,蒸腾速率最小,根尖K^(+)外排流速最慢,Ca^(2+)内流流速最快,植物体内K^(+)、Ca^(2+)离子含量最多,H^(+)最活跃,株高生长表现最好,可能具有潜在的较强环境适应能力,适宜种植的范围更广。

黄淮海平原冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)旗叶的生理生态特性

分别于2005年和2006年4、5月份,在中国科学院封丘农业生态试验站用Li-6400光合测定仪对田间冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）进行了净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）日变化的测定,并同步测定了有效辐射（PAR）、气温（Ta）、叶温（Tl）、空气相对湿度（Rh）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）等因子,研究了冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr与环境和生理因子之间的关系.结果表明,冬小麦旗叶的Pn随PAR的增加而升高,其光补偿点和光饱和点分别在50～60 μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1和1050～1100 μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1左右;Tr随 PAR呈线性升高.Ta与Tl的相关系数r=0.886＊＊,达显著水平,冬小麦旗叶Pn随Ta、Tl的增加而升高,当Ta、Tl分别超过30 ℃、32 ℃左右时,Pn随两因素的增加反而下降;Tr随Ta、Tl的增加呈直线升高.冬小麦旗叶Pn、Tr与Gs的相关系数分别为r=0.407＊＊和r=0.322＊＊,二者均随Gs的增加而升高,当Gs超过0.2 mol·m^-2 ·s^-1左右时,Pn的速度就会减缓.冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr均随Ci的增加而下降.通过对生态、生理因子的多元回归分析表明,影响黄淮海平原冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr的主要因子是PAR、Gs,除此以外,Ci也是影响Pn的重要因子.

土壤水分含量对Larrea tridentata苗木光合生理特性的影响

为了进一步了解Larrea tridentata对干旱胁迫的响应和适应能力,对其经营管理、栽培措施及水分的高效利用提供理论依据,该文在不同土壤水分含量下,使用L-i-6400便携式光合作用测定系统对叶片的光合作用、蒸腾、气孔导度等生理指标进行测定,并测定光响应曲线。结果表明:在供水良好的情况下,L.tridentata的净光合速率与蒸腾速率日变化都呈双峰曲线,有明显的"午休"现象,随着干旱胁迫的加重都变成单峰曲线,日平均值明显降低,特别是蒸腾降到极低水平,反映出苗木具有很强的减少水分损失的能力;随着土壤干旱胁迫的加重,光合作用的变化以气孔调节为主,说明L.tridentata以气孔调节适应干旱的能力很强;L.tridentata光饱和点高,属于强阳性树种,可利用的光强区域很宽;干旱对L.tridentata叶片的光化学过程的影响不是很大,当土壤水势达到-2.415 MPa时,L.tridentata的光合器仍没有受到任何损害;水分亏缺能适当地提高L.tridentata的水分利用效率,说明L.tridentata抵御干旱的能力很强。

林下不同栽培模式下三叶青叶片光合特性的比较

目的:探究林下不同栽培模式的三叶青生长和光合特性的差异规律。方法:设置一年生三叶青林下地栽和袋栽2种模式,测定不同栽培模式下三叶青藤叶生长性状和光合特性的相关指标。结果:林下袋栽三叶青的主要农艺性状要优于林下地栽。袋栽模式下三叶青主茎长是地栽的3.04倍,林下袋栽的节数是地栽的2.09倍;林下袋栽模式下叶片的SPAD值和含氮量均显著高于地栽模式;2种模式下的光合指标之间变化趋势不尽相同,袋栽模式下叶片净光合速率、瞬时水分利用率、光合有效辐和叶面温度等指标均显著高于地栽模式;各个指标相关性分析表明三叶青的净光合速率与叶面温度呈显著正相关;光合有效辐射与SPAD值、叶片氮含量呈极显著正相关,与叶面温度呈显著正相关,而与主茎长和节数呈显著负相关。结论:林下袋栽模式下三叶青的生长和光合性能显著优于林下地栽,可为三叶青人工种植模式提供参考。

基于高光谱的草坪草光合参数模拟估算

【目的】光合参数是衡量草坪草生长状况的重要生理指标,探索基于高光谱技术的草坪草光合参数的模拟估算对于草坪养护管理具有重要意义。【方法】以3个常用草坪草品种红象高羊茅(Fes⁃tuca arundinacea cv.Hongxiang)、百灵鸟多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne cv.Bailingniao)和肯塔基草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis cv.Kentucky)为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,在草坪草生长旺盛期,使用SOC710VP成像光谱仪和CIRAS⁃3便携式光合仪分别测定了草坪草冠层光谱数据、净光合速率(P_(n))和蒸腾速率(T_(r)),筛选与两种光合参数显著相关的原始光谱波段与植被指数,构建偏最小二乘法(PLS)估算模型,并利用PLS模型中变量投影重要性(Variable Importance Projection,VIP)方法筛选VIP值>1.2的重要波段与植被指数。【结果】1)共筛选与P_(n)显著相关的54个原始光谱波段(435、450、460、475、490~550、560~565、590~725、990~1000、1015~1030 nm)与9个植被指数(GI、NDVI、NDVI_(670)、CI、PSRI、NRI、SIPI、PRI、SR),其中原始光谱460 nm与植被指数CI相关系数绝对值最高,分别为0.46和0.77,共筛选与T_(r)显著相关的115个原始光谱波段(435~440、450~1010 nm)与7个植被指数(SIPI、SR、NDVI、NDVI_(670)、MSR_(705)、CI、DVI),其中原始光谱475 nm与植被指数SIPI相关系数绝对值最高,分别为0.61与0.54;2)P_(n)偏最小二乘法模型因变量方差解释率为75.24%,模型拟合精度R2为0.95,均方根误差RMSE为0.1,T_(r)偏最小二乘法模型因变量方差解释率为73.43%,模型拟合精度R2为0.73,均方根误差RMSE为0.5,可满足反演需求;3)根据偏最小二乘法中变量投影重要性VIP法筛选最优指标,得出反演P_(n)的最优指标为CI,T_(r)最优指标为SR。【结论】草坪草净光合速率与蒸腾速率的偏最小二乘法光谱反演模型,为草坪草光合指标评估提供了更便利的方案。

不同TR值在MRCP技术中对胆道梗阻性病变检出率的影响

目的:研究分析不同TR值在磁共振MRCP技术中对胆道梗阻性疾病检出率的影响,以寻求一个MRCP图像显示最佳的合适TR值。方法:选取2018年1月至2020年1月期间我院收治的、临床症状主要表现为阻塞性黄疸、右上腹疼痛、乏力消瘦等胆道梗阻性病变患者73例,均采用西门子1.5T Avanto磁共振机扫描,分别使用TR值800ms、1000ms、1500ms、2000ms进行MRCP成像,统计分析并比较不同TR值组间的MRCP图像质量及诊断有效性。结果:TR值800ms、1000ms的MRCP对胆道梗阻性疾病的检出率分别为76.9%、80.0%,两组间检出率比较无统计学差异(P> 0.05),但TR值1500ms、2000ms的MRCP对病变的检出率分别为96.0%、93.3%,这两组对于胆道梗阻性疾病的检出率要明显高于前两者,尤其以TR值1500ms时病变检出率最高,与其它组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:根据患者的实际情况选取合适的TR值有利于缩短MRI扫描时间,但不影响MRCP图像对胆道梗阻性疾病的检出率。

盐胁迫条件下竹柳光合作用日变化特征研究

以竹柳盆栽苗木为试验材料,分析其在不同盐分浓度下的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_(2)浓度等光合生理指标的日变化特征。结果表明:竹柳在对照与轻度胁迫条件下,净光合速率的日变化特征表现为双峰型;在中度和重度胁迫条件下,为单峰型曲线,变化趋势表现为先上升后下降。气孔导度在对照与轻度胁迫条件下的日变化特征表现为双峰型;在中度和重度胁迫条件下为单峰型曲线,呈逐渐下降的趋势。蒸腾速率的日变化特征与气孔导度类似。各胁迫处理胞间CO_(2)浓度均较对照高,且随胁迫程度的加剧,胞间CO_(2)浓度也随之上升。