Effect of Energy Density and Gas Velocity on Transport Rate of Ions

In order to study the effect of the parameters such as the energy density and the gas velocity on the transport rate of ions, the applied force and the motion law of charged particles in the electric field of corona discharges at atmospheric pressure is investigated in this paper. As a result, when the gas velocity is raised from 1.5 m/s to 25 m/s for an energy density of 0.4 mJ/cmz, the ionic transport rate increases from 5.4 × 10^8/cm^3. s to 8× 10^10/cm^3 .s, which is an increase of over two orders of magnitude. However, in the zones of streamer and glow discharges, the effect of the input energy density and the energy density of gas ionization on the transport rate is below one order of magnitude. In conclusion, the increase of charged particle momentum can be a major factor in raising the transport rate and reducing the volume of the plasma sources.

Effect of upward seepage on bedload transport rate

The paper presents an investigation of injection effects on the bedload transport rate. According to dimensional analysis, two dimensionless groups, an Einstein＇s parameter group and a modified densimetric Froude number group, were chosen to examine how injection affects the bedload transport rate. Experimental studies were conducted in an open-channel flume with an upward seepage zone. The sediment particles used for the test were 0.9 mm in diameter. The experimental results show that an increase in the injection velocity causes a reduction in the shear velocity excess, which is defined as the difference between the shear and critical shear velocities, leading to a reduction in the bedload transport rate. The equation for predicting the bedload transport rate in the presence of upward seepage was derived empirically. The proposed prediction method is suitable for engineering practice, since it only requires the undisturbed flow condition, properties of sediment particles, and the injection velocity.

Nonlinear Analysis of Bedload Transport Rate of Paroxysm Debris Flow

The evolution characteristics of bedload transport feature of paroxysm debris flow have been studied by means of both theory analysis and experimental data.The analysis based on the flume experiment data of a sand pile model as well as a large amount of field data of debris flow clearly shown that the statistical distribu- tion for the main variable of the sand pile made of non-uniform sand (according the sand pile experiment,φ≥2.55) conform to the negative power law,that means the non-uniform sand syste...

Bed Load Transport Rate in Scouring and Armoring Process of Non-uniform Sediment River Bed

Flume experiments were carried out to study bed load transport rate during rive bed scouring and ar- moring.A theoretical differential equation linking the transport rate to the probability of incipient motion of non-uniform sediment is solved.The transport rate is shown to decrease exponentially with time,according to the theory,which is in good agreement with the experiment data.

Field Measurements of Influence of Sand Transport Rate on Structure of Wind-sand Flow over Coastal Transverse Ridge

The structure of wind-sand flow under different total sand transport rates was measured with field vertical anemometer and sand trap on the crest of typical coastal transverse ridge in Changli Gold Coast of Hebei Province, which is one of the most typical coastal aeolian distribution regions in China and famous for the tall and typical coastal transverse ridges. The measurement results show that, on the conditions of approximate wind velocities and same surface materials and environments, some changes happen to the structure of wind-sand flow with the increase of total sand transport rate on the crest of coastal transverse ridge. First, the sand transport rates of layers at different heights in the wind-sand flow increase, with the maximum increase at the height layer of 4-8cm. Second, the ratios of sand trans-port rates of layers at different heights to total sand transport rate decrease at the low height layer (0-4cm), but increase at the high height layer (4-60cm). Third, the distribution of the sand transport rate in the wind-sand flow can be expressed by an exponential function at the height layer of 0-40cm, but it changes from power function model to ex-ponential function model in the whole height layer (0-60cm) and changes into polynomial function model at the height layer of 40-60cm with the increase of total sand transport rate. Those changes have a close relationship with the limit of sand grain size of wind flow transporting and composition of sand grain size in the wind-sand flow.

CALCULATION MODELS FOR THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RATE

The calculation accuracy of the suspended sediment transport rate relies on that of the vertical distribution of the particle concentration,the particle velocity distribution and the reference concentration.In view of the limitations of the previons formulas for both the velocity and the concentration distributions,general expressions are introduced to the calculation of sus- pended sediment transport rate.Based on these analyses,a simple and practical calculation model is given in the present paper.

THE NONLINEAR CUSP-CATASTROPHE MODEL OF THE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RATE

In the catastrophe theory of nonlinear science, the intensity of water flow Θ and the coefficient of non uniform sediment m are regarded as two bound variables, and the intensity of bed load transport Φ as the state variable in the motion of non uniform sediment in cusp catastrophe model. Based on the standard equation of the cusp catastrophe theory, the relation equation between the intensity of bed load transport Φ and the intensity of water flow Θ has been derived by used coordinate transform and topology transform. The equation of bed load transport rate was built on the cusp catastrophe theory of nonlinear science. The others are applied to verify this equation, that the results calculated by the cusp catastrophe equation agree well with the other equations. This indicates that the cusp catastrophe equation is reasonable, and the results fully reflect the characteristics of threshold motion and transport of non uniform sediment. The purpose of this paper is to explore the incipient motion and transport laws of non uniform sediment from the viewpoint of nonlinear science.

A transport-rate model of wind-blown sand

Sand transport by wind plays an important role in environmental problems.Formulating the sand-transport rate model has been of continuing significance,because the majority of the existing models relate sand-transport rate to the wind-shear velocity.However,the wind-shear velocity readapted to blown sand is difficult to determine from the measured wind profiles when sand movement occurs,especially at high wind velocity.Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to reformulate the sand-transport rate model,followed by attempts to relate sand-transport rate to parameters of wind velocity,threshold shear-velocity,and grain size.Finally,we validated the model based on the data from field observations.

Estimation of Sand Transportation Rate for Fixed and Semi-Fixed Dunes Using Meteorological Wind Data

Taibus County, Inner Mongolia, China, lies in a farming-pastoral ecotone, where severe wind erosion and various aeolian sand hazards are prevalent and fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes occur frequently. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between sand transportation rate and wind speed for the fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes based on field measurements. The annual quantity of soil erosion by wind was estimated using meteorological wind data. The results indicated that the sand transportation rate in Taibus County in 2000 was 57.38 kg cm-1 year-1 for the semi-fixed dunes and 4.56 kg cm-1 year-1 for the fixed dunes. The total duration of erosive winds covered 12.5% of the time of the year, and spring posed the highest potential of sand transportation. Wind with low speed (≤ 17 m s-1) and high frequency plays a dominant role in sand transportation, while strong wind (≥ 17 m s-1) with low frequency significantly enhanced the sand transportation. Erosive wind speed, directions, and frequency were three crucial dynamic factors influencing sand hazards in the farming-pastoral ecotone. The dominant factors intensifying sand and dust storms in Taibus County might be related to the favorable wind condition in combination with the durable drought, which led to land desertification and vegetation degradation.

ON THE CONVERGENCE RATE OF A CLASS OF REACTION HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS FOR AXONAL TRANSPORT

In this paper, we consider a class of reaction hyperbolic systems for axonal trans- port arising in neuroscience which can be regarded as hyperbolic systems with relaxation. We prove the BV entropy solutions of the hyperbolic systems converge toward to the unique entropy solution of the equilibrium equation at the optimal rate O（√δ） in L1 norm as the relaxation time δ tends to zero.

泸定6.8级地震公路抢通保通方案

2022年9月5日,四川泸定发生6.8级地震,公路沿线诱发了大量的地质灾害,造成多处公路损坏或断道,极大地影响了抗震救灾工作。快速摸清震区公路网的受损情况和抢通保通难度,对震后救援至关重要。为此,对震区公路受损情况进行调查,会同地方交通部门完成公路的抢通保通任务。调查发现了507处受损点,公路灾害以崩塌滑坡为主,占总灾害的90%以上。公路灾害具有数量多、规模小、连片分布的特点,公路震害与地震烈度正相关,与断层距离、河流距离负相关。在不利因子组合下,公路震害程度明显加剧,局部位置的公路受损率可达到92.5%。在抢通保通阶段,利用龙头石及大岗山电站的库区水运资源,快速建立5处码头,建立起通往震中的生命通道,让应急队伍快速进入灾区,让伤员第一时间运送出来;灾后交通网的重建充分利用水运资源,不追求道路等级与路线指标,公路重建以提高公路的抗灾能力及韧性为目标。

不确定运价下长江集装箱多式联运路径优化

为充分贴合长江集装箱多式联运场景,在分析长江多式联运组织特点的基础上,考虑不确定运价及不同航段航道通航条件影响,以包含运输周转成本、碳排放成本和时间成本在内的总成本最小化为目标,构建不确定条件下长江集装箱多式联运路径优化模型,并设计蒙特卡洛仿真与改进的狼群算法实现模型求解,最后通过算例分析验证改进的狼群算法的有效性。算例分析结果表明,公路运输能有效控制运输的时间成本,铁路与水路运输在运输经济性与绿色性方面更具优势。在长江航道通航能力与最大中转次数限制下,运输任务将选择较高成本运输方案以满足航道与托运人要求。

不同沿岸输沙率计算公式对比分析

经历近100 a的发展,沿岸输沙率计算公式研究领域已形成许多代表性成果,系统研判各计算公式的预测精度对于快速准确判断研究区域沿岸输沙能力具有重要意义。依据使用率高、公式结构简洁、考虑参数相对全面等标准,选择了国内外7个沿岸输沙率计算公式,采用现场原型沙、室内原型沙和室内轻质沙等多种实测资料,对各公式的计算准确程度和适用范围进行了定量检验。结果表明,CERC公式和Kamphuis公式适用于现场原型沙预测,但对室内轻质沙预测的偏离程度较大;MH-Kamphuis公式和van Rijn公式对各种实测资料的预测均总体偏小;赵今声公式和Bayram公式的预测精度最低,预测偏小程度较大。经比较,孙林云公式对各项实测资料的符合程度总体较高,预测精度提高了36%~73%,具有更广泛的适用范围,推荐用于推导沙质海岸沿岸输沙模型相似律比尺关系。

平屋面摩擦速度的数值模拟研究

建筑屋面的摩擦速度是决定其风致迁移雪荷载的重要因素。该文采用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法模拟了平屋面的摩擦速度,并结合其分布特征分析了屋面积雪传输率、侵蚀通量和暴露系数随跨度的变化趋势。为验证CFD方法的湍流模型对平屋面摩擦速度模拟的影响,将数值模拟结果与Irwin探头风洞试验进行了对比,结果表明Realizable k-ε湍流模型的模拟结果与风洞试验最为接近。根据4种不同跨度屋面的CFD模拟结果发现,当屋面跨度与高度之比为4时,屋面平均摩擦速度最小;并且随着跨度的增大,屋面摩擦速度最小值所在的位置和积雪沉积的区域均逐渐向迎风侧屋檐靠近。同时发现,屋面积雪的平均侵蚀通量随着跨度的增大而减小,屋面积雪传输率和雪荷载暴露系数则随着跨度的增大而增大。

基于振动信号的推移质输沙率监测研究

推移质输沙率精确测量是河流动力学的研究难点之一,传统的推移质直接测量方法受限于推移质运动的复杂性和测量仪器的局限性,无法对推移质进行长时间的连续监测。为了连续监测推移质运动,采用推移质间接测量方法,利用安装振动传感器的冲击板系统对推移质运动产生的振动信号进行高分辨率采集,提取振动信号特征值,并建立与推移质输沙率及流量之间的关系,进一步采用人工神经网络算法对推移质输沙率进行有效预测。结果表明:推移质振动信号的特征值均值与推移质输沙率有良好的相关性;中等流量条件的神经网络预测效果最佳,小流量条件的预测效果次之,大流量条件的预测效果相对较差,且其最优输入参数与流量及河床变化均有关系。

渗流输沙过程的颗粒运动状态和影响因素分析

基于力学平衡,提出了渗流作用下土体内部颗粒运动的控制方程,计算了颗粒运动状态。同时综合考虑颗粒受力及输运容许度的随机分布,提出了颗粒运动概率的计算方法。通过与试验观测的临界水力梯度、输沙量和渗透系数的对比验证,证明颗粒运动方程和运动概率计算的可靠性。研究结果表明:土颗粒在由静起动的过程中做加速运动,加速历程很短,其运动特征与土颗粒粒径及孔隙率有关;渗流输沙过程中颗粒运动概率不断增加,主要是因为土体孔隙变大,可动颗粒受力增加,输运的几何容许度增加引起的。在渗流输沙的过程中,输沙率随时间是先增大后减小的,且与颗粒运动概率密切有关。在输沙的前期孔隙率是主要因素,而在后期可动颗粒的数量是主要影响因素。

透析液中结缔组织生长因子、纤溶酶水平与腹膜透析患者腹膜溶质转运速率的关系

目的 探讨透析液中结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)水平与腹膜透析(PD患者腹膜溶质转运速率(PSTR)的关系。方法 选取2020年1月至2022年12月江苏省连云港市第二人民医院收治的152例PD患者,根据标准腹膜平衡试验分为快速转运组和非快速转运组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测透析液中CTGF、PAI-1水平。采用多因素logistic回归分析PD患者PSTR快速转运的影响因素,采用受试者操作特征曲线分析透析液中CTGF、PAI-1水平对PD患者PSTR快速转运的评估价值。结果 152例PD患者PSTR快速转运发生率为57.24%(87/152)。快速转运组透析液中CTGF、PAI-1水平高于非快速转运组(P<0.05)。快速转运组透析龄、夜间超滤量高于非快速转运组,白蛋白水平低于非快速转运组(P<0.05)。透析龄延长(OR=1.051,95%CI:1.023~1.081)和CTGF(OR=1.298,95%CI:1.165~1.446)、PAI-1(OR=1.408,95%CI:1.205~1.646)升高为PD患者PSTR快速转运的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。透析液中CTGF联合PAI-1预测PD患者PSTR快速转运的曲线下面积大于二者单独预测(P<0.05)。结论 透析液中CTGF、PAI-1水平升高与PD患者PSTR快速转运独立相关,二者联合对PD患者PSTR快速转运评估价值较高,可能成为PD患者PSTR快速转运的辅助评估指标。

典型非均匀推移质输沙率公式适用性比较

基于等中值粒径的“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙试验以及“驼峰”输沙率试验数据,选择Einstein、吴伟明、Wilcock和吴保生等4种典型非均匀推移质输沙率公式计算“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙率,将两种级配的输沙率比值及曲线形态与试验成果对比分析。结果表明:吴伟明公式在反映“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙差异上表现最好,这4种公式均无法反映“驼峰”输沙率现象。基于多参数考虑的Patel公式较这4种公式能更好地反映上述两种现象。充分考虑床沙级配对分组沙起动切应力和输沙有效Shields数的影响,是提高非均匀推移质输沙率公式精度和适用性的关键。

鱼类运输应激反应及其对存活率影响研究进展

【目的】探讨促进活鱼类运输产业中关注的提高存活率问题的解决方案。【方法】在理解鱼类应激生理反应的基础上,对适用于运输中的应激指标进行分类,分析其应用局限性和发展趋势;保活运输过程中的应激源可分为温度、拥挤、溶氧、氨氮、盐离子、振动和噪声等,综述不同应激源对应激指标和存活率的影响。【结果与结论】在保活运输过程中,应当系统、全面地分析多项应激指标,总结其趋势和相互关联,以正确判定应激反应的强度;同时考虑鱼种、季节、鱼体大小、运输时间等因素的影响,进而制定适宜的保活方式,提高鱼的存活率。

双排高立式尼龙网阻沙障与草方格固沙障的优化配置及防沙效益

[目的]针对双排高立式尼龙网阻沙障与草方格固沙障联合应用,开展风洞试验研究,以优化联合沙障中尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度配置及探究各孔隙度下联合沙障的防沙效益。[方法]基于风洞模拟试验数据,开展不同孔隙度(40%,45%,55%)联合沙障,在不同风速下的风速流场、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻风速、输沙率随高度和阻沙率方面的变化特征研究。[结果](1)相同风速下尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度40%时,联合沙障弱风区面积最大;(2)随着尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度的增大,空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速减小,相同风速和相同位置时,40%孔隙度下联合沙障空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速值最大;(3)风速增加地表输沙率也增加,联合沙障内部与背风侧输沙率随高度增加呈指数型递减,输沙主要集中在0~12 cm高度内;(4)风速大小与沙障阻沙率呈现负相关变化;阻沙率与孔隙度之间也呈负相关关系,孔隙度为40%的联合沙障具有较高阻沙率;双排高立式尼龙网阻沙措施与草方格固沙措施联合之间还存在阻沙率叠加。[结论]40%孔隙度的双排高立式尼龙网和草方格的阻固联合可以实现较优的配置与防沙效益。