Sand flux estimation during a sand-dust storm at Tazhong area of Taklimakan Desert, China

In this paper, the sand transport during a sand-dust storm in the Tazhong area of the central Taklimakan Desert from 11：29 to 23：56 on July 19, 2008 was observed and measured in real time. The sand flux at Tazhong was estimated using sand transport empirical formulas. The critical friction velocity at Tazhong was 0.24 m/s and the functional relation between the wind speed and sediment discharge at the height of 2 m was established. It was also found that the calculated values by Lettau＇s sediment discharge formula were close to those of the instrument measurements. The horizontal sand flux and the vertical sand flux during this sand-dust storm at Tazhong were respectively 258.67×10-4 kg/（m·s） and 40.07×10-7 kg/（m2·s）.

Effect of Kinetic Alfvén Waves on Electron Transport in an Ion-Scale Flux Rope

At the Earth＇s magnetopause, the electron transport due to kinetic Alfvén waves（KAWs） is investigated in an ion-scale flux rope by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. Clear electron dropout around 90° pitch angle is observed throughout the flux rope, where intense KAWs are identified. The KAWs can effectively trap electrons by the wave parallel electric field and the magnetic mirror force, allowing electrons to undergo Landau resonance and be transported into more field-aligned directions. The pitch angle range for the trapped electrons is estimated from the wave analysis, which is in good agreement with direct pitch angle measurements of the electron distributions. The newly formed beam-like electron distribution is unstable and excites whistler waves,as revealed in the observations. We suggest that KAWs could be responsible for the plasma depletion inside a flux rope by this transport process, and thus be responsible for the formation of a typical flux rope.

Investigation of molecular penetration depth variation with SMBI fluxes

We study the molecular penetration depth variation with the SMBI fluxes.The molecular transport process and the penetration depth during SMBI with various injection velocities and densities are simulated and compared.It is found that the penetration depth of molecules strongly depends on the radial convective transport of SMBI and it increases with the increase of the injection velocity.The penetration depth does not vary much once the SMBI injection density is larger than a critical value due to the dramatic increase of the dissociation rate on the fueling path.An effective way to improve the SMBI penetration depth has been predicted,which is SMBI with a large radial injection velocity and a lower molecule injection density than the critical density.

Thermal stability and electrical transport properties of Ge/Sn-codoped single crystalline β-Zn4Sb3 prepared by the Sn-flux method

This study prepares a group of single crystalline β-Zn_4Sb_3 with Ge and Sn codoped by the Sn-flux method according to the nominal stoichiometric ratios of Zn_（4.4）Sb_3 Ge_xSn_3（x = 0–0.15）. The prepared samples possess a metallic luster surface with perfect appearance and large crystal sizes. The microscopic cracks or defects are invisible in the samples from the back-scattered electron image. Except for the heavily Ge-doped sample of x = 0.15, all the samples are single phase with space group R3c. The thermal analysis results show that the samples doped with Ge exhibit an excellent thermal stability.Compared with the polycrystalline Ge-substituted β-Zn_4Sb_3, the present single crystals have higher carrier mobility, and hence the electrical conductivity is improved, which reaches 7.48×10~4S·m^（-1） at room temperature for the x = 0.1 sample.The change of Ge and Sn contents does not improve the Seebeck coefficient significantly. Benefiting from the increased electrical conductivity, the sample with x = 0.075 gets the highest power factor of 1.45×10^（-3）W·m^（-1）·K^（-2） at 543 K.

Tracing surface seawater mixing and nutrient transport by^(222)Rn on the northern coast of Beibu Gulf,China

The transport and diffusion of substances in seawater are limited by the mixing motion of water bodies,while the main forms of mixing in offshore water bodies are advection and eddy diffusion.The eddy diffusion process of water indicates the possible transport direction of dissolved substances.However,the complex environment in the coastal zone makes it difficult to quantitatively assess the water diffusion process.^(222)Rn is a useful tool to trace the diffusion process of water bodies.However,studies on the^(222)Rn distribution and its behavior in the Beibu Gulf are scarce.In this study,the activity distribution characteristics of^(222)Rn in surface seawater of the Guangxi shelf area of the Beibu Gulf were measured.Based on the one-dimensional,steady-state model,the vorticity diffusion coefficient of^(222)Rn in the horizontal direction was calculated as(0.42−2.13)×10^(8) m^(2)/d,and the offshore fluxes of^(222)Rn under the influence of water mixing were calculated as 2.00×10^(12) Bq/d.Correspondingly,the horizontal transport fluxes of silicate,phosphate,nitrite and nitrate were 6.28×10^(−3)mol/(m^(2)·d),0.10×10^(−3)mol/(m^(2)·d),0.20×10^(−3)mol/(m^(2)·d)and 4.15×10^(−3)mol/(m^(2)·d),respectively.These results indicate that the study of eddy current diffusion in offshore marine water facilitates a deeper understanding of the water mixing process and nutrient transport and migration.

Characteristics of Water and Sediment Exchange Between Yangtze Estuary and Hangzhou Bay

Based on the 2-D flow and sediment numerical model of the Yangtze Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay, the characteristics of water and sediment exchange in their joint waters is studied through quantitative calculation and analysis of the characteristics of water flow and sediment transportation. The results show that there is periodical water and sediment exchange in this joint waters, that the net water exchange appears mainly between 0 - 6 m depth （theoretical datum plane, the same below） offshore and the maximum is near the depth of 2 m, and that the net sediment exchange mainly appears between 0 - 5 m depth and the maximum is near the depth of 3 m, indicating that the range of water flow passage is different from that of sediment transport from the Yangtze Estuary to the Hangzhou Bay. Combined with the results of numerical simulation, this paper also analyzes the hydrodynamical mechanism influencing water and sediment exchange between the Yangtze Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay, including tidal fluctuation, tidal current kinetic energy, tide-induced residual current and the trace of water particles. Finally, the sediment transportation passage on the Nanhui tidal fiat is discussed, and the results show that sediment is transported into the Hangzhou Bay from the south side of Shipilei, while sediment is brought back to the South Channel of the Yangtze Estuary from the north side.

Tb(III) Transport in Dispersion Supported Liquid Membrane System with D2EHPA as Carrier in Kerosene

The transport of Tb（III） in dispersion supported liquid membrane（DSLM） with polyvinylidene fluoride membrane（PVDF） as the support and dispersion solution including HCl solution as the stripping solution and di（2-ethylhexyl） phosphoric acid（D2EHPA） dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution, has been studied. The effects of pH value, initial concentration of Tb（III） and different ionic strength in the feed phase, volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution, concentration of HCl solution, concentration of carrier, different stripping agents in the dispersion phase on the transport of Tb（III） have also been investigated, respectively. As a result, the optimum transport conditions of Tb（III） were obtained, i.e., the concentration of HCl solution was 4.0 mol/L, the concentration of D2EHPA was 0.16 mol/L, the volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution was 30：30 in the dispersion phase and pH value was 4.5 in the feed phase. Ionic strength had no obvious effect on the transport of Tb（III）. Under the optimum conditions, the transport percentage of Tb（III） was up to 96.1% in a transport time of 35 min when the initial concentration of Tb（IIl） was 1.0× 10 -4 mol/L. The diffusion coefficient of Tb（III） in the membrane and the thickness of diffusion layer between feed phase and membrane phase were obtained and the values were 1.82×10 -8 m2/s and 5.61 um, respectively. The calculated results were in good agreement with the literature data.

Insights into multidimensional transport flux from vertical observation and numerical simulation in two cities in North China

This study represents the first quantitative evaluation of pollution transport budget within the boundary layer of typical cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from the perspective of horizontal and vertical exchanges and further discusses the impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)-free troposphere (FT) exchange on concentration of fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)) within the ABL during heavy pollution.From the perspective of the transport flux balance relationship,differences in pollution transport characteristics between the two cities is mainly reflected in the ABL-FT exchange effect.The FT mainly flowed into the ABL in BJ,while in SJZ,the outflow from the ABL to the FT was more intense.Combined with an analysis of vertical wind profile distribution,BJ was found to be more susceptible to the influence of northwest cold high prevailing in winter,while sinking of strong cold air allowed the FT flowing into the ABL influence the vertical exchange over BJ.In addition,we selected a typical pollution event for targeted analysis to understand mechanistic details of the influence of ABL-FT exchange on the pollution event.These results showed that ABL-FT interaction played an important role in PM_(2.5)concentration within the ABL during heavy pollution.Especially in the early stage of heavy pollution,FT transport contributed as much as 82.74% of PM_(2.5)within the ABL.These findings are significant for improving our understanding of pollution transport characteristics within the boundary layer and the effect of ABL-FT exchange on air quality.

THEORY AND CONSERVATION THEOREM OF VORTICITY FLUX IN TRANSPORT

According to the theory of the transport and vorticity dynamics,the paper establishes the theory of vorticity flux and the conservation theorem between the vorticity flux and vortex strength in a plane flow.The theory of vorticity flux is a basic one in research on turbulence.

GROUNDWATER MASS TRANSPORT AND HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIUM CHEMISTRY IN THE PRESENCE OF FLUX BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Considering a solute transport problem deseribed by some algebraic and partial differentialequations with the presence of flux boundary conditions, we reduce the problem to a fixed point oneand use a priori estimates to prove the existence and uniqueness of the global solutions.

PROMOTING SILTATION EFFECTS AND IMPACTS OF HENGSHA EAST SHOAL ON THE YANGTZE RIVER ESTUARY

For the Hengsha East Shoal Promoting Siltation Project in the Yangtze River Estuary, this work developed a formula for calculating sediment carrying capacity based on variable coefficients and a mathematical model for suspended sedimentation using variable saturation recovery coefficients. Not only does the model yield good verification, preferably give the hydrodynamics and the sediment concentration, but also reach a good agreement between the simulation results andlux by tide for studying the effect the measured topographical changes in the promoting siltation zone of the Hengsha East Shoal. Moreover, this article proposes a method for examing the net sediment tran- sportation fs of the project of promoting siltation and comparatively analyzes the current siltation of the Hengsha East Shoal and siltation mouth layouts, entrance widths, entrance bottom elevations, and the impact of the South Main Dike on promoting siltation through calculating the net sediment transportation flux by tide over the fixed bed and the direct movable bed numerical simulations. The results are in good agreement with each other, indicating that the method for calculating the net sedi- ment transportation flux by the tide is also useful for assessing the project in promoting siltation. Finally, we use the modeling results to analyze the water and sediment diversion ratios and the changes in silting and scouting in riverbeds and draw the conclusion that the completion of the Hengsha East Shoal Promoting Siltation Project would not adversely affect the Yangtze River Estuary Deepwater Channel Project.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OCEAN DYNAMIC SYSTEM WITH FOUR SUB-SYSTEMS AND THE DERIVATION OF THEIR GOVERNING EQUATION SETS

Based on their differences in physical characteristics and time-space scales,the ocean motions have been divided into four types in the present paper：turbulence,wave-like motion,eddy-like motion and circulation.Applying the three-fold Reynolds averages to the governing equations with Boussinesq approximation,with the averages defined on the former three sub-systems,we derive the governing equation sets of the four sub-systems and refer to their sum as ＂the ocean dynamic system＂.In these equation sets,the interactions among different motions appear in two forms：the first one includes advection transport and shear instability generation of larger scale motions,and the second one is the mixing induced by smaller scale motions in the form of transport flux residue.The governing equation sets are the basis of analytical/numerical descriptions of various ocean processes.

Cross-shelf carbon transport under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios in the East China Sea during winter

Based on Marx-Planck coupled model simulations and in situ hydrography measurements, the volume transport of ocean currents and associated carbon fluxes across the continental margin from the continental shelf to the deep ocean in the East China Sea during winter are estimated. Because cross-shelf currents in the Yellow and East China seas are much stronger in winter than in other seasons and are subducted into the subsurface Kuroshio, the cross-shelf burial of carbon takes place mainly in winter. The analyses show prominent cross-shelf transports during winter in the Yellow and East China seas, with annual mean offshore transport across a section from Taiwan to Cheju at 3.92 Sv(1 Sv=10~6 m^3 s^(-1)). Net transport across the section was0.82 Sv off the shelf, determined by the difference between Taiwan and Cheju strait transports. Net cross-shelf transports of dissolving inorganic carbon(DIC), dissolved organic carbon(DOC), and particulate organic carbon(POC) in winter were 98, 12,and 0.1 million tons, respectively. Under global greenhouse gas emission reduction(RCP4.5) and continuous increase(RCP8.5)scenarios, this cross-shelf transport has an increasing trend. The transports across the Taiwan-Cheju section in winter are predicted to increase by 0.54 and 0.65 Sv from 2006 to 2099, with rates of increase 15.3% and 19.6%, respectively. Associated with the transport increase, the cross-shelf fluxes of DIC, DOC and POC increase by as much as 15.4–25.2%. Cross-shelf carbon fluxes in the East China Sea during winter are evaluated for the first time under the global warming scenarios, showing the importance of cross-shelf transport in the carbon cycle of the China marginal seas.