New model of linkage evolution for the transtensional fault systems in the Nanpu Sag of Bohai Bay Basin:Insight from seismic interpretation and analogue modelling

The evolution of faults within the same stress field is frequently influenced by numerous factors,involving the reactivation of pre-existing structures,stress transmission through ductile detachment layers,and the growth,interaction,as well as linkage of new fault segments.This study analyses a complex multi-phase oblique extension fault system in the Nanpu Sag(NPS)of the Bohai Bay Basin(BBB),China.High-resolution three-dimensional(3D)seismic data and analogue modelling indicate that the oblique extensional reactivation of pre-existing structures governs the sequential arrangement of fault segments in the caprock,and they dip synthetically to the reactivated fault at depth.During the NW-SE extension in the Eocene,the predominant movement of the pre-existing fault is strike-slip.Subsequently,during the N-S extension since the Oligocene,inclined at 20.to the pre-existing fault,forming splay fault segments and ultimately creating large en-echelon arcuate faults linked by relay ramps.Using fault throw-distance(T-D)and laser scanning,we reconstructed the fault evolution model of oblique extension reactivation in the presence of a ductile detachment basement.Our study illustrates that the arcuate faults can be categorized into linear master fault segments controlled by pre-existing structures,bending splay faults in the termination zone,and normal fault segments responding to the regional stress field.The interaction between faults occurs among normal faults and strike-slip faults,and the kinematic unification of the two fault systems is accomplished in the intersection zone.As the faults continue to evolve,the new fault segments tend to relinquish the control of pre-existing structures and concentrate more on the development of planar and continuous major faults.The ductile detachment layer significantly contributes to the uniform distribution of strain,resulting in narrow shear zones and discontinuous normal faults in its absence.

Three-dimensional structural models,evolution and petroleum geological significances of transtensional faults in the Ziyang area,central Sichuan Basin,SW China

With drilling and seismic data of Transtensional(strike-slip)Fault System in the Ziyang area of the central Sichuan Basin,SW China plane-section integrated structural interpretation,3-D fault framework model building,fault throw analyzing,and balanced profile restoration,it is pointed out that the transtensional fault system in the Ziyang 3-D seismic survey consists of the northeast-trending F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones dominated by extensional deformation,as well as 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults experienced dextral shear deformation.Among them,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones cut through the Neoproterozoic to Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation,presenting a 3-D structure of an“S”-shaped ribbon.And before Permian and during the Early Triassic,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones underwent at least two periods of structural superimposition.Besides,the 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults are composed of small normal faults arranged in pairs,with opposite dip directions and partially left-stepped arrangement.And before Permian,they had formed almost,restricting the eastward growth and propagation of the F_(I)19 fault zone.The F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones communicate multiple sets of source rocks and reservoirs from deep to shallow,and the timing of fault activity matches well with oil and gas generation peaks.If there were favorable Cambrian-Triassic sedimentary facies and reservoirs developing on the local anticlinal belts of both sides of the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones,the major reservoirs in this area are expected to achieve breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.

Structure kinematics of a transtensional basin:An example from the Linnan Subsag, Bohai Bay basin,Eastern China

The Linnan subsag is a petroliferous, secondary tectonic unit of the Huimin sag that is located in the western part of the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China. In this study, the authors calculated basin extensional rate and slipping displacement of boundary faults in the dip and strike directions, using seismic and drilling data. The evolution of the Linnan transtensional basin from the Eogene through the Quaternary is quantitatively described, and a dynamic model is established. The Linshan and Xiakou boundary faults of the Linnan subsag are used as a case study to describe a method to calculate the strike and dip slipping displacements of active faults under oblique extension. The results quantitatively illustrate the behavior of the Linnan subsag boundary faults over time. The Linnan subsag transtensional basin experienced four stages of evolution: weak extension during the Kongdian Formation, rapid extension and fault depression during the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation,intensive transtension and fault depression during the third member of the Shahejie Formation-Dongying Formation, and weakening fault depression during the Guantao Formation-Pingyuan Formation.The results of this study provide further understanding of the processes of petroleum migration and accumulation in the region.

Deformation characteristics and analog modeling of transtensional structures in the Dongying Sag,Bohai Bay Basin

Hydrocarbon exploration in the Dongying Sag is constrained by the development of many Cenozoic transtensional structures with complex patterns and dynamic mechanisms.This study uses seismic interpretation and analog modeling to investigate these transtensional structures.Significant results include dividing these transtensional structures into boundary fault,oblique rifting,and deep strike-slip fault controlled structures,according to the relationships between main and secondary faults.They developed in the steep slope zone,the central sag zone,and the slope zone,respectively.In profile,the transtensional structures formed appear to be semi-flower-like,step-like,or negative-flower-like.In plan-view,they appear to be broom-like,soft-linked,or en-echelon structures.Further,these transtensional structures are controlled by the oblique normal slip of boundary faults,by the oblique extension of sub-sags,and by the later extension of deep strike-slip faults.The geometric deformation of these transtensional structures is controlled by the angles between the regional extension direction and the strike of boundary faults,deep faults,or sub-sags,where a larger angle corresponds to less developed transtensional structures.Further,the transtensional structures in the Dongying Sag were created by multi-phase and multi-directional extensions in the Cenozoic—which is also controlled by pre-existing structures.The strike of newborn secondary faults was determined by the regional extension direction and pre-existing structures.

新疆克拉玛依乌尔禾张扭性走滑断裂特征及其控藏作用研究

乌尔禾沥青矿断裂带位于准噶尔盆地西北缘乌夏断裂带乌尔禾鼻隆之上,是一个小型左旋走滑断裂带。断裂带形成后未发生强烈改造,断裂带内发育沥青矿脉,露头地质条件好,且有三维地震覆盖,是研究走滑断裂特征和控藏作用的天然实验室。本文采用无人机三维立体建模技术,结合野外剖面实测,对乌尔禾沥青矿走滑断裂带野外剖面露头进行定量分析和解剖。结果表明,沥青矿断裂带共发育17条断层,主断层西北侧断层呈雁列状分布,东南侧断层呈马尾状,断裂带纵向呈负花状。研究表明,断层形成于燕山期左旋剪切应力场,受拉张应力影响,整体处于张扭环境,形成张扭性走滑断裂带。断层发育空腔和诱导裂缝,尤其主动盘裂缝更为发育,空腔的开度与油气侵染宽度呈正相关。结合塔里木盆地张扭性走滑断裂与油气藏关系分析,本文认为张扭性走滑断裂是良好的垂向油气运移通道,主动盘具有侧向输导作用,被动盘具有封堵作用,走滑断裂主动盘一侧圈闭是良好的油气聚集区域。

塔里木盆地塔中隆起中北部地区断裂构造特征及演化

为系统揭示塔里木盆地塔中隆起中北部地区断裂构造特征及其成因演化,通过对该区大连片三维地震工区精细构造解析和相干体等分析,并结合区域动力背景,系统论述了该区的断裂构造类型、几何学特征、差异活动机制及其构造演化过程。研究结果表明,塔中隆起中北部发育了4类7期断裂构造,其中逆冲断裂和走滑断裂尤其发育。平面上北西向弧形逆冲断裂与北东向、北西向及南北向走滑断裂相互交切与耦合;垂向上断裂分层差异活动特征明显,下奥陶统及其以下地层,断裂发育数量多且以线形为主,中奥陶统-中下泥盆统多呈雁列式,上泥盆统-二叠系仅在塔中Ⅱ号断裂带、顺北5号断裂带西南端等地区发育少量断裂。研究区断裂活动受多期、多方向不同性质应力场所控制,经历了极其复杂的演化历史:加里东早期以塔中Ⅱ号断裂带等少量北倾正断层活动为主;加里东中期Ⅰ幕断裂活动强烈,表现为逆冲断裂与走滑断裂协同演化和相互耦合特征,走滑断裂对逆冲断裂的切割或限制作用明显;加里东中期Ⅲ幕断裂活动基本继承了加里东中期Ⅰ幕的构造格局,但在工区北部的顺北4号、5号等断裂带张扭性断裂活动特征显著;加里东晚期-海西早期,部分断裂发生继承性活动且张扭断裂发育范围进一步向南扩大;印支-燕山期,仅有少数断裂发生继承性活动;喜山期该区构造比较稳定,早期形成的复杂断裂构造进入深埋阶段。

四川盆地中部资阳地区张扭断裂三维构造模型、构造演化与油气地质意义

基于钻井和地震数据,通过平面-剖面构造解析、三维断层构造建模、垂向断距分析及平衡剖面恢复,对四川盆地资阳地区张扭(走滑)断裂系统进行研究。结果表明,资阳三维地震工区张扭断裂系统由北东走向、伸展变形主导的F_(Ⅰ)19和F_(Ⅰ)20断裂带以及北西走向、右旋剪切变形的3组雁列正断层构成。其中,F_(Ⅰ)19、F_(Ⅰ)20断裂带贯穿新元古界—中下三叠统嘉陵江组,表现出“S”形丝带状的三维结构,在二叠系沉积前及早三叠世至少经历两期构造叠加改造;北西向的3组雁列正断层由两两成对、倾向相反、部分左阶排列的小型正断层构成,在二叠系沉积前基本定型,对F_(Ⅰ)19断裂带向东的生长和扩展造成限制。F_(Ⅰ)19、F_(Ⅰ)20断裂带自深往浅沟通多套烃源岩和储层,断层活动时间与生烃高峰期匹配良好;在F_(Ⅰ)19、F_(Ⅰ)20断裂带两侧的局部低幅背斜带上,若叠加发育寒武系—三叠系有利沉积相带和储层,则该区有望成为天然气聚集有利区。

渤海湾盆地惠民凹陷中央隆起带张扭性断裂演化的构造物理模拟研究

惠民凹陷位于渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷西部,新生代时期经历了南北向伸展,形成了典型的“北断南超”半地堑结构。平面上,惠民凹陷中央隆起带发育了NE至近EW向的张扭断裂体系;垂向上,中央隆起带断裂体系从深部到浅部呈现出由雁列式分段到逐渐连接贯通的特征。目前对惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂体系的结构特征有了较好的刻画,但是对于该断裂体系形成的运动学过程及其控制因素仍然停留在描述阶段。文章设计了一组张扭构造物理模拟实验,以探究惠民中央隆起带断裂构造演化过程及其控制因素。实验再现了惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂体系在平面上由早期孤立分段、侧向传播、最终贯通的三个阶段;在剖面上也很好对应了中央隆起带沿走向由共轭断裂系向阶梯式断裂的结构转变特征。基于粒子成像测速(PIV)的应变分析,文章构建了三阶段的应变—断层距离统计图,揭示了各分段断裂由早期无连接,经历侧向生长,从软连接到硬连接的构造演化过程。研究证实在南北向区域伸展作用下,盆地基底NEE向先存断裂的活化是惠民凹陷中央隆起带张扭构造形成的根本原因。文章利用砂箱构造物理模拟实验揭示了惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂发育的机制,可为类似的张扭性断陷盆地的断裂演化与油气成藏研究提供有益的启示。

Nanpu Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin:A Transtensional Fault-Termination Basin

The Nanpu（南堡） sag has previously been modeled as（1） a pull-apart basin,（2） a rift ba-sin,without significant strike-slip deformation,and（3） a transtensional basin.We present a new model for the Nanpu sag in which the basin is a transtensional fault-termination basin.Although transten-sional fault-termination basins is an important basin type,it is not as well studied as other classic basin types.On the base of 3D seismic data interpretation,the faults geometries and kinematics and their controls on depocenters are presented.The Nanpu sag is developed in the context of dextral transten-sion of the Bohai（渤海） Bay basin and attributed to a transtensional fault-termination basin.During deposition of the Es3-Es2 members,the basin border Xi＇nanzhuang（西南庄） fault and Baigezhuang（柏各庄） fault linked to a mixed normal and strike-slip fault system,or a linked fault system controlled the basin by dominant extension and weak strike-slip and created fan-shaped depocenters surrounded by the two faults.From Es1 Member to Dongying（东营） Formation,two major depocenters controlled by two mixed normal and sinistral strike-slip fault systems are located on the Linque（林雀） and Caofeidian（曹妃甸） subsags.During deposition of the Guantao（馆陶）-Minghuazhen（明化镇） Forma-tion,the Nanpu sag successively developed and significantly expanded.

Two Types of Strike-Slip and Transtensional Intrabasinal Structures Controlling Sandbodies in Yitong Graben

Recently,the researches on structure controls on sandbodies have provided a new method for predicting petroleum reservoirs.The Yitong（伊通） graben is situated in the northern section of the Tan-Lu（郯-庐） fault system in eastern China.It was characterized by dual properties of strike-slip and extension in Cenozoic.Two types of intrabasinal structures were identified as oblique fault and trans-verse uplift in the graben.The oblique faults arranged en echelon in plain and locally presented nega-tive rosette structures on seismic profile,so they were closely derived from strike-slip movement of the northwestern boundary faults.Moreover,these oblique faults were divided to five zones.The three transverse uplifts,located corresponding to flattened southeast boundary faults,were mainly originated by displacement-gradient folding due to segmental extensional activities of southeast boundary faults.The large-scale sandbodies of subaqueous fan facies and fan delta facies had developed at the two types of intrabasinal structure zone.Based on analyzing the seismic facies,logging facies and seismic attrib-ute extractions,and on discovering many incised valleys at the oblique fault zones,the two types of in-trabasinal structures were revealed to have conducted drainage entering basin and further dispersing,and to have consequently controlled the development and distribution of sandbodies.

Differences of Polygonal Faults with Irregularly Polygonal Geometries: A Case Study from the Changchang Sag of Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea

Polygonal faults(PFs)generally have a classic polygonal geometry in map view.However,under the influence of tectonic faults,diapirs,channels,and slopes,the classic polygonal geometry of PFs is not preserved,demonstrating differences(different characters)in map-view 3D seismic data covering an area of 334km^(2) of the Changchang(CC)sag,are used to document the mapview and cross-sectional characteristics of PFs.These data also help investigate the irregularly polygonal geometries of PFs due to the presence of influence factors,such as transtensional faults,submarine fans,channels,diapirs/gas chimneys,and the basal slope within the lower-middle Miocene strata.Results show that various irregularly polygonal geometries of PFs can be classified into enechelon and arcuate PFs,channel-segmenting and-bounding PFs,radial PFs,and rectangular PFs in map-view.En-echelon and arcuate PFs are induced by transtensional faults and exhibit a unique‘flower’structure in NE-and SE-trending cross-sections in the NW area of the study area.This finding is documented for the first time.Channel-segmenting PFs occur in the(northwest)low-amplitude muddy channel and are inhibited in the(southeast)high-amplitude sandy channel in the SW area.Radial PFs are radially aligned around a gas chimney/diapir containing some high-amplitude anomalies(HAAs)in the middle area.The presence of intrusive sandstones with HAAs along the periphery of the diapirs restricts the occurrence of PFs.Two high-amplitude submarine fans act as a mechanical barrier to the propagation of PFs.Meanwhile,the(moderate)slope in the NE area induces rectangular PFs.Additionally,the geneses of the PFs in the current study are comprehensively discussed.This study adds to our understanding of the differences between PFs with irregularly polygonal geometries.

珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷海丰33洼断裂特征

陆丰凹陷是珠江口盆地(东部)的古近系勘探重要探区,近三十年来受限于钻井数量与仅有的二维地震资料,其盆缘洼陷海丰33洼缺乏断裂特征与洼陷结构的研究。在新三维地震资料构造解释基础上,本文对洼陷边界断裂、主干伸展断裂、张扭断裂进行识别,并对断裂活动性进行了分析,研究结果表明:(1)海丰33洼发育伸展断裂和张扭断裂,三组深大断裂——北部海丰33断裂、南部陆丰03断裂与北西部的海丰32断裂分别控制形成了主洼、南次洼、北次洼的洼陷格局;(2)北西部海丰32断裂受到左旋张扭应力场的作用,显示了张扭性断裂特征,在晚文昌—早恩平组沉积期断裂活动最强,地层沉降中心沿走滑分量迁移,北次洼沉积较厚上文昌组地层;(3)海丰33洼北西部发育的海丰32断阶构造带邻近烃源岩,张扭断裂控制了该构造带的圈闭类型与运移条件,为海丰33洼勘探的有利区带。

黄骅坳陷构造变形格局与演化过程分析

本文以覆盖全区的3D和2D地震剖面的地质构造解释为基础,详细描述和分析了黄骅坳陷的基底和盖层结构构造及其演化,在黄骅坳陷基底内识别出了印支期东西向展布的大型褶皱-冲断构造和燕山主期NNE向展布的大型褶皱-冲断构造,认为黄骅坳陷中的歧口凹陷是在印支期古背斜的基础上经过新生代的伸展裂陷活动负反转而形成的断陷型盆地;确定出黄骅坳陷中、北区陆上新生代盆地结构表现为NE向延伸的、西北断东南超的多米诺式半地堑系结构,而在海域地区则表现为近东西向展布的规模巨大的复式地堑型结构;提出沧东断层延伸到黄骅坳陷中的板桥凹陷的北部,其断距已经逐渐减小,并与北塘次凹西斜坡发育的茶淀断裂以构造转换带方式衔接。论文还以盆地内的大型断裂系统的活动性和盆地沉降史的定量分析为基础,将黄骅坳陷新生代同裂陷阶段划分出三个幕次的演化过程,并发现从裂陷Ⅰ幕到裂陷Ⅲ幕盆地的沉积-沉降中心经历了由南向北、由陆向海的规律性迁移。根据控制沉降中心迁移的构造应力场,结合区域渤海湾盆地的基本特征,提出斜向拉分盆地模式来解释黄骅坳陷,乃至渤海湾盆地孔店组-东营组沉积期间的发育演化机制。

济阳坳陷构造演化及其大地构造意义

济阳坳陷由负反转盆地、右旋扭张盆地及主动裂谷三个原型叠加而成，并在中、新生代经历了四个演化阶段。三叠纪为板内造山作用阶段， 济阳坳陷曾为五条 Ｎ Ｗ向的以逆冲断层为主的压性构造带占据， 早—中侏罗世造山作用结束；晚侏罗世—早始新世为负反转盆地阶段，三叠纪 Ｎ Ｗ 向逆冲断层发生反向伸展；中始新世—渐新世为右旋扭张盆地阶段， Ｎ Ｅ、 Ｅ Ｎ Ｅ 向扭张断裂发育， 并进而成盆接受沉积， Ｎ Ｗ 向断裂反向伸展活动受到抑制而渐趋消亡；中新世—全新世为主动裂谷阶段，“拗陷运动”取代“断陷运动”。济阳坳陷构造演化的阶段特征表明了郯庐断裂中、新生代的剪切运动史， 即三叠纪右旋剪切， 晚侏罗世—早始新世左旋剪切， 中始新世—渐新世右旋剪切， 中新世—全新世作弱右旋压剪。

渤海海域新近纪断层成因与动力学状态

新近纪是渤海海域新构造运动的重要阶段,具有不同于第四纪以来的构造活动特征和盆地格局。大量的盆地勘探资料显示,海域新近系内发育了大量张性、张扭性断层,主要为近东西向断层,其次为北北东向的郯庐断裂带和局部的大型北西向断层。这一断层格局与下伏古近系相似,但断层活动强度明显较弱,属于坳陷型盆地内的断层活动。断层的平、剖面特征表明,近东西向者为正断层,北北东与北西向断层分别为右行、左行平移正断层。各类断层的运动学特征指示,海域古近纪处于南北向的弱伸展环境。近东西向断层小型者多为新生正断层,大型者常是早期断层的复活,皆为区域拉张作用的直接结果。北北东向的郯庐断裂带与北西向断层皆为继承性活动,其走滑是斜向拉张的结果。郯庐断裂带较强的张扭性活动一方面使旁侧派生了一系列北东—北东东向的小型正断层,另一方面使其旁侧各类断层密度明显增大。海域新近纪的弱伸展环境结束于新近纪末一次区域性挤压事件。

莺歌海盆地成因及其大地构造意义

莺歌海盆地位于南海西北部 ,属 NW走向红河断裂带向南海海域的延伸。本文通过对盆地结构、沉降特征和构造 -沉积迁移过程的研究 ,提出莺歌海盆地在始新世—早渐新世期间属左旋扭张性断陷盆地 ,晚渐新世—早中新世的盆地演化阶段受到红河断裂带的左行剪切运动影响。

走滑构造体系盆山耦合与区带分析

走滑构造体系盆山耦合常由于走滑断层弯曲所产生 ,结合油气勘探中盆地—区带—圈闭 3个层次 ,相应地划分为 3类走滑断层 :(1)转换断层为控盆断层 ;(2 )转移断层为控带断层 ;(3)撕裂断层为控藏断层。走滑断层伴生盆地按力学性质可以划分为 :(1)走滑伸展盆地 ;(2 )走滑挤压盆地及 (3)走滑旋转盆地。转移断层可以与裂谷盆地或前陆盆地复合 ,发育断裂互联网络 ,形成雁列褶皱或雁列断块油气区带 ;撕裂断层与低角度正断层或逆冲断层相交时常形成有利圈闭 ,如活板构造等。

额济纳旗地区侏罗—白垩纪盆地演化与油气特征

额济纳旗地区侏罗纪以来经历了两期断陷盆地的发育。早—中侏罗世研究区处于一种张扭构造环境之中，晚侏罗世盆地发生明显抬升和反转。日垩纪—早第三纪盆地演化为一个完整的裂谷发育过程，下白垩统是裂谷早期断陷作用的产物，而上白垩统和下第三系则代表裂谷后期热沉降（或区域坳陷）沉积。侏罗纪盆地和白垩纪盆地应属两类不同性质盆地。两期盆地的不同叠置关系控制了本区烃源岩的发育，影响到这一地区坳陷的油气潜力。下白垩统烃原岩为较差—较好烃源岩，中—下侏罗统为好烃源岩。各凹陷的生烃潜力取决于两期生烃洼陷的规模和叠置关系，天草凹陷继承性发育，中—下侏罗统和下白垩统两套烃源岩叠置关系较好，是额济纳旗地区最有远景的凹陷。

珠江口盆地文昌凹陷应力场演化及其对成藏要素的控制作用

在区域构造背景分析的基础上,对晚白垩世–中中新世文昌凹陷的断裂系统和地层特征进行了研究,结果表明文昌凹陷应力场演化受区域扭张应力场控制,其最小主应力方向沿NWW→NW→SN→NNE向顺时针旋转,整体具有右旋扭张的特征。在该应力场的控制作用下,文昌凹陷共发育3种类型的扭张/压扭模式:与文昌A凹形成有关由弯曲断层控制的扭张下沉/差异隆升模式;与文昌B凹形成有关由分支断层控制的扭张楔形下沉模式;和与文昌C凹形成有关由弯曲和分支断层汇合控制的菱形扭张差异隆升/下沉模式。这三种扭张模式不仅控制了凹陷的变形格局,形成3个不同的沉降中心和2个反转构造区,更对圈闭的形成和油气运聚等成藏要素的发育有一定的控制作用。

东营凹陷新生代扭张构造样式及控藏规律

在精细构造解释的基础上,采用地层切片、地震相干等技术手段,系统解剖扭张构造基本特征,明确扭张构造样式及其分布规律,并建立了扭张构造的控藏模式。研究表明,东营凹陷新生代共发育王家岗、八面河、高青、青西以及郝现等11个扭张构造带。依据断层平面、剖面组合特征及地层变形特征,对这11个扭张构造进行了分类研究,该地区主要发育帚状-半花状,雁列-树形花状及侧接-卷心式花状3种类型的复合构造样式。帚状-半花状扭张构造分布于盆地的陡坡带,雁列-树形花状扭张构造分布于斜坡带,侧接-卷心式花状扭张构造分布于凹陷的中央隆起带。这3种扭张构造样式控制了不同的圈闭类型,并形成了帚状两段式、雁列分割式以及侧接弧形式的成藏模式。