Bladder Perforation during Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor Is Not an Innocent Accident: Literature Review Based on a Clinical Case Experience

Urothelial Carcinoma (UC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) is a standard treatment in the disease’s early stages, with bladder perforation being a possible and classical complication. However, extravesical tumor seeding resulting from perforation is a rare phenomenon. We hereby report the case of a 76-year-old man with a history of smoking diagnosed with high-grade T1 urothelial carcinoma. TURBT was performed and bladder perforation occurred during the procedure. Radical cystectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy failed to reveal an invasive tumor. However, the patient experienced peritoneal recurrence with liver metastasis 3 years following the operation. This case left physician wondering whether the bladder perforation and the resulting tumor seeding are the cause behind the late peritoneal recurrence of an early-stage urothelial carcinoma.

Total intravenous general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway for transurethral resection of bladder tumor

Objective： To observe the advantage of total intravenous anesthesia for transurethral resection of bladder tumor （TURBT）. Methods.. Sixty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients undergoing TURBT were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Spinal anesthesia with 0. 75% pure bupivacaine （8-12 rag） was applied to patients in Group Ⅰ （n= 30）. Patients in Group Ⅱ （n=30） received total intravenous anesthesia with continuous infusion of Propofol and Remifentanil ; and a laryngeal mask was used to ensure the airway and ventilation. BP, HR, SPO2 and pertinent side effects were monitored and recorded. Results ： The patients in group Ⅱ experienced more stable hemodynamics than those in group Ⅰ . Obturator nerve reflex was observed in 15 （50. 0%） patients in Group Ⅰ , but none （0%） in Group Ⅱ （P〈0. 01）. Conclusion.. Total intravenous anesthesia with laryngeal mask is a safe, reliable, controllable and simple manual for patient undergoing TURBT.

Intravesical explosion during transurethral resection of bladder tumor:A case report

BACKGROUND Intravesical explosion during transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TUR-BT)is a very rare complication,and it may result in rupture of the bladder,which usually requires surgical correction and causes a potential threat to the patient’s life.CASE SUMMARY This paper reports a case of intravesical explosion during TUR-BT.Combined with the literature review,the risk factors are analyzed and measures of prevention and treatment are discussed.CONCLUSION Although rare,intravesical explosions can cause serious consequences,and the loud explosion can also lead to a profound psychological shadow on the patient.Urologists must be aware of this potential complication.Careful operative techniques and special precautions can reduce the risk of this complication.

Complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor before radical cystectomy is not a risk factor for organ-confined bladder cancer:A case-control study

Objectives:To investigate the role of complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURBT)before radical cystectomy(RC)for organ-confined bladder cancer.Materials and methods:Data of patients who underwent RC in our center from January 2008 to December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed.Patients with>T2N0M0 disease and positive surgical margins and those who received neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy were excluded.Complete TURBT was defined as no visible lesion under endoscopic examination after TURBT or in the bladder specimen after RC.Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests assessed disease-free survival(DFS).Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to identify potential predictors.Results:A total of 236 patients were included in this review,including 207 males,with a median age of 61 years.The median tumor size was 3 cm,and a total of 94 patients had identified pathological T2 stage disease.Complete TURBT was correlated with tumor size(p=0.041),histological variants(p=0.026),and down-staging(p<0.001).Tumor size,grade,and histological variants were independent predictors of complete TURBT.During a median follow-up of 42.7 months,30 patients developed disease recurrence.Age and histological variants were independent predictors of DFS(p=0.022 and 0.032,respectively),whereas complete TURBT was not an independent predictor of DFS(p=0.156).Down-staging was not associated with survival outcome.Conclusions:Complete TURBT was correlated with an increased rate of down-staging before RC.It was not associated with better oncologic outcomes for patients with organ-confined bladder cancer.

Cryoablation techniques in bladder cancer: A review

Bladder cancer(BC)ranks as the tenth most common cancer globally.Histopathologically,BC is broadly categorized into urothelial and non-urothelial BC.Urothelial carcinoma represents over 90%of BC in most regions worldwide.The standard treatment procedure for diagnosing and treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)is transurethral resection of bladder tumors(TURBT).Currently,the standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer(MIBC)is neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy.Cryoablation therapy is a medical technique that uses extremely low temperatures to destroy diseased tissue.This treatment serves as a therapeutic tool for both benign and malignant diseases in organs such as the kidney,prostate gland,lung,liver,and breast,and is particularly effective for unresectable tumors,offering less trauma,quick recovery,good tolerability,and symptom control.However,cryoablation has its limitations.Over the past few years,cryoablation therapy has emerged as a new method for treating early BC.This treatment is minimally invasive,precise,and offers quick recovery,providing patients with a new treatment option.Although randomized studies are still limited,increasing evidence suggests its potential application in bladder cancer combined with transurethral resection(TURBT)or medication.Cryoablation is not standard therapy for bladder cancer.Treatment decisions should be discussed by a multidisciplinary team of urologists,oncologists,and interventional physicians and require more randomized controlled trials to define patient selection criteria and treatment approaches.

Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer:a clinical practice guideline(2021 edition)

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)is a major type of bladder cancer with a high incidence worldwide,resulting in a great disease burden.Treatment and surveillance are the most important part of NIMBC management.In 2018,we issued“Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in China:an evidencebased clinical practice guideline”.Since then,various studies on the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC have been published.There is a need to incorporate these materials and also to take into account the relatively limited medical resources in primary medical institutions in China.Developing a version of guideline which takes these two issues into account to promote the management of NMIBC is therefore indicated.We formed a working group of clinical experts and methodologists.Through questionnaire investigation of clinicians including primary medical institutions,24 clinically concerned issues,involving transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURBT),intravesical chemotherapy and intravesical immunotherapy of NMIBC,and follow-up and surveillance of the NMIBC patients,were determined for this guideline.Researches and recommendations on the management of NMIBC in databases,guideline development professional societies and monographs were referred to,and the European Association of Urology was used to assess the certainty of generated recommendations.Finally,we issued 29 statements,among which 22 were strong recommendations,and 7 were weak recommendations.These recommendations cover the topics of TURBT,postoperative chemotherapy after TURBT,Bacillus Calmette–Guérin(BCG)immunotherapy after TURBT,combination treatment of BCG and chemotherapy after TURBT,treatment of carcinoma in situ,radical cystectomy,treatment of NMIBC recurrence,and follow-up and surveillance.We hope these recommendations can help promote the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC in China,especially for the primary medical institutions.

Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Electrosurgical Resection for Recurrent Bladder Cancer

Bladder tumor is characterized by recurrent recurrence and distant metastasis,which determines the difficulty of completely curing bladder tumor.In recent years,the number of patients with bladder cancer is increasing,and the treatment of bladder cancer has become an important direction of clinical research.It is difficult to control bladder tumor by traditional therapy.Photodynamic therapy(PDT),as a new optical therapy,has gradually become the main method in clinical treatment of bladder tumor combined with transurethral resection of bladder tumor.In this paper,a patient with superficial recurrent bladder tumor was treated by photodynamic therapy combined with transurethral resection of bladder tumor.The advantages of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of bladder tumor and the selection of photosensitizer in the process of photodynamic therapy were discussed.After two recurrences,the patients chose photodynamic therapy.The tumors were resected one by one,and the wound was coagulated by roller electrode.After the drug was retained for 20 minutes,the bladder was empty.The spherical optical fiber was implanted into the bladder.The photodynamic energy was adjusted(light power 1.8 W,light time 1302 s).There was no recurrence after operation.Most bladder tumors are superficial tumors,and bladder is a cavity organ,which determines that bladder is an ideal organ for photodynamic therapy.As a targeted drug,photosensitizer is only absorbed by bladder tumor after being perfused into bladder.The photosensitizer forms reactive oxygen species through oxygen and kills tumor cells.Clinical practice has proved that PDT has its unique advantages for superficial and recurrent bladder tumors.As the first generation photosensitizer,xipofen also has selectivity in the treatment of bladder cancer.

Holmium laser versus conventional transurethral resection of the bladder tumor

Background Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor （TURBT） remains the gold standard for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer （NMIBC）. Laser techniques have been widely used in urology. This analysis aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of holmium resection of the bladder tumor （HoLRBT）vs. TURBT. Methods A systemic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library as well as manual bibliography searches were performed to identify the relevant studies. The pooled estimates of operation time, obturator nerve reflex rate, bladder perforation rate, bladder irrigation rate, catheterization time, hospital stay, and one- and two-year recurrence free survivals were calculated. Results Five studies were enrolled into our meta-analysis. No significant difference was observed in the operation time between groups （weighted mean difference （WMD） 1.01, 95% confidential interval （95% CI） -3.52-5.54, P=0.66）. The significant difference in the obturator nerve reflex （OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.04, P=0.004）, bladder perforation （OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03-0.61, P=-0.009）, bladder irrigation （OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.45, P=0.001）, catheterization time （WMD -0.96, 95% C1-1.11 to-0.82, P 〈0.00001）, and hospital stay （WMD-1.46, 95% C1-1.65 to-1.27, P 〈0.00001）showed advantages of HoLRBT over TURBT. The 2-year recurrence free survival rate favors the HoLRBT group （OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.02-2.11, P=-0.04）. Conclusions As a promising technique, HoLRBT is safe and efficient, and showed several advantages over TURBT. HoLRBT can be used as an alternative procedure for TURBT in terms of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma or low-grade early TNM-stage urothelial carcinoma.

Thulium laser treatment for bladder cancer

Recent innovations in thulium laser techniques have allowed application in the treatment of bladder cancer.Laser en bloc resection of bladder cancer is a transurethral procedure that may offer an alternative to the conventional transurethral resection procedure.We conducted a review of basic thulium laser physics and laser en bloc resection procedures and summarized the current clinical literature with a focus on complications and outcomes.Literature evidence suggests that thulium laser techniques including smooth incision,tissue vaporization,and en bloc resection represent feasible,safe,and effective procedures in the treatment of bladder cancer.Moreover,these techniques allow improved specimen orientation and accurate determination of invasion depth,facilitating correct diagnosis,restaging,and reevaluation of the need for a second resection.Nonetheless,large-scale multicentre studies with longer follow-up are warranted for a robust assessment.The present review is meant as a quick reference for urologists.

Role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and staging of urinary bladder cancer

Objectives:To assess the role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging(mp-MRI)in the diagnosis and staging of urinary bladder cancer(BC).Materials and methods:Fifty patients diagnosed with bladder masses underwent mp-MRI study.The results of 3 image sets were analyzed and compared with the histopathological results as a reference standard:T2-weighted image(T2WI)plus dynamic contrast-enhanced(DCE),T2WI plus diffusion-weighted images(DWI),and mp-MRI,including T2WI plus DWI and DCE.The diagnostic accuracy of mp-MRI was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.Results:The accuracy of T2WI plus DCE for detecting muscle invasion of BC was 79.5%with a fair agreement with histopathological examination(κ=0.59);this percentage increased up to 88.6%using T2WI plus DWI,with good agreement with histopathological examination(κ=0.74),whereas mp-MRI had the highest overall accuracy(95.4%)and excellent agreement with histopathological data(κ=0.83).Multiparametric MRI can differentiate between low-and high-grade bladder tumors with a high sensitivity and specificity of 93.3%and 98.3%,respectively.Conclusions:Multiparametric MRI is an acceptable method for the preoperative detection and accurate staging of BC,with reasonable accuracy in differentiating between low-and high-grade BC.