The use of the greater trochanter marker in the thigh segment model:Implications for hip and knee frontal and transverse plane motion

Background:The greater trochanter marker is commonly used in 3-dimensional(3D) models;however,its influence on hip and knee kinematics during gait is unclear.Understanding the influence of the greater trochanter marker is important when quantifying frontal and transverse plane hip and knee kinematics,parameters which are particularly relevant to investigate in individuals with conditions such as patellofemoral pain,knee osteoarthritis,anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injury,and hip pain.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of including the greater trochanter in the construction of the thigh segment on hip and knee kinematics during gait.Methods:3D kinematics were collected in 19 healthy subjects during walking using a surface marker system.Hip and knee angles were compared across two thigh segment definitions(with and without greater trochanter) at two time points during stance:peak knee flexion(PKF) and minimum knee flexion(Min KF).Results:Hip and knee angles differed in magnitude and direction in the transverse plane at both time points.In the thigh model with the greater trochanter the hip was more externally rotated than in the thigh model without the greater trochanter(PKF:-9.34°± 5.21° vs.1.40°± 5.22°,Min KF:-5.68°± 4.24° vs.5.01°± 4.86°;p < 0.001).In the thigh model with the greater trochanter,the knee angle was more internally rotated compared to the knee angle calculated using the thigh definition without the greater trochanter(PKF:14.67°± 6.78° vs.4.33°± 4.18°,Min KF:10.54°± 6.71° vs.-0.01°± 2.69°;p < 0.001).Small but significant differences were detected in the sagittal and frontal plane angles at both time points(p < 0.001).Conclusion:Hip and knee kinematics differed across different segment definitions including or excluding the greater trochanter marker,especially in the transverse plane.Therefore when considering whether to include the greater trochanter in the thigh segment model when using a surface markers to calculate 3D kinematics for movement assessment,it is important to have a clear understanding of the effect of different marker sets and segment models in use.

Deuteron electromagnetic form factors in transverse plane with a phenomenological Lagrangian approach

A phenomenological Lagrangian approach is employed to study the electromagnetic properties of deuteron The deuteron is regarded as a loosely bound state of a proton and a neutron. The deuteron electromagnetic form factors are expressed in light-front representation in the transverse plane. The transverse charge density of the deuteron is discussed.

Study on the appropriate dose of dexmedetomidine leading analgesia combined with transverse abdominal plane block for postoperative analgesia in colon cancer

Objective:To explore the suitable dosage of dexmedetomidine preemptive analgesia combined with transverse abdominal muscle block for postoperative analgesia of colon cancer.Methods:From March 2018 to October 2019,120 patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colon cancer in our hospital were randomly divided into control group(group C,without dexmedetomidine),low-dose group(group L,0.5μg/kg),medium-dose group(group M,1μg/kg)and high-dose group(group M,0.5μg/kg)The Mean arterial pressure,MAP),Heart rate,HR)and visual analog scale(vas)pain were compared at 2 h(T0),4 h(T1),8 h(T2),12 h(T3),24 h(T4)and 48 h(T5)after operation The pain sensitive area of mechanical stimulation was measured at T4,T5 and 72 h(T6)after operation.The adverse reactions of patients after operation were compared.Results:Compared with C group,MAP and HR of L,M and H groups decreased in different degrees at each time point.MAP and HR of m and h groups were lower than those of l group at different time points(P<0.05).The VAS score and pain sensitive area of T4-T6 in l,m and h groups were significantly lower than those in c group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in Ramsay score among groups(p>0.05).The vas score and pain sensitive area of m and h groups were lower than those of l group(P<0.05).Incidence of postoperative adverse reactions in l,m and h groups was lower than that in c group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine at doses of 1μg/kg and 1.5μg/kg has a good analgesic effect without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions.It is recommended that 1μg/kg Dexmedetomidine be used as an auxiliary drug dose of ropivacaine during TAP block.At the same time,it is necessary to strengthen monitoring to avoid adverse reactions such as hypotension and bradycardia.

Propagation of elastic plane waves in homogeneous and transversely isotropic media

Solutions to the equation of waves motion are derived for homogeneous and transversely isotropic media such as fiber-reinforced composites, and three dimensional slowness surfaces are shown as well. A brief discussion on the propagation of plane waves is given.Elastic plane waves are characterized by slowness vectors, wave vectors, polarization vectors and group velocity vectors, etc. The results obtained are presented in a coordinate-free form due to the introduction of the crystal axis' orieniation vector which specifies the anisotropy of the media. Therefore, the results are the most general and convenient for further application

Asymmetric rotating array beams with free movement and revolution

We introduce a new class of partially coherent asymmetric array beams. When the beam propagates, the spectral density of each lobe and the corresponding degree of coherence have rotating behavior. Especially, not only can array-like lattices revolve arbitrarily, but also they can move freely by controlling transverse plane shifts. Furthermore, we have generated this kind of beam experimentally, and the experimental phenomena are consistent with the numerical simulation results. Such a rotating beam with free movement and revolution may broaden the way for optical applications. More importantly, it inspires further studies in the field of asymmetric coherence gratings and lattices.