Traditional Nitrogen Removal Coupled with SND to Meet Advanced WWTP Standards at a Full Scale SBR Wastewater Treatment Facility

A Florida wastewater treatment facility studied how Simultaneous Nitrification Denitrification (SND) coupled with traditional nitrogen removal would be used to meet the state’s current advanced wastewater treatment nutrient criterion. This study examined the effect of these combined processes on the fate and transport of the nitrogen species during the treatment process. The effectiveness of nitrogen removal within the full scale sequential batch reactor system (SBR) and the extent of SND compared to nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen removal process was also evaluated. Finally, the overall performance of the municipal wastewater treatment facility utilizing these combined processes was evaluated. Overall, this application reduced the total nitrogen to almost 6% of the permitted concentration of 3.0 mg/L. The combination of both processes also resulted in an actual ?concentration 93.7% lower than the acceptable theoretical ?concentration, which also resulted in effluent Total Inorganic Nitrogen nearly 80% lower than the permitted 3.0 mg/L effluent concentration. Further, the process produced a composite Total Nitrogen concentration that was 74% lower than the permitted concentration. This coupling of SND with traditional nitrogen removal resulted in a highly effective process to reduce nitrogen in the municipal wastewater effluent which is also attractive for potential implementation due to the low cost expenditure incurred in its utilization.

Characterization and Laboratory-Scale Treatment of Municipal Drainage Wastewater of Khulna, Bangladesh

The study was conducted to characterize and perform laboratory-scale treatment of municipal drainage wastewater of Khulna, Bangladesh. Wastewater samples were collected from three different points of existing urban drain outlets into the Mayur River around Khulna. Laboratory testing shows the BOD5 and COD concentration of wastewater samples varied from 57 - 226 mg/l and 320 - 435 mg/l, respectively, and the total dissolved solids ranged from 1800 - 2525 mg/l. Therefore, a laboratory-scale treatment technology was developed to treat this wastewater. Treatment technologies adopted were primary sedimentation, followed by aeration, chemical precipitation and filtration. In treated wastewater, BOD5, COD and TDS were found to be in the range of 40 - 115 mg/l, 160 - 256 mg/l and 1356 - 1500 mg/l, respectively. These test results suggest that the performance of laboratory-scale treatment plant was not adequate to fulfil the acceptable limit (ECR’97) for safe disposal into surface water bodies. Due to poor quality of effluents, modification of laboratory-scale treatment plant was made by an activated sludge process followed by granular media filtration. The final BOD5, COD TDS and TSS concentration of effluents was found to be 1.38 - 9.8 mg/l, 32 - 192 mg/l, 590 - 1667 mg/l, and 35 - 95 mg/l respectively, which satisfy ECR’97 standard limits for safe disposal into inland water bodies.

维生素D治疗全面性发育迟缓患儿的临床疗效研究

背景 除了某些有明确病因的代谢性疾病导致的全面性发育迟缓(GDD),康复治疗是GDD的主要治疗方式;维生素D通过影响神经营养因子在调节神经细胞的发育和分化方面发挥着重要的神经保护作用;但目前关于补充维生素D对GDD患儿临床疗效的研究开展较少。目的 探讨补充不同剂量的维生素D对GDD患儿康复治疗的临床效果。方法 于2020年9月—2022年6月选取在郑州大学第三附属医院康复医学科首次住院就诊的120例GDD患儿为研究对象,采用随机区组化的方法将其分为常规组(38例)、400 U组(37例)和1 200 U组(35例)。常规组仅进行常规康复治疗;400 U组在常规康复治疗的基础上给予口服400 U/d维生素D;1 200 U组在常规康复训练的基础上给予口服1 200 U/d维生素D。收集3组患儿的性别、就诊年龄等基本资料;于入院时(治疗前)及第3个疗程末(治疗后)行血清25羟维生素D[25(OH)D]水平检测和Gesell发育量表评估[评估适应能力、大运动能力、精细运动能力、语言能力和社交能力5个能区的发育商(DQ)];记录发生在患儿住院期间不良事件的次数,并对上述资料进行分析比较。结果 3组患儿性别、居住地、出生季节、分娩方式、就诊年龄、出生体质量、出生胎龄、主要就诊原因比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前,3组患儿25(OH)D水平、Gesell量表各能区DQ值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,1 200 U组患儿血25(OH)D水平、Gesell量表大运动能力、精细运动能力、语言能力DQ值高于常规组(P<0.05)。第1、2疗程期间,3组患儿不良事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第3疗程期间,1 200 U组患儿不良事件发生率低于常规组及400 U组(P<0.05)。结论 补充1 200 U维生素D对GDD患儿的康复疗效有益,且能减少康复期间不良事件的发生率。

Seed germination of Albizia procera(Roxb.)Benth.in Bangladesh:a basis for seed source variation and pre-sowing treatment effect

An experiment in seed morphology and seed germination techniques of Albizia procera was carried out in the nursery of the Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh in order to discover the source variation in seeds and pre-sowing treatment effects on seed germination. Mature seeds ofA. procera were collected from healthy trees in home garden plan- tations from five different districts in Bangladesh and treated with four pre-sowing treatments, i.e., control, immersion in cold water （4~C for 24 h） and immersion in hot water （80~C for 10 min and 100~C for 1 min）. The average length, width and thickness of seeds were calculated as 0.502 ＋ 0.485, 0.420 ~ 0.060 and 0.191 ~ 0.118 cm, respectively. Germination was conducted in poly-bags with a mixture of topsoil and cow dung in a ratio of 3：1. The results revealed that pre-sowing treatments affected the rate of germination of seeds, which significantly increased the germination percentages of seeds in hot water treatments compared with those in control （60.60%） and the cold water treatment （4℃ for 24 h, 63.53%）. The highest germination success was 82.07% in the treatment of im- mersion in hot water （80℃） for 10 min, followed by 79.00% in immersion in hot water （100℃） for l rain. Germination started 4 to 6 days after seed sowing and completed in a period of 22 to 25 days in all treatments. ANOVAs showed statistically significant dif- ferences （p 〈 0.05） in seed germination starting dates, closing dates, germination percentages and rates of germination among treat- ments, but no significant differences in seed germination starting dates, closing dates, germination period, germination percentages and rates of germination among the seed sources. The study also revealed that the interaction between seed source variation and treat- ment effect significantly differed in seed germination starting dates, closing dates, germination percentages and rates of germination. The hot water （100℃ for 1min） treatment is recommended for seed germination ofA. procera in rural Bangladesh.

State of the art of synthetic threshold scale inhibitors for mineral scaling in the petroleum industry: a review

Inorganic scale deposits are a major water-related problem encountered in producing oil and gas wells. The harshness of scale deposits is dependent on the field operating conditions. Scale deposits can vary from mild scaling tendencies to extreme. In general, the scale deposit will cause a reduction in formation pores, declining productivity and eventually blockage of the wellbore and hence unexpected downtime if it is allowed to persevere. To overcome this, the productivity of an oil and gas well is ensured by handling scale deposits via removal or prevention methods. Scale prevention is the best and cost-e ective method for handling scale deposits that ensures production continuity. Inhibition through 'threshold' scale inhibitor treatment is the most common method that is proven to prevent or reduce likely deposits. This paper examines the art of synthetic scale inhibitors, in particular, threshold scale inhibitors in oil and gas production. It discusses the chemistry of those inhibitors, inhibition mechanisms, treatment methods and key properties for their applications. It also highlights the chemistry of the synthetic routes often used to produce them in the laboratory and/or industry. Finally, it highlights the environmental concerns for the applicability of threshold scale inhibitors.

护士对无效治疗态度量表的汉化及信度效度检验

目的:汉化护士对无效治疗态度量表(the Nurses’ Attitudes towards Futile Treatment Scale,NAFTS)并检验其信度和效度,为评估我国护士对无效治疗的态度提供测量工具。方法:采用Brislin翻译模式进行翻译、回译、文化调适等,形成中文版NAFTS,于2023年9月便利抽取浙江省6家三级甲等医院的420名ICU和肿瘤科护士进行调查,评价量表的信度和效度。结果:中文版NAFTS包括4个维度,18个条目。量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.901,重测信度为0.805,各条目与总分的相关系数为0.451~0.714(P<0.05),条目内容效度指数(I-CVI)为0.830~1.000,量表内容效度指数全体一致性(S-CVI/UA)为0.833,平均量表水平的内容效度指数(S-CVI/Ave)为0.972。探索性因子分析提取4个公因子,累计方差贡献率为66.195%。量表结构效度分析结果达到适配标准。结论:中文版NAFTS信度和效度良好,可作为我国护士对无效治疗态度的测评工具。

压热改性对黄米淀粉多尺度结构及理化性质的影响

为研究压热改性对黄米淀粉多尺度结构和理化性质的影响,本实验借助高效阴离子交换色谱、X射线衍射以及红外光谱、扫描电镜、差示热量扫描仪、快速粘度仪等分析了黄米淀粉改性前后的多尺度结构(形态结构、晶体结构、分子链结构)及糊化特性。结果表明,经过压热改性后黄米淀粉的总淀粉含量没有差异性变化,而直链淀粉含量由7.46%上升到8.28%;与原淀粉相比,改性后黄米淀粉短链比例升高,而中长链和长链比例显著(P<0.05)下降;淀粉的重均摩尔质量、回转半径多分散指数均显著(P<0.05)上升;而Mn值却显著(P<0.05)下降;压热改性后,黄米淀粉微观结构发生较大改变,由原黄米淀粉的颗粒状变为片状,表面粗糙,存在孔状凹陷;红外和X-射线衍射结果表明,压热后的黄米淀粉与原淀粉相比无新官能团产生,但是晶体结构遭到破坏,黄米淀粉的晶体结构由A型变为非晶体构型。压热改性后黄米淀粉的热稳定性、抗剪切性和冷糊稳定性相较于原黄米淀粉更好,不易回生、老化,且压热后黄米淀粉的孔隙度更小,玻璃化转变温度范围更窄。说明压热改性对黄米淀粉的多尺度结构和糊化特性有很显著的影响,这为黄米的进一步精深加工提供了理论依据。

Timeslips—Comparing Agitation and Anxiety Rating Scales to Evaluate the Benefit of Non-Pharmacologic Creative Sessions in Nursing Home Patients with Dementia

TimeslipsTM is a group storytelling program that encourages creative expression among dementia patients without the pressure to recall the past. Analysis of the literature was conducted to determine the nine most relevant agitation and anxiety scales most appropriate for use with Timeslips in nursing home patients with dementia, who experience agitation and anxiety. Qualitative assessment of the nine scales was conducted to identify six criteria to determine the most pertinent characteristics for implementation of Timeslips within this patient population: 1) validity/reliability, 2) observation period, 3) training required, 4) time to administer, 5) most appropriate administrator and 6) accessibility/cost. Utilizing these six criteria, quantitative assessment was conducted using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) to identify that the Overt Agitation Severity Scale (OASS) was optimal. IRB approvals have been attained to investigate use of the OASS with Timeslips in the nursing home setting for patients with dementia, who experience agitation and anxiety.

石化废水处理厂特征污染物变化及水质安全研究

石化废水污染控制与水质安全是水环境领域污染防治的重要课题,但是目前关于石化废水处理工艺中特征污染物的组成变化及水质安全性尚未深入探讨。研究了某石化废水处理厂在废水处理过程中废水特征污染物的浓度变化和毒性削减效应。结果表明,预处理阶段COD和石油类去除率分别为36.38%和95.16%,出水生物毒性有效降低。生化处理单元COD和氨氮去除率分别达到63.19%和43.21%,废水中酚类、酯类、胺类等有机物含量显著降低。石化废水经过深度处理后,COD、BOD5、石油类、氨氮、总氮分别为(32.54±4.93)、(2.19±1.09)、(0.04±0.01)、(2.32±0.31)、(27.08±1.45)mg/L。由于酚类和含氮杂环有机物得到有效去除,最终出水毒性单位(TU)值为0.32,无急性生物毒性。该石化废水处理厂所采用的废水处理工艺能够有效去除废水中多种特征污染物,出水无显著急性生物毒性,对水环境生态安全影响较小。

规模化猪场粪污处理利用现状及案例分析

规模化猪场在养殖过程中会产生大量的粪污,如果不加以妥善处理与利用,将对环境和公共健康造成严重威胁。粪污处理与资源化利用成为实现养猪业可持续发展的关键环节。本文探讨了规模化猪场粪污的危害,介绍了规模化猪场粪污集中收集系统及目前规模化猪场在猪舍粪污处理中使用的尿泡粪和机械清粪2种清粪工艺,并详细讨论了生物发酵、厌氧消化、好氧处理等多种方法对固体粪污和液体污水的处理技术,以满足不同规模化养猪场的清粪需求。同时,探讨了规模化猪场种养结合生态循环利用和工业化深度处理2种主要的粪污处理利用模式。展望了未来科技创新对粪污处理与利用的推动作用,呼吁各方共同努力,以实现养猪企业的可持续发展、保障环境和人类健康的计划。本文为规模化养猪场选择粪污处理技术和利用模式提供了有益的参考,有助于环境保护和养猪业可持续发展。

基于变论域模糊PID的金属热处理过程温度控制方法

为高效且安全地提取金属合金内的可用材质并分析其性能,利用变论域模糊PID技术,实现对热处理过程的温度控制。设定在金属规则状态不变的情况下,论域会随着偏差的缩减出现伸缩,即需要增添新的规则。若偏差率能够支持模糊量化取整,控制器的伸缩因子可能会陷入无法取值的情况。此时,通过二元函数分片双一次插值法计算伸缩因子,在临近分档之间填充新规则,确保伸缩因子取值的连续性。然后,在模糊PID控制过程中加入变论域,依靠控制器实现对金属热处理过程温度的控制。根据实验验证情况可知:该方法有效提高了控制效果,在应用该方法后,缩短了温度控制时间,在100s内就可以是加热温度到达拟定值。

Research Progress on Energy Plants in Piggery Wastewater Treatment

Large-scale pig-raising can discharge a great deal of wastewater,which contains high content of organic matter,ammonia nitrogen and suspended solids.The improper treatment of the piggery wastewater can lead to serious environmental problems. As a liquid fertilizer,piggery wastewater is relatively low in fertilizer efficiency and high in transportation cost,so it is very necessary to treat it in situ. Energy plants have the advantages of rapid growth,large biomass,strong tillering ability and developed root system. Therefore,energy plants can be used to absorb and transform the pollutants( like nitrogen and phosphorus) in piggery wastewater into the components of plants,as well as form the rhizosphere environment which is conducive to microbial growth,so as to enhance the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The obtained energy plants can be recycled as the raw materials for biogas to increase the production of biogas,which brings economic benefits while solving the environmental problems caused by piggery wastewater.

Profitability Analysis of Small Scale Irrigation Technology Adoption to Farmers in Nasho Sector, Rwanda

The study aims to assess the effect of small scale irrigation adoption to farmers in Nasho sector, Kirehe District in Rwanda. The average yield was 12,309.73 Kg/2.62 ha or 4698.73 Kg/ha for adopters with the mean difference between adopters and non adopters ranged from 2819.63 Kg to 4766.59 Kg per unit area of production. For food security status, the average mean quantity of maize consumed at home level was 615.54 Kg with the mean difference ranged from 377.29 Kg to 474.68 Kg. For market participation, the average treatment effect of the treated (ATT) of quantity of maize sold was 11,694.24 Kg while the mean difference ranged from 7165.98 Kg to 9015.60 Kg. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated market price was 213 Frws/Kg while the mean difference ranged from 44.51 Frws/Kg to 48.3053 Frws/Kg. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated of farmer’s revenues for the users was 938,772 Frws/ha, however, the mean difference between adopters and non adopters ranged from 1,732,942 Frws to 2,007,039 Frws. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated of farmer’s net farm income was 1,066,393 Frws while mean difference between users and non users ranged from 803,967 Frws to 854,141 Frws. For profitability analysis, the cost benefit ratio (CBR) was taken into account. The total benefit per unit area was 2,434,509 Frws and total average mean cost of 1,382,313 Frws and CBR = 1.761 > 1. The findings of this study will help the policy makers for deeper sector planning and also, it will facilitate other stakeholders to invest in irrigation technology to improve the livelihoods of Rwandan farmers and other surroundings.

膜阻垢剂及其阻垢机理研究新进展

由于水资源紧缺的问题,反渗透膜处理技术发展迅速。膜阻垢剂因能减缓膜组件的结垢、提高水净化效率,因而被广泛应用于反渗透膜处理技术。常见的膜阻垢剂有磷酸盐类、阴离子聚合物类、阳离子聚合物类以及绿色阻垢剂等,一般认为它们可以通过螯合、分散、晶格畸变等作用或阈值效应阻碍或缓解垢的形成。树枝状聚合物膜阻垢剂具有优异的阻垢性能,与其结构相似的球形聚电解质刷作为一种刷状聚合物膜阻垢剂也在膜处理领域中崭露头角。深入研究新型膜阻垢剂的阻垢机理可为设计开发针对性强、经济环保的高效阻垢产品奠定理论基础。

A multi-scale grained microstructure of the surface nanocrystallized 304 stainless steel sheets after warm-rolling

An ultrafine grained microstructure was obtained for 304 stainless steel(304SS)sheets by using surface nanocrystallization and warm-rolling.The microstructure and mechanical properties were determined by X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscope(TEM)and a test on microhardness.Experimental results were shown that the microstructure was featured by a continuous distribution from the nanocrystalline on the surface to micro-grains in the center,in which the volume fraction of the micro-sized grains is about 40% in the surface layer.This multi-scale grained microstructure was composed of austenite and martensite phases with a gradient increasing volume fraction of austenite from the surface to the centre.The microhardness of the resultant steel was higher than 150% of that as received,due to the refined grains and strain-induced martensitic transformation.The hardness distribution was consistent with the microstructural variation,suggesting a good combination of high strength and improved ductility.

监测血清泌乳素对男性精神分裂症使用利培酮的价值

目的:探讨监测血清泌乳素对男性精神分裂症使用利培酮的价值。方法:收集2023年4月—2023年10月江西省吉安市第三人民医院收治的男性精神分裂症患者60例,采用随机数字表法分成两组各30例。利培酮组接受利培酮片治疗,阿立哌唑组接受阿立哌唑片治疗,共治疗8周。比较两组患者治疗前后血清泌乳素(PRL)、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分以及治疗后副反应量表(TESS)评分的差异。结果:利培酮组治疗后第4周末、第8周末血清PRL值均高于治疗前(P<0.05);阿立哌唑组治疗前后血清PRL值未见明显改变(P>0.05)。治疗第4周末、第8周末时,两组PANSS阳性量表、阴性量表、一般精神病理问题及总评分均低于同组治疗前(P<0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗第4周末、第8周末时,利培酮组TESS评分高于阿立哌唑组(P<0.05)。结论:使用利培酮治疗男性精神分裂症会因服药时间增加而导致血清PRL出现明显变化和副反应,临床用药时需谨慎,基层医院也可以通过PRL水平来监测患者服用利培酮的依从性及用药剂量。

电化学法处理循环冷却水的研究进展

循环冷却水系统已广泛应用于工业生产的冷却过程,其显著提高水资源的利用效率。然而,结垢问题直接影响循环冷却系统的稳定性。电化学法可以有效缓解结垢带来的负面问题。因此,本文从两个方面(调控阴极面积,高效分离氢离子和氢氧根)详细阐述电化学法处理循环冷却水的最新研究进展,以更好地利用电化学法处理循环冷却水。

内窥镜辅助刮治颌骨囊性病变专家共识

刮治术是颌骨囊性病变的主要治疗手段,但单纯的刮治术容易损伤周围结构如邻牙、神经等,且存在刮治不彻底、颌骨缺损较大等情况。而内窥镜(Endoscope)辅助下的刮治术,能够为术者提供良好的手术视野,在术中能更清晰的辨认出重要的解剖结构,尽可能去除囊壁组织,减小损伤,降低病变复发率。该文就结合颌面外科的特点及临床治疗经验,总结国内外相关文献,经相关专家经共同讨论,以期对内窥镜辅助下刮治颌骨囊性病变的临床治疗提供参考。

一种基于改进的AFFormer网络的脊柱椎体分割方法

目的 提出一种基于改进的AFFormer模型实现脊柱椎骨的准确分割,辅助医师快速诊断脊柱侧弯情况。方法 本文数据集为全脊柱正位X线影像,图像尺寸约为5 000×8 000,针对图像尺寸大、前景区域小背景区域大、受试者个体差异大但相同部位差异小的数据特点,使用轻量级语义分割模型AFFormer进行脊柱分割。针对深层特征图中损失大量细节信息的现象,在用像素语义对特征中的局部细节进行建模时,在原有的16维度特征图的基础上拼接一个支路输出8通道的特征图实现多尺度特征融合,从而学习到更多的细节信息。数据集为某医院临床的正位全脊柱X线影像146张,使用labelme工具对图片进行像素级注释后,按照8∶1∶1随机划分为训练集(117张)、验证集(15张)和测试集(14张)。训练网络时,使用交叉熵、Dice系数以及增加先验知识的自定义得分函数的加权和作为损失函数,来优化模型训练。在验证集上,使用平均交并比和平均准确度进行检验,进一步调整模型的超参数并初步评估模型从而选择表现最优的模型。结果 使用所提出的方法训练得到的模型在测试集上进行测试,取得了最高的mIoU值(0.867 8)、mAcc值(0.923 2)。结论 本文提出的方法经实验证明其分割性能优于现有的主流分割模型,能够实现脊柱椎骨的精确分割,为辅助脊柱医学诊断提供坚实基础。

药物治疗相关的患者报告结局量表研究进展

药物治疗是治愈疾病和缓解症状的常用方法,患者报告结局在评价药物治疗效果中的价值逐渐得到重视。患者报告结局量表是一种标准化的问卷,能从患者的角度出发科学评估药物治疗的体验及其主观效果,有助于患者和临床医师做出更合理的用药决策。通过查阅并整理国内外相关文献,发现药物治疗相关的患者报告结局量表在内容上集中于“用药满意度”“用药依从性”“药物治疗负担”“用药相关生活质量”以及“药品不良反应”5个领域。本研究从上述内容中分别阐述近年来常用量表的基本信息、测量学特性和应用情况,总结该领域量表研制存在的问题与启示,旨在为量表的选择、应用与开发提供参考。