Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in China: Progress and Prospects of Research on Treatment Technologies and Policy Provisions

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an atmospheric pollutant with a boiling point of 50˚C - 260˚C at room temperature and pressure. They are precursors of sulfur dioxide and ozone, which can seriously pollute the atmosphere and endanger human health. After the “14th Five-Year Plan”, VOCs, instead of SO2, became one of the five indicators of China’s atmospheric governance. As a result, the government’s efforts to control VOCs have increased significantly. VOCs governance mustn’t be delayed. This paper provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of VOCs governance, covering the classification of VOCs, analysis of VOC governance technology (with a focus on end-of-pipe governance technology), national policy regulations, current governance shortcomings, and a forward-looking perspective on the future direction of VOCs governance, emphasizing healthy and sustainable development.

Analysis of Concrete Crack Treatment Technologies in Buildings

With the continuous development of civil engineering,concrete crack treatment technology has become an important research field.This paper proposes treatment techniques for different types of cracks,including the prevention and repair of surface cracks,the reinforcement and grouting of structural cracks,and the design and construction of controlled cracks through the analysis of the causes and classification of concrete cracks.The methods and suggestions proposed in this paper are practical and can improve the quality and safety of buildings.

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions.The study explores different methods,including direct combustion,thermal combustion,catalytic combustion,low-temperature plasma purification,photocatalytic purification,membrane separation,and adsorption methods.Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles,efficiency,and applicability under different conditions.Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method,highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration,high-volume VOC emissions.The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method,providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios.The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies,contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

Progress in the Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Water Sediment

In recent years,as China's industrialization process and urban-rural integration strategy have continued to deepen,some industrial and domestic wastewater has been discharged directly into rivers without effective treatment.This has resulted in the continuous accumulation and enrichment of pollutants in water bodies.This phenomenon results in a significant accumulation of heavy metals in the sediment of water bodies,which not only represents a significant threat to the ecological environment but also ultimately poses a risk to human health.The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the current status of heavy metal pollution in water sediment in China.In addition,this paper analyzes the advantages and limitations of existing techniques for the harmless treatment of heavy metal pollution and forecasts the development direction of this field.

Fuzzy based decision support method for selection of sustainable wastewater treatment technologies

Inadequate decision support tools have led to selection of inappropriate wastewater treatment technologies.The objectives of this research were to investigate performance data for wastewater treatment technologies,develop a Decision Support Method(DSM)for evaluating performance of technologies,and to validate the developed method.The method was developed through evaluation of performance of wastewater treatment technologies against environmental and economic indicators.Fuzzy logic techniques in form of linguistic variables were applied in order to support decision making under uncertainty.The DSM relied on performance evaluation in order to rate effectiveness of wastewater treatment technologies.DSM was validated through a training tool in ED-WAVE,a model developed by a consortium of European and Asian countries.The reliance of the DSM on performance evaluation was an improvement on the existing decision support tools such as ED-WAVE that relied on retrieval of past performance data.As DSM integrated environmental and economic factors in evaluating wastewater treatment technologies,it was thus able to select a process that was not only environmentally sustainable but also economically affordable.

Research Progress and Prospects for the Evolution Process and Treatment Technology of Urban Black and Smelly Water

Water is an important material resource for human survival,and with the increasing development of society,the amount of urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage is gradually increasing.However,wastewater collection and treatment facilities lag behind,so that a large number of wastewater enters urban water,making urban water become gradually black and smelly.In order to provide a good living environment for human beings,a large number of scholars actively explore the treatment technology of black and smelly water.In this paper,the evolution process of black and smelly water was introduced firstly,and then the treatment technology of black and smelly water was summarized.Finally,the prospects for the development of the treatment technology were put forward.

Decentralized Treatment Technique in Rural Domestic Sewage in China

Nowadays,rural domestic sewage has had serious effects on the natural environment in rural areas such as the body of water and soil.In order to ensure rural water security and good health condition of farmers,it is urgent to treat the rural sewage.The theoretical principle,characteristics,deficiencies and application status of some decentralized disposal technologies for domestic sewage are introduced,which include high rate algal pond technology,subsurface infiltration treatment system,earthworm eco-filter,constructed wetland treatment technology and membrane bioreactor technology,so as to provide references for the rural sewage treatment.

A Review of Chemical Industry Wastewater Treatment

With the development of China＇ s industry, the domestic industrial parks greatly emerge and thus give rise to the diversity of pollutants in chemical wastewater. In this paper, the main sources of China＇ s chemical industry wastewater, main pollutants types and the wastewater characteristics of the chemical industry＇ s different branches are introduced, the related technologies and methods mainly applied to chemical industry wastewater treatment at home and abroad are analyzed and the application of different chemical wastewater treatment process is explained, and also all sorts of treatment technologies, methods, and processes are reviewed, and finally the study achievements and problems of all technol^ogies are concluded.

Water Environment Pollution in Three-Gorge Reservoir Area and Treatment Technology

After the erection of Three-Gorge Reservoir, the water environment in the reservoir area will be turned into water bodies like lakes, and the self-clarification ability of water will also be much slower than ever. Now, the quality of water in most segments in upper reaches of Yangtze River cannot meet the requirements of l-ll class Environment Quality Standard (GHZB1-1999). In Yangtze River, dialing River and Wujiang River, the main indexes such as colon bacillus, nonionic ammonia, chemical oxygen demand (COD), petroleum, phenol, total phosphorus (TP), heavy metal, etc., have exceeded the standard limits. The water bodies of the reservoir area are facing serious risk of eutrophicationm. To solve that problem, a countermea-sure of multi-spot diverted treatment and separate discharge is recommended. For doing this, lots of small-scale wastewater treatment facilities employing updated activated sludge treatment technologies are to be set up. Up to now, a number of sewage treatment technologies to control eutrophication of water have been developed, which include processes of sequencing batch activated sludge (SBR), absorbing bio-degradation (AB), oxidation channel, package intermittent aeration system (PIAS), intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS), UNITANK and so on. The Effective one to be applied in the reservoir area should convey the requirements of ecological agriculture, forestry and urban planning, and be accompanied by legal support for appropriate exploitation of natural resources.

Application of Whole Membrane Water Treatment Technology in Environmental Protection

In the current social development of our country,environmental protection has become a key content,and water treatment process is a key step to achieve environmental protection.This paper analyzes the application of whole membrane water treatment technology in environmental protection.It is hoped that this analysis can be helpful for the rational application of the whole membrane water treatment technology and the improvement of environmental protection quality.

MAGNETIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO OILFIELD PRACTICE

Petroleum exploration is a strategic task for our country in its economic development.At present,petroleum production in most of east China’s oilfields is in the waning period after reaching a peak.To raise the oil recovery rate is a key measure for their production increase.Because of this,a major provision was included in the third cooperative protocol signed in 1986 by the

AQUAREL： Project Aimed at Improving Water Management in French Dairy Plants

The AQUAREL project was launched in 2015 by the CNIEL （French Dairy Interbranch Orgainzation） to propose solutions to dairy processors for the development of water reuse scenarios on their plants. The project focused particularly on the valorization of water from milk which is water obtained during concentration and evaporation processes of milk and its by-products. Firstly, a literature review was done to identify the current uses of water from milk on French plants but also on foreign sites, the technologies used to treat it and the regulations related to water reuse in food industry. Secondly, a field survey was led to establish an overview of the water consumptions and practices existing on the plants. Then, samples were collected on five dairy plants in order to determine the physico-chemical and microbiological composition of water from milk. Thus, the important collection of results obtained was used as a basis for exchanges with water treatment equipment suppliers in order to identify the suitable technologies to treat and reuse water from milk. Two treatment channels were identified, each of them including a filtration and a disinfection step. All this work led to the writing of reports which are now available for the dairy sector professionals.

Development and application of some renovated technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in China

China has been experiencing fast economic development in recent decades at the cost of serious environ-mental deterioration.Wastewater discharge,especially municipal wastewater discharge,and non-point pollution sources are becoming the major water pollution source and research focus.Great efforts have been made on water pollu-tion control and a number of renovated technologies and pro-cesses for municipal wastewater treatment and reclamation as well as non-point pollution control have been developed and applied in China.This paper discusses the development and application of the appropriate technologies,including natural treatment systems,anaerobic biological treatment,biofilm reactors and wastewater reclamation technologies,for water pollution control in the country.

Planning issues on linac-based stereotactic radiotherapy

This work aims to summarize and evaluate the current planning progress based on the linear accelerator in stereotactic radiotherapy(SRT).The specific techniques include 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,dynamic conformal arc therapy,intensity-modulated radiotherapy,and volumetric-modulated arc therapy(VMAT).They are all designed to deliver higher doses to the target volume while reducing damage to normal tissues;among them,VMAT shows better prospects for application.This paper reviews and summarizes several issues on the planning of SRT to provide a reference for clinical application.

Computer Aided Alloy Design of High Performance Prehardened Mold Steel for Plastic

prehardened mold steel for plastic, Thermo-Calc ＆ DICTRA software package, machinability, heat treatment technology, free cutting phase.

Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine Leaching Solutions on Rice Yield

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of different leaching solu- tions on yield increasing of rice. [Method] Three rice parents were chosen from dif- ferent areas to treat with leaching solutions and rice leaves were sprayed with leaching solutions in seedling stage and tillering stage, respectively. The test data were recorded. Horizontal and vertical researches were carried out on agronomic traits of rice in different varieties in test or control groups. [Result] The horizontal test showed that hybrid rice parents, submerged with traditional Chinese medicines increased significantly in rice yield and vertical research indicated that rice in control group decreased sharply in yield and in test group improved in both yield and quality, which was also true for following generations. [Conclusion] The test provides references for hybrid rice maintaining rice traits.

The Invalidation Analysis of a Working 5CrMnMo Forging Die and Ways of Precaution

The paper introduced the 5 CrMnMo steel, including the chemical composition, the heat treatment technology, the forging die working condition, and the invalidation form （such as the cavity arris wear, the cavity subsidence, the cold and the heat fatigue crackle）. Then gave some precautions for prolonging the mould life by improving the heat treatment technology.

Treatment, residual chlorine and season as factors affecting variability of trihalomethanes in small drinking water systems

Seasonal variability in source water can lead to challenges for drinking water providers related to operational optimization and process control in treatment facilities. The objective of this study is to investigate seasonal variability of water quality in municipal small water systems （〈 3000 residents） supplied by surface waters. Residual chlorine and trihalomethanes （THM） were measured over seven years （2003-2009）. Comparisons are made within each system over time, as well as between systems according to the type of their treatment technologies. THM concentrations are generally higher in the summer and autumn. The seasonal variability was generally more pronounced in systems using chlorination plus additional treatment. Chloroform, total THM （TTHM） and residual chlorine concentrations were generally lower in systems using chlorination plus additional treatment. Conversely, brominated THM concentrations were higher in systems using additional treatment. Residual chlorine was highest in the winter and lowest in the spring and summer. Seasonal variations were most pronounced for residual chlorine in systems with additional treatment. There was generally poor correlation between THM concentrations and concentrations of residual chlorine. Further study with these data will be beneficial in finding determinants and indicators for both quantity and variability of disinfection byproducts and other water quality parameters.

Re-evaluation of several heavy metals removal by natural limestones

Different treatment technologies have been efficiently applied to remove heavy metals from waste- water. Efforts have been made to find out the most economic water treatment technology by using low cost and easily accessible natural materials. On the other hand, heavy metals are the most threatening groundwater contaminants because of their toxicity and harmful effects on human and biota. This review discusses the use of natural geological materials for heavy metal removal in aqueous systems. Special attention has been devoted to natural limestone through a systematic inventory of relevant published reports. The removal of toxic metals may include different mechanisms （e.g., physisorption, chemisorptions, precipitation, etc.）, depending on the physico-chemical properties of the material and the removed metal. Sorption of toxic metals （e.g., Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Hg, etc.） onto natural limestone involved precipitation of metal carbonate as a predominant removal process, but often subordinated by adsorption and ion exchange, depending on the physico-chemical properties of the studied limestone.

Preparation and characterization of a novel microorganism embedding material for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification

A novel microorganism embedding material was prepared to enhance the biological nitrogen removal through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Polyvinyl alcohol （PVA）, sodium alginate （SA） and cyclodextrin （CD） were used to compose gel bead with embedded activated sludge. The effects of temperature, CD addition and concentrations of PYA and SA on nitrogen removal were evaluated. Results show that the gel bead with CD addition at 30℃contributed to the highest nitrogen removal efficiency and nitrogen removal rate of 85.4% and 2.08 mg·（L·h）^-1, respectively. Meanwhile, negligible NO3^- and NO2^- were observed, proving the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The High-Throughput Sequencing confirms that the microbial community mainly contained Comamonadaceae in the proportion of 61.3%. Overall, CD increased gel bead＇s porosity and resulted in the high specific endogenous respiration rate and high nitrogen removal efficiency, which is a favorable additional agent to the traditional embedding material.