Effects of Tremella Polysaccharide on Immune Function of Physically-Stressed Mice

An immunosuppressive animal model induced by physical stress that forced mice to swim in cold water(14±1℃)and the restorative effect of Tremella polysac charide(TP)on the suppressed immune function by stress were studied in mice.It was found that the spleen plaque forming cell(PFC)response to sheep red blood cells,delayed cuta- neous hypersensitivity(DCH)induced by dinitrochlorobenzene and the lymphocyte prolifer- ation stimulated by concanavalin A(Con A)were significantly decreased in stressed mice. In addition.the maximal decrease of PFC was reached in 9-12 days after stress.A- drenolectomy could not affect the decrease of PFC in stressed mice.TP(200.400mg/kg) ig for 8-14 days significantly restored the PFC.DCH and lymphocyte proliferation to nor- mal level in stressed mice.

Research on Protoplast Preparation and Regeneration Conditions of Tremella aurantialba

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the protoplast preparation and re- generation conditions of Tremella aurantialba. [Method] Optimal combination of five factors affecting the protoplast preparation and regeneration of Tremella aurantialba was selected by using orthogonal experiment, including enzyme system, culture age, enzymolysis temperature, enzymolysis duration and osmotic stabilizer. [Result] The results showed that there were three release modes of Tremella aurantialba proto- plasts： release from top in the early period of enzymolysis, release from the side and release in situ. The optimal protoplast preparation condition was selecting mycelium cultured in liquid medium for 3 d, for enzymolysis in mixed enzyme solu- tion containing 1% of cellulase ＋1% of snailase ＋1% of lywallzyme at 36 ℃; for 4 h, with 0.6 mol/L sucrose as osmotic stabilizer, and the obtained preparation rate had reached 1.76 ×10^7 protoplasts/ml. The optimal regeneration condition was using mycelium cultured in liquid medium for 5 d, for enzymolysis in enzyme solution con- taining 1.5% of lywallzyme at 33 ℃ for 3 h, with 0.6 mol/L sucrose as osmotic sta- bilizer, and the regeneration rate had reached 0.22%. [Conclusion] This study provid- ed valuable support for protoplast fusion, ultraviolet mutation breeding and genetic engineering research.

The structural characteristics of dietary fibers from Tremella fuciformis and their hypolipidemic effects in mice

In this study,Tremella fuciformis residues as raw material,dietary fibers from tremella were prepared by multiple enzymes.The structure of dietary fibers from tremella was studied by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).We analyzed their lipidlowering properties in vitro(water holding,oil holding swelling cholesterol and sodium cholate binding capacitises)and the hypolipidemic effects in mice.The results showed that tremella dietary fibers presented the infrared absorption spectrum characteristics of polysaccharides and the characteristic diffraction peaks of cellulose type I.SEM results indicated that the surface of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF)was porous,while the soluble dietary fiber(SDF)was relatively compact and spongy.IDF exhibited significantly higher water holding,oil holding,and swelling binding capacities than the corresponding SDF.However,SDF exhibited significantly higher viscosity than IDF.The results showed tremella dietary fibers were significant in swelling,water holding and oil holding,cholesterol and bile acids.In vivo experiment results in mice indicated that SDF has the best effect on hyperlipidemia mice than IDF and total dietary fiber(TDF).SDF showed that the total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG)and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)contents dropped by 28.33%,18.65%,and 48.97%,respectively,while high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)content increased by 43.80%.Compared with the high-fat control(HCM)group,the arteriosclerosis index(AI)and liver index(LI)of the SDF group mice showed significant differences,indicating that SDF has a good auxiliary effect of lowering blood lipids.The administration of tremella fibers improved the lipid metabolism disorderly situation of hyperlipidemia mice.These results provide a reference for further research and rational development of T.fuciformis.

Study on the structure characterization and moisturizing effect of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39

The structure and moisture retention of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39(FTP)were evaluated.After UV,infrared spectrum analysis,HPAEC-PAD,HPSEC and 1 D NMR analysis,the composition of the purifi ed FTP was determined.Purifi ed components of fermented Tremella polysaccharide(FTPS)was made of galactose,mannose,glucose,galactosmine,glucosamine,and contain a large amount of hydroxyl,carbonyl and amino groups.FTPS wasα-neutral pyranose without uronic acid.FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were obtained after purifi cation by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow Column.The molecular weights of FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were 25722 and 177263 Da.FTPS-2 had a better ability to prevent moisture loss,and the optimal moisture retention period was 0–4 h.FTPS-2 could signifi cantly increase the moisture content of the skin epidermis and showed a dose-concentration relationship.The effect of FTPS-2 on the expression of different moisturizing genes was evaluated in a human skin keratinocyte model.The results showed that FTPS-2 has no cytotoxicity,and could signifi cantly promote AQP3,TGM1,CASP14,HYAL2,FLG gene expression level in HaCaT cells.It has the most signifi cant infl uence at HYAL2 protein expression on 50μg/mL.

Production, structure, and bioactivity of polysaccharide isolated from Tremella fuciformis

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide(TFP) is an important bioactive substance in T. fuciformis, which contributes to its application as medicine and food. In the present work, TFP was extracted with enzymatic combined with wet beating and its physicochemical as well as biological activities were investigated in the study. The result showed that the purity of TFP1 reached 92.14%(m/m). The TFP1, purified by DEAE column, had a molecular weight(Mw) of 5.8 × 10^(3) k Da and consisted mainly of mannose, xylose, fucose, glucose and glucuronic acid at a molar ratio of 1.91 : 0.1 : 2.49 : 6.23 : 0.95. The structure of TFP1 was preliminarily investigated by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and atomic force microscope(AFM) analysis. Moreover, the antioxidant assays showed that TFP1 could scavenge DPPH, ABTS+ and hydroxyl radicals. The excellent water holding capacity of TFP1 implied its application in the food, pharmaceutical andcosmetic industries.

The Effect of Tremella Fuciformis Spores Polysaccharides (TSP) on Immune Cellular Function of Mice in Vitro

TSP could markedly enhance the proliferative response of the murine splenocyte to LPS and induce the mitogenesis of the spleen cells.Furthermore,it was able to augment the activity of natural killer cell and ADGG;at a dosage of 25-250μg/ml,the ability of splenocytes to produce IL-2 induced by onA had been improved; at the concentration of 250μg／ml or more,TSP could inhibit the proliferative response of the murine lymphocyte to GonA and the ~3-HTdR spontaneous incorporation rate of thymocytes,and the inhibitory action ran in paralell with the increase in concentration of TSP.

Effect of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide on the stalling and flavor of tteok during storage

The effect of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide(TFP)on the retrogradation property and aroma profile changes of tteok during storage was investigated.Results indicated that addition of TFP significantly increased the stability to thermal and mechanical shearing of starch,decreased short-term retrogradation,the hardness and the retrogradation enthalpy(ΔH)of tteok during storage,but had no significant effect on the amylopectin chain length of tteok.The possible mechanism for the retarding staling effect of TFP is related to the interaction between TFP and starch chains that interferes with the alignment of starch chains.Electronic nose and g as chromatography-mass spectrum(GC-MS)analysis results showed that the difference in the concentrations of volatile compounds and fatty acids of tteoks at different storage time gradually increased with the advancement of storage period.The addition of TFP to tteok inhibited the development of unpleasant volatile compounds,probably by delaying the oxidation and decomposition of lipids and preserving the antioxidant phenolic compounds in tteok,thus slowing down the flavor deterioration of tteok and contributing to flavor maintainace.Overall,this study could help food manufacturers to choose a high-effective and natural polysaccharide to control the retrogradation rate and flavor loss of tteok.

Analysis on Tremella Industrial Development in Tongjiang Based on SWOT Model

Through field investigation and relevant literature materials, the status and problems of Tremella industrial development in Tongjiang were analyzed by SWOT model. The countermeasures such as strengthening scientific and technological innovation, expanding money input, strengthening the brand construction, focusing on the introduction and cultivation of leading enterpdses were put forward, in order to provide theoretical basis and intellectual support for the industrial policy-making of government, and provide references for the sustainable development of tremella industry in Tongjiang.

Tremella with Edible Fungus

(Meiwei Shuang’er)Remove the tremella and edible fungus roots, clean and drain. Slice green peppers and carrots.Heat some oil in a wok, add tremella, edible fungus, green peppers and carrots, and clear stock, salt and sugar. Simmer for two minutes. Add MSG and pepper, remove to a plate, and serve.Features: Attractively black and white.Taste: Crisp and savory.

In Vitro Antioxidant Function of Extracellular Polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba

Extracellular polysaccharide from Tremella aurantialba (TEP) significantly inhibited H2O2-induced haemolysis of RBCs, significantly decreased the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) produced in mice liver homogenates as a result of autoxidation, and inhibited VitC-Fe2+-induced swelling of liver mitochondria.

Fermentation characteristics and flavor properties of Hericium erinaceus and Tremella fuciformis fermented beverage

This study evaluated and compared the fermentative and flavor properties of Hericium erinaceus and Tremella fuciformis fermented beverage(HTFB)produced by four commercial lactic acid bacteria(LAB),i.e.,L.plantarum,L.rhamnosus,L.paracasei or S.thermophilu s.All four strains showed the probiotic potential of utilizing Hericium erinaceus and Tremella fuciformis as fermentation substrates.Among four LAB,L.plantarum produced significantly highest concentrations of total acids(76.16 g/L),while the viable count of HTFB inoculated with L.paracasei was the highest(7.18 log CFU/mL).The contents of bioactive components such as polyphenols and triterpenoids significantly increased after fermentation regardless of the strains.The fermentation process enriched the volatile profile and reduced the unpleasant flavors such as nonanal and 1-octen-3-ol.According to the relative odor activity values and PLS-DA analysis,a total of 8 volatile organic compounds were identified as markers with odor contributions.Furthermore,the olfactory characteristics of the four beverages could be clearly distinguished by electronic nose.The electronic tongue results showed that the fermentation process increased the sourness and decreased the bitterness and astringency of the beverage,resulting in an improved taste property.The sensory evaluation finally confirmed that HTFB inoculated with L.paracasei was the most acceptable product to consumers with high overall flavor coordination.Overall,this work provided valuable information for the selection of premium fermentation strains to produce fermented edible fungi beverages with better nutritional and sensory qualities.

Purification,chemical modification and immunostimulating activity of polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies

Ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic steps were used to isolate and purify polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies.Three crude fractions(TAP50w,TAP10-50w,and TAP1-10w),five semi-purified fractions(TAPA-TAPE),and one purified fraction(TAPA1) were obtained.A sulfated derivative of TAPA1(TAPA1-s) was prepared by chemical modification.The immunostimulating activity of the polysaccharide fractions in vitro was determined using the mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay.Of the three crude fractions tested,cell prolifera-tion rates were increased most by TAP50w.Furthermore,TAPA1-s was markedly more stimulatory than TAPA1,indicating that sulfonation was an effective way to enhance the immunostimulating activity of polysaccharide.

Highly efficient transformation of intact yeast-like conidium cells of Tremella fuciformis by electroporation

Tremella fuciformis is one of higher basidiomycetes. Its basidiospore can reproduce yeast-like conidia, also called the blastospore by budding. The yeast-like conidia of T. fuciformis is monokaryotic and easy to culture by submerged fermentation similar to yeast. So it is a good recipient cell for exogenous gene expression. In this study, two expression vectors pGlg-gfp containing gpd-Gl promoter and gfp gene and pGlg-hph containing gpd-Gl promoter and hph gene were constructed. The lowest sensitive concentration of hygromycin for the blastospore was determined on three types of media. Our ex- periments showed that the lowest sensitive concentration of hygromycin for the blastospore was 5 μg/mL on MA medium. The intact blastospores were transformed with the expression vector pGlg-hph by electroporation. The putative transformants were obtained by the MA selective medium. Experi- mental results showed that the most effective parameters for the electroporation of intact blastospores were obtained by using STM buffer, 1.0×108 cells/mL of blastospores, 200 μL in transformation volume, 6 μg plasmid, 2.0 kV/cm of electric pulse voltage, stillness culturing on MB liquid medium for 48 h after electroporation. In these transformation conditions, the efficiency reached 277 colonies/μg DNA. Co-transformation of plasmid pGlg-gfp and pGlg-hph with ratio of 1:1 was performed by electroporation with the optimal parameters. The putative co-transformants were obtained by the MA selective medium. Eight randomly selected colonies from the vast putative co-transformants were analyzed by PCR de- tection and Southern blotting. The experiments showed that the gfp was integrated into the genomes of three transformants. The co-transformation efficiency was 37.5%. Green fluorescence was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope in these gfp positive transformants. This indicates that the exogenous gfp can be expressed effectively in the yeast-like conidia of T. fuciformis.

Tunable 2D tremella-derived carbon nanosheets with enhanced pseudocapacitance behavior for ultrafast potassium-ion storage

The sluggish intercalation kinetics of potassium ions in various anode materials severely hinders the practical application of potassium ion batteries(PIBs) in the field of new energy storage. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a green and recyclable molten-salt(MS) strategy using natural tremella as raw material to construct self-N-doped two-dimensional(2D)tremella-derived carbon nanosheets(TCNs), which possesses large specific surface area(SSA), expanded interlayer spacing and rich defects/active sites. Thanks to the unique 2D nanosheet structure and self-N doping, TCNs800 electrode exhibits superior K+storage capacity(386.3 mA h g^(-1) at 0.1 A g^(-1)), ultrafast rate performance(119.7 mA h g^(-1) at 2.0 A g^(-1)) and long-term cycling stability(122.9 mA h g^(-1) with the Coulombic efficiency of near 100% after 1000 cycles). Moreover, detailed electrochemical kinetic analysis shows that the potassium-ion storage mechanism of TCNs800 electrode has enhanced by the pseudocapacitancecontrolled behavior. This work proves an effective green and environmentally friendly MS strategy to prepare 2D biomass nanosheet materials, and provides a reference for exploring excellent electrode materials with pseudocapacitance-controlled behavior.

Tremella-like Molybdenum Dioxide as an Anode Material for Lithium ion Battery

1 Results Molybdenum dioxide, with excellent chemical and physical properties, has been widely used in various fields[1]. As an anode material for lithium ion battery, it exhibits higher capacity than commercial carbonaceous materials, and proper morphology, structure and particle size are necessary for MoO2 to be employed as an anode material for lithium ion battery[2].We have successfully obtained tremella-like structure self-assembled with hexagonal MoO2 nanosheets via hydrothermal method using ethyl...

Identification of Anamorph Yeast of Tremella aurantialba and Optimization of Medium Composition for Production of Exopolysaccharides

A yeast-like fungus strain B1 isolated from wild fungus Tremella aurantialba was identified and initially characterized. Two phylogenetic trees were generated based on the sequences of large subunit ribosomal RNA gene D1/D2 regions and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of related fungi, respectively. The analysis of D1/D2 regions and ITS sequences showed that fungus B1 was clustered together with T. aurantialba, T. aurantia and T. microspore in the phylogenetic trees. Both the morphological characteristic and phylogenetic analysis established that fungus B1 was one of the anamorph strains of T. aurantialba and belongs to Tremella genus. A fermentation medium for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production by T. aurantialba B1 . Plackett-Burmen design was used to evaluate the effects of different components in the culture medium. Glucose and yeast extract have significant influence on the EPS production. The concentrations of two factors were optimized subsequently using central composite design and response surface analysis. The results showed that 49.2 g/L glucose and 10.4 g/L yeast extract could lead to the maximum production of EPS (4.99 g/L). The optimized medium led to a 1.5-fold enhancement of the production of EPS by T. aurantialba B1 , as compared with that without optimization.

银耳多糖对麦醇溶蛋白纳米体系的影响及复合物的特性研究

该研究是以提高麦醇溶蛋白(gliadin,Gli)纳米颗粒(gliadin nanoparticles,GNPs)稳定性为目标,利用银耳多糖(Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides,TFPs)的乳化性能,探究TFPs添加量对GNPs稳定性的影响。采用反溶剂法制备银耳多糖和麦醇溶蛋白复合载体颗粒(gliadin-Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides composite nanoparticles,G/T NPs),并利用纳米粒度仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热场发射扫描电镜对G/T NPs的粒径和电位、相互作用、微观结构进行分析。结果表明,TFPs和Gli之间通过静电作用力和氢键作用力相结合,形成GNPs在内、TFPs外层附着的复合颗粒;TFPs的添加能够有效提高GNPs体系的稳定性,减少颗粒之间的聚集,制得的G/T_(4∶1)NPs的平均粒径、多分散指数(polydispersion index,PDI)、ζ-电位分别为(198.5±2.6)nm、0.269±0.005、(36.7±0.6)mV,且具有pH响应性。该研究为后续构建疏水营养成分的包埋和运载体系奠定了基础。

银耳多糖的纯化及其生物活性

为了得到纯度更高的银耳多糖(TFPS),采用AB-8大孔树脂吸附法、酶法、三氯乙酸(TCA)法、D-葡萄糖δ-内脂(GDL)法和聚酰胺法对粗制银耳多糖(CTFPS)进行纯化即脱蛋白处理。以多糖损失率和蛋白质脱除率为依据选取脱蛋白效果最佳的方法,并通过单因素实验优化银耳多糖脱蛋白工艺条件。利用红外和SEM对脱蛋白前后的银耳多糖进行结构分析,并结合抗氧化活性和吸湿保湿性能测试,对脱蛋白前后的银耳多糖进行生物活性对比。结果表明:AB-8大孔树脂吸附法的脱蛋白效果最佳,最优工艺条件为CTFPS水溶液质量浓度5 mg/mL、AB-8大孔树脂用量100 mg/mL、吸附时间5 h、吸附温度20℃;在此条件下,蛋白质脱除率为82.47%,多糖损失率为18.24%,且银耳多糖脱蛋白纯化后的抗氧化活性和吸湿保湿性能均优于未脱蛋白银耳多糖。

组分差异分析结合智能感官对本草栽培银耳风味特征的分析

目的:明确本草栽培银耳的风味特征。方法:以本草基质栽培的白色银耳(本草银耳)为研究对象,常规栽培基质黄色银耳和白色银耳为对照,采用高效液相色谱法和顶空固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析其风味组成差异,并结合智能感官技术对本草银耳风味特征进行解析。结果:本草银耳从鲜、甜味氨基酸和呈味核苷酸含量,滋味活度值和等鲜浓度值,电子舌等多维度评价显示,其鲜味强度均低于黄色银耳和白色银耳。HS-SPME-GC-MS分析结果显示,本草银耳鉴定得到82种挥发性物质,高于白色银耳(71种)和黄色银耳(49种),以酯类为主,占比16.9%~22.4%,呈现浓郁的花草芳香,同时鉴定得到26种银耳特征香气成分,9种白色银耳特有成分和4种本草银耳特有成分;香气物质含量方面,本草银耳亦占据优势。结论:本草银耳鲜味淡香气浓,可开发调制饮品,而黄色银耳更适合作为菜肴。