The structural characteristics of dietary fibers from Tremella fuciformis and their hypolipidemic effects in mice

In this study,Tremella fuciformis residues as raw material,dietary fibers from tremella were prepared by multiple enzymes.The structure of dietary fibers from tremella was studied by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).We analyzed their lipidlowering properties in vitro(water holding,oil holding swelling cholesterol and sodium cholate binding capacitises)and the hypolipidemic effects in mice.The results showed that tremella dietary fibers presented the infrared absorption spectrum characteristics of polysaccharides and the characteristic diffraction peaks of cellulose type I.SEM results indicated that the surface of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF)was porous,while the soluble dietary fiber(SDF)was relatively compact and spongy.IDF exhibited significantly higher water holding,oil holding,and swelling binding capacities than the corresponding SDF.However,SDF exhibited significantly higher viscosity than IDF.The results showed tremella dietary fibers were significant in swelling,water holding and oil holding,cholesterol and bile acids.In vivo experiment results in mice indicated that SDF has the best effect on hyperlipidemia mice than IDF and total dietary fiber(TDF).SDF showed that the total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG)and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)contents dropped by 28.33%,18.65%,and 48.97%,respectively,while high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)content increased by 43.80%.Compared with the high-fat control(HCM)group,the arteriosclerosis index(AI)and liver index(LI)of the SDF group mice showed significant differences,indicating that SDF has a good auxiliary effect of lowering blood lipids.The administration of tremella fibers improved the lipid metabolism disorderly situation of hyperlipidemia mice.These results provide a reference for further research and rational development of T.fuciformis.

Effect of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide on the stalling and flavor of tteok during storage

The effect of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide(TFP)on the retrogradation property and aroma profile changes of tteok during storage was investigated.Results indicated that addition of TFP significantly increased the stability to thermal and mechanical shearing of starch,decreased short-term retrogradation,the hardness and the retrogradation enthalpy(ΔH)of tteok during storage,but had no significant effect on the amylopectin chain length of tteok.The possible mechanism for the retarding staling effect of TFP is related to the interaction between TFP and starch chains that interferes with the alignment of starch chains.Electronic nose and g as chromatography-mass spectrum(GC-MS)analysis results showed that the difference in the concentrations of volatile compounds and fatty acids of tteoks at different storage time gradually increased with the advancement of storage period.The addition of TFP to tteok inhibited the development of unpleasant volatile compounds,probably by delaying the oxidation and decomposition of lipids and preserving the antioxidant phenolic compounds in tteok,thus slowing down the flavor deterioration of tteok and contributing to flavor maintainace.Overall,this study could help food manufacturers to choose a high-effective and natural polysaccharide to control the retrogradation rate and flavor loss of tteok.

Effects of Tremella Polysaccharide on Immune Function of Physically-Stressed Mice

An immunosuppressive animal model induced by physical stress that forced mice to swim in cold water(14±1℃)and the restorative effect of Tremella polysac charide(TP)on the suppressed immune function by stress were studied in mice.It was found that the spleen plaque forming cell(PFC)response to sheep red blood cells,delayed cuta- neous hypersensitivity(DCH)induced by dinitrochlorobenzene and the lymphocyte prolifer- ation stimulated by concanavalin A(Con A)were significantly decreased in stressed mice. In addition.the maximal decrease of PFC was reached in 9-12 days after stress.A- drenolectomy could not affect the decrease of PFC in stressed mice.TP(200.400mg/kg) ig for 8-14 days significantly restored the PFC.DCH and lymphocyte proliferation to nor- mal level in stressed mice.

Research on Protoplast Preparation and Regeneration Conditions of Tremella aurantialba

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the protoplast preparation and re- generation conditions of Tremella aurantialba. [Method] Optimal combination of five factors affecting the protoplast preparation and regeneration of Tremella aurantialba was selected by using orthogonal experiment, including enzyme system, culture age, enzymolysis temperature, enzymolysis duration and osmotic stabilizer. [Result] The results showed that there were three release modes of Tremella aurantialba proto- plasts： release from top in the early period of enzymolysis, release from the side and release in situ. The optimal protoplast preparation condition was selecting mycelium cultured in liquid medium for 3 d, for enzymolysis in mixed enzyme solu- tion containing 1% of cellulase ＋1% of snailase ＋1% of lywallzyme at 36 ℃; for 4 h, with 0.6 mol/L sucrose as osmotic stabilizer, and the obtained preparation rate had reached 1.76 ×10^7 protoplasts/ml. The optimal regeneration condition was using mycelium cultured in liquid medium for 5 d, for enzymolysis in enzyme solution con- taining 1.5% of lywallzyme at 33 ℃ for 3 h, with 0.6 mol/L sucrose as osmotic sta- bilizer, and the regeneration rate had reached 0.22%. [Conclusion] This study provid- ed valuable support for protoplast fusion, ultraviolet mutation breeding and genetic engineering research.

Study on the structure characterization and moisturizing effect of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39

The structure and moisture retention of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39(FTP)were evaluated.After UV,infrared spectrum analysis,HPAEC-PAD,HPSEC and 1 D NMR analysis,the composition of the purifi ed FTP was determined.Purifi ed components of fermented Tremella polysaccharide(FTPS)was made of galactose,mannose,glucose,galactosmine,glucosamine,and contain a large amount of hydroxyl,carbonyl and amino groups.FTPS wasα-neutral pyranose without uronic acid.FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were obtained after purifi cation by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow Column.The molecular weights of FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were 25722 and 177263 Da.FTPS-2 had a better ability to prevent moisture loss,and the optimal moisture retention period was 0–4 h.FTPS-2 could signifi cantly increase the moisture content of the skin epidermis and showed a dose-concentration relationship.The effect of FTPS-2 on the expression of different moisturizing genes was evaluated in a human skin keratinocyte model.The results showed that FTPS-2 has no cytotoxicity,and could signifi cantly promote AQP3,TGM1,CASP14,HYAL2,FLG gene expression level in HaCaT cells.It has the most signifi cant infl uence at HYAL2 protein expression on 50μg/mL.

Production, structure, and bioactivity of polysaccharide isolated from Tremella fuciformis

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide(TFP) is an important bioactive substance in T. fuciformis, which contributes to its application as medicine and food. In the present work, TFP was extracted with enzymatic combined with wet beating and its physicochemical as well as biological activities were investigated in the study. The result showed that the purity of TFP1 reached 92.14%(m/m). The TFP1, purified by DEAE column, had a molecular weight(Mw) of 5.8 × 10^(3) k Da and consisted mainly of mannose, xylose, fucose, glucose and glucuronic acid at a molar ratio of 1.91 : 0.1 : 2.49 : 6.23 : 0.95. The structure of TFP1 was preliminarily investigated by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and atomic force microscope(AFM) analysis. Moreover, the antioxidant assays showed that TFP1 could scavenge DPPH, ABTS+ and hydroxyl radicals. The excellent water holding capacity of TFP1 implied its application in the food, pharmaceutical andcosmetic industries.

The Effect of Tremella Fuciformis Spores Polysaccharides (TSP) on Immune Cellular Function of Mice in Vitro

TSP could markedly enhance the proliferative response of the murine splenocyte to LPS and induce the mitogenesis of the spleen cells.Furthermore,it was able to augment the activity of natural killer cell and ADGG;at a dosage of 25-250μg/ml,the ability of splenocytes to produce IL-2 induced by onA had been improved; at the concentration of 250μg／ml or more,TSP could inhibit the proliferative response of the murine lymphocyte to GonA and the ~3-HTdR spontaneous incorporation rate of thymocytes,and the inhibitory action ran in paralell with the increase in concentration of TSP.

Analysis on Tremella Industrial Development in Tongjiang Based on SWOT Model

Through field investigation and relevant literature materials, the status and problems of Tremella industrial development in Tongjiang were analyzed by SWOT model. The countermeasures such as strengthening scientific and technological innovation, expanding money input, strengthening the brand construction, focusing on the introduction and cultivation of leading enterpdses were put forward, in order to provide theoretical basis and intellectual support for the industrial policy-making of government, and provide references for the sustainable development of tremella industry in Tongjiang.

Tremella with Edible Fungus

(Meiwei Shuang’er)Remove the tremella and edible fungus roots, clean and drain. Slice green peppers and carrots.Heat some oil in a wok, add tremella, edible fungus, green peppers and carrots, and clear stock, salt and sugar. Simmer for two minutes. Add MSG and pepper, remove to a plate, and serve.Features: Attractively black and white.Taste: Crisp and savory.

In Vitro Antioxidant Function of Extracellular Polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba

Extracellular polysaccharide from Tremella aurantialba (TEP) significantly inhibited H2O2-induced haemolysis of RBCs, significantly decreased the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) produced in mice liver homogenates as a result of autoxidation, and inhibited VitC-Fe2+-induced swelling of liver mitochondria.

银耳多糖的纯化及其生物活性

为了得到纯度更高的银耳多糖(TFPS),采用AB-8大孔树脂吸附法、酶法、三氯乙酸(TCA)法、D-葡萄糖δ-内脂(GDL)法和聚酰胺法对粗制银耳多糖(CTFPS)进行纯化即脱蛋白处理。以多糖损失率和蛋白质脱除率为依据选取脱蛋白效果最佳的方法,并通过单因素实验优化银耳多糖脱蛋白工艺条件。利用红外和SEM对脱蛋白前后的银耳多糖进行结构分析,并结合抗氧化活性和吸湿保湿性能测试,对脱蛋白前后的银耳多糖进行生物活性对比。结果表明:AB-8大孔树脂吸附法的脱蛋白效果最佳,最优工艺条件为CTFPS水溶液质量浓度5 mg/mL、AB-8大孔树脂用量100 mg/mL、吸附时间5 h、吸附温度20℃;在此条件下,蛋白质脱除率为82.47%,多糖损失率为18.24%,且银耳多糖脱蛋白纯化后的抗氧化活性和吸湿保湿性能均优于未脱蛋白银耳多糖。

组分差异分析结合智能感官对本草栽培银耳风味特征的分析

目的:明确本草栽培银耳的风味特征。方法:以本草基质栽培的白色银耳(本草银耳)为研究对象,常规栽培基质黄色银耳和白色银耳为对照,采用高效液相色谱法和顶空固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析其风味组成差异,并结合智能感官技术对本草银耳风味特征进行解析。结果:本草银耳从鲜、甜味氨基酸和呈味核苷酸含量,滋味活度值和等鲜浓度值,电子舌等多维度评价显示,其鲜味强度均低于黄色银耳和白色银耳。HS-SPME-GC-MS分析结果显示,本草银耳鉴定得到82种挥发性物质,高于白色银耳(71种)和黄色银耳(49种),以酯类为主,占比16.9%~22.4%,呈现浓郁的花草芳香,同时鉴定得到26种银耳特征香气成分,9种白色银耳特有成分和4种本草银耳特有成分;香气物质含量方面,本草银耳亦占据优势。结论:本草银耳鲜味淡香气浓,可开发调制饮品,而黄色银耳更适合作为菜肴。

银耳多糖对麦醇溶蛋白纳米体系的影响及复合物的特性研究

该研究是以提高麦醇溶蛋白(gliadin,Gli)纳米颗粒(gliadin nanoparticles,GNPs)稳定性为目标,利用银耳多糖(Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides,TFPs)的乳化性能,探究TFPs添加量对GNPs稳定性的影响。采用反溶剂法制备银耳多糖和麦醇溶蛋白复合载体颗粒(gliadin-Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides composite nanoparticles,G/T NPs),并利用纳米粒度仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热场发射扫描电镜对G/T NPs的粒径和电位、相互作用、微观结构进行分析。结果表明,TFPs和Gli之间通过静电作用力和氢键作用力相结合,形成GNPs在内、TFPs外层附着的复合颗粒;TFPs的添加能够有效提高GNPs体系的稳定性,减少颗粒之间的聚集,制得的G/T_(4∶1)NPs的平均粒径、多分散指数(polydispersion index,PDI)、ζ-电位分别为(198.5±2.6)nm、0.269±0.005、(36.7±0.6)mV,且具有pH响应性。该研究为后续构建疏水营养成分的包埋和运载体系奠定了基础。

银耳多糖的结构、功能性及应用研究进展

银耳富含营养素,银耳多糖是其中最主要的功能活性成分,具有多种生物活性。银耳多糖的制备方法多样,对于其结构的研究多集中在分子量、单糖组分和糖苷键类型等方面。本文综述了银耳多糖的制备、结构和抗氧化、抗肿瘤、调节免疫、改善记忆、抗炎、降血糖和降血脂等生物活性及其在食品、化妆品和医药方面的开发应用。未来需要优化银耳多糖的制备技术,结合现代分析技术解析银耳多糖的高级结构,对银耳多糖的功能及作用机理进行深入的研究,以期为银耳的精深加工与产品研发提供理论参考。

不同产地金耳中氨基酸含量分析及营养价值评价

目的测定不同产地金耳中氨基酸的组成及含量,并评价其营养价值。方法利用氨基酸分析仪测定云南、陕西、福建、西藏和甘肃金耳中氨基酸的含量,比较不同产地金耳中氨基酸组成和含量之间的差异,并采用氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)、氨基酸比值(amino acid ratio,RAA)、氨基酸比值系数(ratio coefficient of amino acid,RC)和氨基酸比值系数评分(score of RC,SRC)以及主成分分析等对不同产地金耳中氨基酸的营养价值进行综合评价。结果不同产地金耳中均检出17种氨基酸,其氨基酸总含量在9.25~19.50g/100g之间;必需氨基酸含量在2.72~6.07g/100g之间,占总氨基酸含量在26.6%~31.7%之间;非必需氨基酸含量在6.33~13.43 g/100 g之间,占总氨基酸含量在68.3%~73.4%之间。5个产地金耳中4种呈味氨基酸含量由高到低依次为:甜味氨基酸>鲜味氨基酸>苦味氨基酸>芳香族氨基酸,而不同产地金耳中呈味氨基酸总含量由低到高依次为:陕西<云南<福建<甘肃<西藏。利用主成分分析对不同产地金耳中17种氨基酸含量进行评价,共提取1个主成分,累积方差贡献率达到95.94%。结论不同产地金耳中氨基酸含量之间虽有差异性,但均含有种类丰富的氨基酸,其营养价值高,可作为优质蛋白的植物资源。

银耳多糖对人软骨细胞的增殖效应和抗炎作用

目的:骨关节炎(Osteoarthritis,OA)是一种常见的慢性关节性疾病,本研究旨在探究银耳多糖对骨关节炎细胞模型人软骨细胞T/C-28a2的增殖效应和抗炎作用。方法:通过MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide)和结晶紫染色实验检测银耳多糖对T/C-28a2细胞增殖活力和细胞毒性的影响;用脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理T/C-28a2细胞建立骨炎症模型,酶联免疫吸附测定(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测药物处理后细胞白介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)的表达;利用蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)检测药物处理后相关骨保护因子和炎症因子的表达;通过ROS活性氧释放实验检测药物对细胞的氧化应激水平和抗炎症反应。结果:银耳多糖能够促进人软骨细胞T/C-28a2的增殖活力,且没有明显的细胞毒性;使用LPS刺激软骨细胞模拟骨炎症的环境,药物处理后发现银耳多糖和硫酸软骨素处理能减少IL-6分泌从而抑制炎症发生;进一步Western blot检测发现银耳多糖刺激后,相关骨保护因子(Osteoprotegerin,OPG)的表达上调,而促凋亡相关蛋白Bax、细胞外信号调节激酶(Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases,ERK-MAPK)和核内转录因子κB(Nuclear factor-kappaB,NF-κB)的表达下调。活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)释放实验结果显示,银耳多糖和硫酸软骨素能够抑制细胞内ROS水平,抑制炎症反应的发生。结论:银耳多糖具有抑制骨关节炎的效用,可以在一定程度上保护软骨组织,抵抗细胞凋亡。本研究初步探讨了银耳多糖的抗炎作用及机制,为开发银耳多糖作为抗炎药物提供初步的实验依据。

金耳多糖的结构及其对环磷酰胺致小鼠肠道菌群紊乱的调节作用

【目的】研究金耳多糖(Tremella aurantialba polysaccharide,TAP)对小鼠体内肠道菌群紊乱的影响。【方法】以金耳为原料提取TAP,采用凝胶色谱法、高效液相色谱法、红外光谱、紫外光谱分析TAP的结构,再基于环磷酰胺诱导肠道菌群紊乱的小鼠为模型,使用TAP进行干预,采用气相色谱—质谱法(GCMS)测量小鼠结肠内容物短链脂肪酸水平,采用粪便16S rRNA法分析小鼠粪便肠道菌群变化。【结果】TAP分子质量为1740 ku,为含有β-型糖苷键的吡喃型多糖,含微量蛋白质及核酸,主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸和葡萄糖3类单糖组成,占比分别为66.09%、9.51%和11.45%。动物试验表明:TAP处理能增加小鼠结肠内容物的短链脂肪酸含量,特别是乙酸和丁酸。粪便16S rRNA表明:TAP能够逆转肠道菌群紊乱,在门水平上,上调拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)菌群,下调厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)菌群;在属水平上,上调拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)菌群,下调螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)菌群。【结论】TAP有望作为一种潜在益生元调节肠道菌群,减少环磷酰胺对肠道微生物群的副作用。

低温冲击磨处理对银耳及其多糖性质的影响

【目的】探究低温冲击磨超微粉碎处理对银耳及其多糖性质的影响,以期为银耳的精深加工及活性成分提取提供理论依据。【方法】利用低温冲击磨的不同分级机频率(10、20、30和40 Hz)粉碎干燥银耳,并通过水提醇沉法提取银耳多糖,对不同银耳粉的基本营养成分、物理性质及银耳多糖的基本理化性质、流变特性、结构等进行测定,探究分级机频率对银耳粉及其多糖的影响。【结果】随着分级机频率的增加,银耳粉的水分含量(10.41%~12.18%)逐渐降低,而蛋白质和灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);银耳粉颜色由黄色逐渐变为白色,表现为L^(*)增加、a^(*)和b^(*)均降低;平均粒径D_(50)(47.7~389.0μm)显著降低(P<0.05),持水力(2.90~3.63 g/g)增加,持油力(2.67~3.36 g/g)增加,粉末流动性降低。与未经低温冲击磨处理银耳粉提取多糖的性质相比,低温冲击磨处理后银耳粉提取多糖的得率(5.23%~13.88%)及中性糖(63.71%~74.12%)、糖醛酸(24.17%~28.60%)含量增加,蛋白质含量(0.29~0.65 g/g)降低。此外,分级机频率为30 Hz时,多糖的分子量最低,为15400 kD;不同银耳多糖均以甘露糖为主要单糖,其余由核糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、岩藻糖组成。多糖Zeta电位绝对值随分级机频率增加整体呈增加趋势。流变特性测定结果表明,不同银耳多糖溶液均属于非牛顿流体,且分级机频率为20 Hz时,溶液的黏度最高。红外光谱及X射线衍射结果表明,不同分级机频率银耳粉提取的多糖均不会产生新官能团,为无定型结构。【结论】低温冲击磨粉碎能改善银耳粉色泽,改变银耳粉粒径及流动性,提高多糖得率,也影响银耳多糖的流变性质,但不会改变多糖的单糖组成和基本结构。

银耳多糖/姜黄素复合颗粒稳定Pickering乳液构建及抑菌性能

使用银耳多糖制备姜黄素Pickering乳液,探究银耳多糖添加量对姜黄素Pickering乳液的Zeta电位、粒径、接触角、贮藏稳定性、流变学特性的影响。结果表明:由银耳多糖稳定的Pickering乳液具有良好的稳定性,银耳多糖的添加使Pickering乳液粒径从(8.631±0.057)μm减小到(6.031±0.056)μm,Zeta电位从(-51.60±1.51)mV增加到(-65.16±0.59)mV,其中含体积分数85%银耳多糖溶液的Pickering乳液粒径最小、Zeta电位最高,且具有良好的贮藏稳定性,经过21 d贮藏后,仍具有80%以上的姜黄素保留率。流变学分析结果表明,所有乳液呈现弱凝胶特性,具有剪切变稀的特性。接触角实验结果表明,所有乳液的接触角均小于90°,所有乳液均为水包油型乳液。经过65℃高温处理后,该乳液仍具有80%以上的姜黄素保留率。同时该乳液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均具有抗菌活性。研究结果可为利用银耳多糖开发新型Pickering乳液提供理论参考。