Effects of Trichosporon sp. in Combination with Calcium and Fungicide on Biocontrol of Postharvest Diseases in Apple Fruits

The capability of yeast Trichosporon sp., an antagonist isolated from peach fruit, in biological control was evaluated in apple ( Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) fruits, when inoculated with different concentrations of Botrytis cinerea Pers. and Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom, as well as in combination with calcium and fungicide. The concentrations of the yeast cells and pathogen spores obviously influenced disease incidence and lesion development in apples. There was a significant negative correlation between concentrations of the yeast cells and infectivity of the pathogens. When the yeast cell suspensions reached the concentration of 10 8 colony_forming units (CFU) /mL, there was no infection caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum with spore concentrations below 10 6 spores/mL in apple fruits. The yeast at concentrations of 10 6-10 7 CFU/mL in combination with fungicide (iprodione at 50 μL/L) provided control of decay caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum better than separate application. Effect of controlling gray mould and blue mould rots was enhanced when Trichosporon sp., even at low concentration of 10 5 CFU/mL, was applied in the presence of 1%-2% CaCl 2 in an aqueous suspension.

离子束注入提高Trichosporon lactis T立体拆分布洛芬水平的研究

以从土壤中分离筛选到的可立体选择性水解布洛芬乙酯生成S-布洛芬的菌株Trichosporon lactis T为出发菌株，对其进行能量30KeV，剂量1×10^15-5×10^15 ions／cm^2的低能N^＋注入，筛选立体选择性水解布洛芬乙酯活性高的诱变株。菌株T．1actis T，在4×10^15 ions／cm^2的诱变剂量下突变率最高，正向和负向突变率分别达32．9％和37．1％，因此选定该荆量为T．lactis T的最佳N^＋离子注入剂量。经离子束诱变，通过初筛和复筛，共筛选到7株水解布洛芬乙酯的高产菌株，其中诱变株K1培养24h时酶活力比出发菌株T高50％，且具有较好的遗传稳定性。将菌株K1和出发菌株T培养24h，分别加入布洛芬乙酯水解24h，二者水解布洛芬乙酯生成S-布洛芬旋光度均为＋54．1°，对映体过量值ee％均为98％，K1菌株水解的产量达6．96g／L，而出发株仅为4．24g／L。

肉牛源毛孢子菌Trichosporon loubieri的分离鉴定与药敏试验

为探究肉牛真菌性皮肤病的病因并有效防治该病。取发生皮癣病肉牛患部的皮屑、被毛进行真菌学检查和分离。采用沙保弱氏培养法对皮屑和毛发样品进行分离纯化。对分离株进行形态学、分子生物学鉴定和小鼠致病性、药敏试验。最终从样本中分离到一株真菌(编号zrfg01)。对分离株进行PCR扩增,获得长度为542 bp的转录基因间隔区(intergenic spacer,IGS)序列片段,序列提交Gen Bank,获得序列号为MF401393.1。序列在Blast中比对结果显示,zrfg01与编号KT936593.1的Trichosporon loubieri的相似性为100%。根据形态学和分子生物学方法将其鉴定为T.loubieri。动物实验表明该菌对小鼠有选择性致病作用。药敏试验表明,该菌在25℃环境条件下,对特比萘芬和氟胞嘧啶耐药,对克霉唑、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伏立康唑较为敏感。该研究可为诊断和治疗T.loubieri引起的肉牛皮肤癣菌病提供重要参考。

Familial White Piedra Caused by Trichosporon inkin

White piedra is a superficial, chronic, asymptomatic mycoses caused by yeast fungi of the genus Trichosporon. It affects the hair, especially of the head, less frequently of the pubis, perineum, armpit, beard, mustache, eyebrows and eyelashes, and is characterized by the formation of soft nodules or fungal clusters. It affects all age groups and both sexes, predominantly women. Diagnosis is made by direct examination of the affected hair and culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The identification of species occurs through more specific identification procedures, such as mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and PCR). The objective of this work is to report two cases of familial white piedra caused by T. inkin identified by PCR.

发酵性丝孢酵母(Trichosporon fermentans)发酵产油脂的研究

通过摇瓶发酵,考察了碳源浓度、氮源种类和浓度对发酵性丝孢酵母(Trichosporonfermentans)发酵产油脂的影响,对发酵产油脂条件的初步优化结果为:在葡萄糖100 g/L、蛋白胨1.8 g/L、初始pH 7.0的培养基中,以10%的接种量,于33℃、190 r/min的摇床上发酵120 h,可得菌体生物量为18.2 g/L,干细胞的油脂含量为68.5%。

油脂酵母Trichosporon fermentans HWZ004的分批补料法高密度培养

为提高发酵性丝孢酵母Trichosporon fermentans HWZ004发酵产油脂的能力,采用分批补料的培养方式对其进行高密度培养,考察了初始糖浓度对发酵性丝孢酵母生长及油脂积累的影响,确定初始糖浓度为100 g/L,在该浓度下Trichosporon fermentans HWZ004可获得较高的生物量及油脂产量,且不存在底物抑制现象;然后,在5 L发酵罐中进行分批补料培养,发酵132h后,Trichosporon fermentans HWZ004的生物量、油脂含量及油脂生产强度分别为102g/L、48%和0.37g/(L·h).气相色谱分析结果表明,所得油脂的脂肪酸组成主要为硬脂酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量达65%以上,适用于生物柴油的生产.

Comprehensive circRNA-microRNA-mRNA network analysis revealed the novel regulatory mechanism of Trichosporon asahii infection

Background:Invasive Trichosporon asahii(T.asahii)infection frequently occurs with a high mortality in immunodeficient hosts,but the pathogenesis of T.asahii infection remains elusive.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are a type of endogenous noncoding RNA that participate in various disease processes.However,the mechanism of circRNAs in T.asahii infection remains completely unknown.Methods:RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was performed to analyze the expression profiles of circRNAs,microRNAs(miRNAs),and mRNAs in THP-1 cells infected with T.asahii or uninfected samples.Some of the RNA-seq results were verified by RT-qPCR.Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analyses were used to analyze the differentially expressed mRNAs.A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and overexpression experiments.Results:A total of 46 circRNAs,412 mRNAs and 47 miRNAs were differentially expressed at 12 h after T.asahii infection.GO and KEGG analyses showed that the differentially expressed mRNAs were primarily linked to the leukocyte migration involved in the inflammatory response,the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway,and the TNF signaling pathway.A competing endogenous RNA(ceRNA)network was constructed with 5 differentially expressed circRNAs,5 differentially expressed miRNAs and 42 differentially expressed mRNAs.Among them,hsa_circ_0065336 was found to indirectly regulate PTPN11 expression by sponging miR-505-3p.Conclusions:These data revealed a comprehensive circRNA-associated ceRNA network during T.asahii infection,thus providing new insights into the pathogenesis of the T.asahii-host interactions.

Production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller's grains

Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1：1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 ℃ for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller＇s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller＇s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.

Trichosporon asahii ankle cavity effusion infection in a patient with severe aplastic anemia

Rationale:Trichosporon,an anamorphic fungus,proliferates under high humidity,causing serious opportunistic infections collectively called trichosporonosis.Among the Trichosporon species causing trichosporonosis are Trichosporon(T.)asahii,T.asteroides,T.cutaneum etc.Patient concerns:A 38-year-old Chinese male with severe aplastic anemia was admitted due to multiple joints pain,poor appetite,and right ankle swelling.One year earlier he had undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Diagnosis:T.asahii infection and severe aplastic anemia.Interventions:Combined treatment of amphotericin B liposomes(55 mg/24 h)and voriconazole(200 mg/12 h)for 8 days.Outcomes:The symptoms of the patient’s ankle were relieved and effusion cultures showed no T.asahii.Lessons:To the best of our knowledge,T.asahii ankle cavity effusion infections are rare.Trichosporon infections may be attributed to risk factors such as improper long-term use of antimicrobials for an underlying disease(e.g.,anemia,hypoalbuminemia).Attention should be paid to prevent and control Trichosporon infections in order to avoid comorbidities.

关于皮状丝孢酵母（Trichosporon cutaneum）ST851破壁条件的研究

用脱壁酶（纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和蜗牛酶）作用于皮状丝孢酵母ＳＴ８５１制备原生质体。本文就酶的种类、酶液浓度、酶作用时间与温度、酶混合时间、混酶作用效果、酵母细胞的不同生长期诸因素对ＳＴ８５１原生质体形成的影响，进行了较为详尽的探讨。结果表明采用混酶作用（即先用纤维素酶和半纤维素酶预处理后再用蜗牛酶作用）是较理想的破壁条件，在ｐＨ５．８、３７℃条件下作用３．５－４ｈｒ，破壁率最高可达９５－９８％。

Utility of Miconazole Therapy for <i>Trichosporon</i>Fungemia in Patients with Acute Leukemia

Invasive trichosporonosis is an extremely rare mycosis, but Trichosporon fungemia (TF) in patients with hematologic malignancies has been increasingly recognized to be a fulminant and highly lethal infection. Although the utility of azole therapy has been demonstrated in several observations, little is known about the efficacy of one of azoles, miconazole (MCZ). To assess its therapeutic role, we retrospectively investigated 6 cases of TF in patients with acute leukemia receiving MCZ containing regimens. Successful outcome was obtained in 4 patients [MCZ + amphotericin B (AmB) in 2, MCZ only and MCZ + fluconazole (FLCZ) + AmB in one each], but not in 2 (MCZ + FLCZ + AmB and MCZ + FLCZ in one each). Although MCZ and AmB exhibited good in vitro activities against isolates from all patients, FLCZ had such finding from only one patient. Considering the reportedly limited utility of AmB, MCZ seemed to play a critical role even in the combination therapies for TF. Despite the release of newer azoles and other classes of antifungals, the use of MCZ remains a potential therapeutic approach for TF in patients with acute leukemia.

聚乙烯醇包埋Trichosporon sp.X1处理苯酚废水

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)为主要载体,添加少量壳聚糖(SA)、SiO_2和CaCO_3,利用聚乙烯醇-硼酸(PVA-H_3BO_3)包埋法,包埋苯酚降解菌TX1;并制备成胶珠,研究胶珠对含酚废水的降解。通过正交实验、单因素实验和传质性能分析,确定并优化包埋条件。结果表明PVA浓度8%、SA浓度0.2%、SiO_2浓度2.4%、CaCO_3浓度0.4%和饱和H_3BO_3液p H为6.7时,包埋胶珠机械强度好、结构稳定、无泄漏、固定化效果好;同时发现该条件下的固定化细胞培养12 h后对初始浓度为500 mg/L苯酚废水的降解率为78.1%。

皮状丝孢酵母Trichosporon cutaneum产油脂发酵培养基优化

对皮状丝孢酵母发酵产油脂培养基中的碳氮源种类及添加量、KH_2PO_4添加量、接种量等影响因素进行优化。试验表明,葡萄糖为最佳碳源,蛋白胨为最佳氮源,在葡萄糖40 g/L,蛋白胨1.33 g/L,KH_2PO_4质量浓度1.0 g/L,最佳接种量15%时,油脂得率可达到细胞干质量的62%,比优化前提高了50%。

四环素高效降解酵母菌Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans XPY-10降解特性

Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans XPY-10是一株分离自抗生素制药厂的高效四环素降解酵母菌。为了建立该菌株降解四环素的适宜条件,分别研究了碳源、有机氮源、金属离子等营养物质及初始底物浓度、接种量、pH、温度、装液量、摇床转速等理化因素对菌体生长及四环素降解效率的影响。结果表明,菌株XPY-10生长的最适碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨。在含有0.05%FeSO4的培养基中,菌株XPY-10降解四环素的适宜条件为:接种量2%,pH 8,温度34℃,装液量100mL(250 mL三角瓶),摇床转速180 r/min。在此条件下,菌株XPY-10在7 d内对初始浓度为600 mg/L的四环素降解率为83.63%。本菌株对养殖废水及制药废水中四环素的污染治理有一定的应用前景。

Trichosporon montevideense WIN提取物合成纳米金及其对硝基芳烃的催化特性

利用生物及其提取物合成纳米金具有反应条件温和、环境友好等优点.以菌株Trichosporon montevideense WIN提取物合成纳米金(Au NPs),考察反应时间、p H和提取物浓度对纳米金合成的影响,并探讨纳米金催化还原硝基芳烃的特性.结果显示,纳米金合成过程可在7 d内稳定,最优p H为7.0,最适提取物浓度为300 mg/L.通过紫外-可见光谱扫描、透射电子显微镜和傅立叶转换红外线光谱分析可知,纳米金为球形和伪球形,尺寸分布范围为4-35 nm,平均粒径为(18.2±0.4)nm,推测提取物中的羟基、氨基和羧基参与了纳米金的还原和稳定过程.纳米金对2-硝基苯酚、3-硝基苯酚、4-硝基苯酚、2-硝基苯胺和3-硝基苯胺具有良好的催化活性,其催化反应速率常数分别为7.5×10^(-3)s^(-1)、6.4×10^(-3) s^(-1)、9.1×10^(-3) s^(-1)、11.8×10^(-3) s^(-1)和20.7×10^(-3) s^(-1).本研究表明T.montevideense WIN在生物合成纳米金方面具有潜在的应用价值,且合成的生物纳米金能够有效应用于硝基芳烃污染物的催化还原.

稷酸米汁中新耐碱酵母Trichosporon asahii var.asahii XJU-1的分离鉴定

目的:从山西偏关县地方饮食稷米汁中分到一株酵母,命名为XJU-1,并进行分类学鉴定及pH耐受检测。方法:XJU-1的形态学观察、生理学测试及脂肪酸分析、测定基因的ITS区、26S大亚基D1/D2区以及IGS区,测序序列用邻近法建树推算XJU-1的归属。结果:XJU-1生长谱为pH 2.0～13.0,最适为8.0。仅检测到8种脂肪酸,3种优势脂肪酸总量为91.24%。基因ITS区和26S大亚基D1/D2区显示与Trichosporon asahii(Strain 2479T)最为相近,分别仅有1bp差异。基因IGS区表明该菌是T.asahii的一个变种T.asahii var.asahii。结论:已知的T.asahii无耐碱性报道,XJU-1(=CGMCC AS 2.3199=CCTCC AF207026)pH生长谱宽泛,是一株新的兼性耐碱菌株。

Pathogenicity of Trichosporon asahii in a murine model of disseminated trichosporonosis

Background In recent years, superficial and deep mycoses caused by trichosporon were occasionally reported. In 2001, we reported the first case of disseminated trichosporonosis caused by Trichosporon asahfi （T. asahii） in China. In this study, the pathogenicity of T. asahii was investigated in a murine model of disseminated trichosporonosis. Methods Seventy-five mice were randomly divided into 7 groups. Each group was inoculated with T. asahii, through intradermal, gastrointestinal tract or intravenous injection. The mice in the experimental groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide （CY） to induce granulocytopenia. Mice in the therapeutic group were given both liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole. The main viscera of the mice were examined by means of tissue culture and pathologic sections. Results In the two intravenous inoculation groups, T. asahfi was isolated from at least one organ in 10 of the 12 granulocytopenic mice and 2 of the 14 immunocompetent mice. Two of the 7 mice in the granulocytopenia group presented with lesions in the inoculation position, but none of the 30 mice in the granulocytopenia and the control group which were inoculated intradermally or through the gastrointestinal tract had viscera infection. In the therapeutic group, the ratio of consequently dead mice, the number of involved viscera, and the incidence of systemic infection were significantly less than the untreated group. Acute purulent inflammation and granulomatous inflammation were the main pathological changes in the course of the infection. Arthrospores and filaments were found in the focus. Conclusions T. asahii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes cutaneous and visceral infections in immunologically impaired hosts. An immunocompetent host was to be infected by the invading T. asahii. Several organs, namely the liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and heart, were predisposed. The therapy of combining liposomal amphotericin B with fluconazole can prevent the host from an infection and inhibit the diffusion of the infection.

Trichosporon montevideense WIN合成纳米金的催化特性

【目的】考察菌株Trichosporon montevideense WIN合成纳米金的催化特性及应用。【方法】利用活性WIN菌作用不同浓度HAu Cl_4(1、2和4 mmol/L)合成纳米金的特性,分别利用活性WIN菌和灭活WIN菌合成纳米金,分析合成纳米金的形貌、粒径及其催化特性。【结果】HAu Cl_4浓度为1 mmol/L时,菌株WIN合成了纳米金,HAu Cl_4浓度为2 mmol/L和4 mmol/L时,菌株WIN合成了纳米金及较大尺寸的金颗粒。通过紫外-可见光谱扫描、透射电子显微镜分析,发现活性和灭活WIN菌均能还原Au^(3+)合成纳米金,合成的纳米金均以球形为主,还有少量三角形、四边形及六边形。活性WIN菌合成的纳米金粒径范围为3 nm-252 nm,平均粒径为45.2 nm,而灭活WIN菌合成的纳米金为1 nm-271 nm,平均粒径为38.3 nm。活性和灭活WIN菌合成的纳米金对还原4-硝基苯酚的催化速率分别为2.76×10^(-3)s^(-1)和4.84×10^(-3)s^(-1)。【结论】菌株Trichosporon montevideense WIN的活性及灭活细胞均可以合成纳米金,且合成的纳米金具有良好的催化特性,在催化去除环境中难降解污染物中具有一定的应用前景。

Uncommon characteristics of the structure and development of Trichosporon asahii

Background Trichosporon asahfi （T. asahii） is one of the most important pathogenic fungus in the genus of trichosporon. Although the species identification of T. asahfi was based upon the complicated results of morphologic, biochemical and biologic examination, the morphology characteristic is still the first clue to the species. Some common structures of T. asahfi had been described such as arthrofilaments and arthroconidia, but other important structures of T. asahii were unclear. Methods Six strains of T. asahiiwere incubated on the slant and micro culture of Sabouraud＇s dextrose agar at 30℃ for 7 days. Samples were fixed using 2% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. T. asahfi was observed under scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Results The detailed characteristics of the diverse sites of germination, as well as some uncommon structures such as giant cell, sarcinate, and club-shaped macroconidia, were presented. The pseudohyphae of T. asahii were noted to produce true hyphae, either along the longitude axis or on the flank. T. asahii was noted to have blastic and thallic conidiation. Digitated branches, trichoid structures and septa inside the spores were detected. Conclusion These results may add our knowledge to the structure and development of T. asahii.

造血干细胞移植后并发阿萨希毛孢子菌血流感染1例并文献复习

目的:探讨血液恶性肿瘤患儿造血干细胞移植后发生阿萨希毛孢子菌血流感染的治疗药物选择。方法:分析1例造血干细胞移植后处于免疫抑制状态下血流感染阿萨希毛孢子菌的病例资料,结合既往文献,讨论并分析阿萨希毛孢子菌血流感染的药物治疗方案。结果:患儿在艾沙康唑治疗过程中发生了阿萨希毛孢子菌血流感染,调整为伏立康唑和两性霉素B脂质体联合治疗后,体温恢复正常,炎性指标好转,但由于患儿移植后出现了严重的肺部排斥反应,肺出血未能得到有效控制,最终放弃治疗。结论:血液恶性肿瘤患儿血流感染阿萨希毛孢子菌病死率高,在临床实践中应结合病情、体外药敏试验结果选择单药或联合治疗。阿萨希毛孢子菌应首选唑类药物,体外活性最强的是伏立康唑。两性霉素B抗真菌活性不充分,但与伏立康唑的联合治疗方案可能较伏立康唑单药或艾沙康唑单药治疗更具优势。