Study on Optimization of Ethanol Reflux Extraction of Phenolic Acids from Salvia miltiorrhiza

The extraction technology of phenolic acid compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza by ethanol reflux was studied. In this experiment, salvianolic acid B standard was used to make the standard curve. Single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were used to study the extraction of different ethanol concentrations, reflux times and material-to-liquid ratios. The OD value of salvianolic acid compounds was measured with a spectrophotometer. The extraction rate of phenolic acid compounds under different extraction conditions was calculated through a regression equation, so as to obtain the optimal conditions for the ethanol reflux extraction process of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The experimental data can provide a reference for the ethanol reflux extraction process of salvianolic acids in the industry. According to the experiment, the extraction rate of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza was the highest when the ethanol concentration was 60%, the reflux time was 1.5 hours, and the ratio of material-to-liquid was 1:10.

Cross-protective effect of acid adaptation on ethanol tolerance in Salmonella Enteritidis

Cross protection can undermine the effectiveness of control measures on foodborne pathogens,and therefore brings major implications for food safety.In this work,the capacity of Salmonella Enteritidis to mount ethanol tolerance following acid adaptation was characterized by analysis of cell viability and cell membrane property.It was observed that preadaptation to pH 4.5 significantly(P<0.05)increased the tolerance of log-phase cells to ethanol;in contrast,stationary-phase cells displayed reduced ethanol tolerance after acid adaptation.However,acid adaptation did not cause cell leakage and morphological change in both log-phase and stationary-phase S.Enteritidis.Fatty acid analysis further revealed that the amount of C_(14:0),C_(17:0 cyclo) and C_(19:0 cyclo) fatty acids was increased,while that of C_(16:1ω7c) and C_(18:1ω7c) fatty acids was decreased,respectively,in response to acid adaptation,regardless of bacterial growth phase.Notably,acid adaptation significantly(P<0.05)increased the proportion of C_(16:0) fatty acid in log-phase cells,but this effect did not occur in stationary-phase cells.Moreover,exogenous addition of C_(16:0) fatty acid to stationary-phase acid-adapted cultures was able to enhance bacterial ethanol tolerance.Taken together,C_(16:0) fatty acid is involved in the growth-phase-dependent protective effect of acid adaptation on ethanol tolerance in S.Enteritidis.

Protective effect of ilomastat on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats

AIM: To evaluate the protective effects of ilomastat, an exogenous matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNB)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly divided into model group, protective groups A and B, and normal control group. Rats in the model group received only intra-colonic TNB. Rats in the protective groups A and B received intra-peritoneal ilomastat of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively, beside TNB. Rats in the normal control group received only intra-colonic normal saline. After 3 wk, segments of colon were obtained. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used for pathological study. RESULTS: The model of UC was successfully induced in rats. Inflammation of colonic mucosa greatly improved in protective groups A and B. Expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in the model group, protective groups A and B was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (P < 0.0001) with MMP-1 expression increased more significantly than TIMP-1 expression. Expression of MMP-1 in protective groups A and B was significantly lower than that in the model group (P < 0.0001) . Expression of MMP-1 in protective group B was significantly lower than that in protective group A (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Ilomastat improves TNB-induced UC in rats by inhibiting the MMP-1 activity.

Camalote Grass (Paspalum fasciculatum Willd) as a Sustainable Raw Material for the Production of Lignocellulosic Ethanol

The current trend of replacing a percentage of gasoline with ethanol has promoted the development of new processes for its production from lignocellulosic biomass. This work reports the production of ethanol from the Camalote grass (Paspalum fasciculatum Willd). The lignocellulosic biomass was subjected to acid hydrolysis at 125C and 15 psi with H2SO4 concentrations at 5%, 10%, and 20%, obtaining an average of reducing sugars (pentoses and hexoses) from the hydrolyzed juice with 12.3%, 10%, and 17% Brix, respectively. The sugars were fermented using yeast of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30C for 48 hours. Finally, the ethanol was distilled at 78C, and the average yields were obtained through analysis of variance with a 95% confidence level. The values indicate that there is a significant difference (p > 0.05), the Tukey study shows that all the % v/v averages are different from each other. For H2SO4 concentration at 5% (10.33 ± 2), H2SO4 at 10% (9.33 ± 1.8), and H2SO4 at 20% (6.33 ± 2). The acidity analysis for the ethanol obtained from each treatment gave a value of 1.8 mg/L of acetic acid in all cases.

Pre-harvest spraying of oxalic acid improves postharvest quality associated with increase in ascorbic acid and regulation of ethanol fermentation in kiwifruit cv. Bruno during storage

The kiwifruit trees(Actinidia deliciosa cv.Bruno)were sprayed with 5 mmol L-1 oxalic acid(OA)or water(as control)at 130,137 or 144 d after full-blossom,and then the fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and stored at room temperature(20±1)℃ for 13 d.The effect of pre-harvest spraying of OA on postharvest quality of kiwifruit was evaluated during storage.The OA spraying slowed the increase in soluble solids content(SSC)and decrease in titratable acid(TA),as well as increased contents of ascorbic acid(AsA)and total-AsA accompanied with higher AsA/DHA ratio in kiwifruit during storage.Moreover,the OA spraying significantly reduced the contents of acetaldehyde and ethanol in kiwifruit,along with significant decrease in activities of enzymes involved in ethanol fermentation metabolism during the later period of storage,which was beneficial to control off-flavor associated with over accumulation of ethanol during postharvest.It was suggested that pre-harvest spraying of OA might maintain the postharvest quality of kiwifruit in relation to delay in fruit ripening,AsA maintenance and regulation of ethanol fermentation.

Synthesis of ethyl acetate by esterification of acetic acid with ethanol over a heteropolyacid on montmorillonite K10

In present work,liquid phase esterification of acetic acid with ethanol over dodecatungestophosphoric acid （DTPA） supported on K10 montmorillonite was systematically studied and optimization of process parameters was carried out.The 20% m/m DTPA/K10 was found to be the optimum catalyst with 90% acetic acid conversion and 100% ethyl acetate selectivity.The study was also explored to see the feasibility of 20% m/m DTPA/K10 as a catalyst for the alkylation of acetic acid with other alcohols like methanol,iso-propanol and n-butanol.The 20% m/m DTPA/K10 has shown increased activity with the increase in carbon number,at the same alcohol reflux.The results are novel.

Scorpion ethanol extract and valproic acid effects on hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in a rat model of chronic-kindling epilepsy induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine

The present study analyzed the effects of ethanol extracts of scorpion on epilepsy prevention and hippocampal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in a lithium chloride-pilocarpine epileptic rat model. Results were subsequently compared with valproic acid. Results showed gradually- increased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression following model establishment; glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA expression was significantly increased at 3 days, reached a peak at 7 days, and then gradually decreased thereafter. Ethanol extracts of scorpion doses of 580 and 1 160 mg/kg, as well as 120 mg/kg valproic acid, led to a decreased number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA expression, as well as decreased seizure grades and frequency of spontaneously recurrent seizures. The effects of 1 160 mg/kg ethanol extracts of scorpion were equal to those of 120 mg/kg valproic acid. These results suggested that the anti-epileptic effect of ethanol extracts of scorpion were associated with decreased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in a rat model of lithium chlofide-pilocarpine induced epilepsy.

Ultrasmall AuPd nanoclusters on amine-functionalized carbon blacks as high-performance bi-functional catalysts for ethanol electrooxidation and formic acid dehydrogenation

The synthesis of ultrasmall metal nanoclusters(NCs) with high catalytic activities is of great importance for the development of clean and renewable energy technologies but remains a challenge. Here we report a facile wet-chemical method to prepare ~1.0 nm Au Pd NCs supported on amine-functionalized carbon blacks. The Au Pd NCs exhibit a specific activity of 5.98 mA cm_(AuPd)^(-2)and mass activity of 5.25 A mg_(auPd)^(-1) for ethanol electrooxidation, which are far better than those of commercial Pd/C catalysts(1.74 mAcm_(AuPd)^(-2) and 0.54 A mg_(Pd)^(-1) ). For formic acid dehydrogenation, the Au Pd NCs have an initial turn over frequency of 49339 h^(-1) at 298 K without any additive, which is much higher than those obtained for most of reported Au Pd catalysts. The reported synthesis may represent a facile and low-cost approach to prepare other ultrasmall metal NCs with high catalytic activities for various applications.

Mannonic Acid and Bio-Ethanol Production from Konjac Using a Two-Step Bioprocess with Candida Shehatae and Gluconobacter Oxydans

Amorphophallus konjac is rich in glucomannan,which can be hydrolyzed into glucose and mannose,thereby acting as an economic raw material for the acquisition of glucose and mannose.The total sugar yield was 91.2%when konjac powder was treated with 0.75%hydrochloric acid at 121℃for 1 h.Thus,dilute acid hydrolysates of konjac powder were used as a carbon source for obtaining value-added products.Here we showed that the microbial production of ethanol and mannonic acid was obtained by employing Candida shehatae(C.shehatae)and Gluconobacter oxydans(G.oxydans).Through a step-by-step bioprocess,glucose is the first selectively converted to ethanol by C.shehatae,which enables G.oxydans-mediated biocatalysis of mannose to mannonic acid.Finally,approximately 100 g ethanol and 340 g mannonic acid were produced starting from 1 kg refined konjac powder.The results demonstrated the feasibility of this bioconversion method for producing mannonic acid starting from crude hydrolysates of konjac powder.

Dendrite Spacing Selection during Directional Solidification of Pivalic Acid-Ethanol System

Unidirectional solidification of pivalic acid （PVA）-ethanol （Eth） mixture was performed to examine whether an allowable range of primary dendrite spacing definitely exists at a given growth velocity and how the range is history-dependent. PVA-0.59 wt pct Eth was unidirectionally solidified in the range of growth velocity 0.5-64 μm/s at the temperature gradient of 2.3 K/ram. Sequential change in growth velocity was imposed to determine the upper and lower limits for the allowable range of stable spacing. An allowable range of the steady state primary spacing was observed at a given growth velocity, and the extent of the range seems to be dependent on the degree to which step-increase or step-decrease in growth velocity is accomplished. As the degree of sequential change in growth velocity increases, the history-dependence of the selection for the primary dendrite spacing tends to disappear.

SELECTIVE SEPARATION OF WATER-ETHANOL MIXTURES THROUGH COPOLYMERIC MEMBRANES: Ⅰ. ACRYLIC ACID AND ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER AND ITS IONIZED MEMBRANES

The copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylonitrile has been synthesized and pervaporation properties of the copolymeric membranes have been investigated. In order to elucidate the influence of membrane-permeate interaction on the pervaporation of water-ethanol mixtures and to prepare much improved membranes, the membranes have been treated with alkali metal, alkali earth metal and transition metal salt aqueous solutions. The treated membranes (ionized membranes) exhibited higher separation factors than the untreated membranes. The separation factors of various alkali metal cation membranes decreased in the following order : Li^+>Na^+>K^+, and the permeation rates showed an opposite tendency. The dependence of pervaporation behavior on the copolymer composition ,feed concentration and operating temperature have been studied with both ionized and non-ionized membranes. The apparent activation energies of water and ethanol permeation were calculated.

A Comparative Study of Ultrasound-Guided Intratumoral Acetic Acid and Ethanol Injection Therapy for Liver Tumors in Rats

To compare the therapeutic efficacy of USguided intratumoral injection of acetic acid and ethanol in 77 rats with transplanted Walker256 carcinosarcoma. The rats were divided into three groups: intratumoral acetic acid injection (IAI), intratumoral ethanol injection (IEI), and control group receiving intratumoral saline injection (ISI). Tumor growth rates were measured. Pathologic changes were chronologically observed, and tumor necrosis was quantified as a percentage of the tumor volume using a semiquantitative method. Results: Tumor growth rates were -(37±23)% in the IAI group, (210±174)% in the IEI group and (1 303±473)% in the ISI group (P<0.05). Tumor necrosis rates were (97.4±3.7)%, (79.4±10.9)% and (27.2±10.3)% respectively (P<0.01). In addition, the pathologic results showed that necrosis was more complete and repair of the peripheral tissue of tumor was faster in the IAI group as compared with the IEI group. Conclusion: IAI is more effective than IEI in the local therapy for liver tumors.

The Effect of Ethanol on the Transport of a Neutral Amino Acid in the Perfused Whole Human Placenta

The effect of ethanol on the transport of amino acids across the human placenta was studied in the dual perfusion apparatus using a non-metabolizable α-amino isobutyric acid (AIB). Results were obtained for thirty intact whole human placentas in the absence (control group) and presence (ethanol group) of ethanol (500 - 1000 mg/dL). Experimental determinations of AIB transport at AIB concentrations of 5 - 100 mg/l, measured radioactively using (1&#8722;14 C-) AIB, were compared with a dual-active transport model. The diffusion coefficients of AIB were found to be (3.7 × 10&#8722;9 cm2/s) in the absence of ethanol and (2.3 × 10&#8722;9 cm2/s) in the presence of ethanol with no statistical difference (P = 0.25). The ratio of the fetal to maternal perfusate concentrations in the absence of ethanol (1.44) was statistically significant (P = 0.016) from the ratio in the presence of ethanol (1.20), which may indicate that active transport in the human placenta is inhibited by the presence of ethanol. The placental uptake from the maternal circulation was 2.6 (control) and 2.5 (ethanol) times greater than the uptake from the total circulation. The relative contribution of the diffusive transport to the net placental uptake of AIB from both the maternal and fetal circulations was less than that of active transport regardless of the presence of ethanol: control (38%) and ethanol (35%). It appears that the placental tissue plays the role of a mediator to maintain a fetal concentration higher than the maternal one by either enhancing the transfer from the maternal to the placental tissue or impairing the transfer in the opposite direction.

Ternary Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for Systems of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester(Methyl Palmitate/Methyl Stearate)+Ethanol+Glycerol at Atmospheric Pressure

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data of two ternary systems methyl palmitate+ethanol+glycerol and methyl stearate+ethanol+glycerol at(318.2 and 333.2)K and atmospheric pressure were measured. The values of distribution coefficient and selectivity were calculated, which indicates that glycerol can be separated from fatty acid ester by using ethanol as an extraction solvent. The consistency of the isothermal tie-line data were checked by the Othmer-Tobias equation. The correlation coefficients R2 are higher than 0.993,9 for all the fitted curves. The NRTL activity coefficient model was applied to the correlation of the measured tie-line data. The root mean square deviation(RMSD)values are less than 0.007 for all the systems, which shows a good predictive capability of this model for such systems.

Production of palmitoleic acid by oleaginous yeast Scheffersomyces segobiensis DSM 27193 using systematic dissolved oxygen regulation strategy

Palmitoleic acid(POA)can be naturally found only in few oil seeds and has significant applications in pharmaceutical industry.Recently,the isolated oleaginous yeast Scheffersomyces segobiensis DSM 27193 was identified with high content of POA in its intracellular lipid(13.80%).In this study,process optimization focused on dissolved oxygen regulation to improve POA production was conducted.Dynamic agitation was found to do significant enhancement on POA-rich lipid production than aeration regulation.Under the best condition of 1000 r·min^(-1)of agitation and 1 vvm(airvolume/culture volume/min)of aeration,no ethanol was detected during the whole fermentation process,while a dry biomass concentration of 44.80 g·L^(-1)with 13.43 g·L^(-1)of lipid and 2.93 g·L^(-1)of POA was achieved.Transcription analysis revealed that the ethanol synthetic pathway was downregulated under the condition of high agitation,while the expression of the key enzymes responsible for lipid and POA accumulation were enhanced.

Thermoresistant, Ethanol-Resistant and Acid-Resistant Properties of Acetic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Mango Alcohol

Vinegar production is seriously affected by the sensitivity of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) to high temperature, high ethanol concentrations, and high acetic acid concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the thermo-ethanol-acid tolerance characters of five AAB strains (VMA1, VMA5, VMA7, VMAM, VMAO) previously isolated from fermented mango alcohol and belonging to Gluconoacetobacter genera. As result, the five AAB strains exhibited good growth and acid production at temperatures up to 45°C;they could tolerate and produce acetic acid at ethanol concentrations up to 20% (v/v). In addition, the studied strains showed growth at acetic acid concentrations up to 4.5% (w/v). Strains VMA7 and VMAO showed the highest resistance properties: they demonstrated acid production at 50°C and VMAO could even grow at 60°C;they tolerated and produced acetic acid at 25% (v/v) ethanol concentration;they showed resistance to acetic acid concentrations up to 6% (w/v). Considering all these properties, the use of these strains would seriously contribute to improving the quality of the vinegar produced and help to reduce the cooling water feeds in vinegar production especially in hot countries in the context of global warming.

高效聚磷酸镁肥料的研制及应用

研究高效聚磷酸镁制备,对合成反应所需的基本要求进行了探讨,筛选出符合要求的采用聚磷技术并在农业生产中应用。研究方法采用磷酸溶液放入装有电动搅拌器的聚合反应釜中,聚合5~6h,反应结束产物降至常温,控制物料的pH值为1.5~3.0;然后加入碱性含镁化合物粉末进行混合,在常温常压下进行搅拌混合反应,混合后物料的化学计量摩尔比为n(MgO):n(P_(2)O_(5))=0.7~1.0:1.0,混合后物料的pH值控制在6.0~7.0之间;加入丁二酸双二乙氨基乙醇酯柠檬酸盐混匀,即为所需的高效聚磷酸镁肥料。农田蔬菜的应用结果指出:高效聚磷酸镁的有效性提高一倍以上,肥料质量稳定、控释性能好。

乳酸菌的乙醇耐受机制及其在食醋生产中的应用

传统固态发酵食醋因其丰富的菌群在风味、品质等方面有着不可比拟的优势,乳酸菌作为固态食醋发酵中重要的功能微生物,广泛应用于食品、生物等领域。然而,食醋在发酵过程中乳酸菌会受到高乙醇环境的胁迫,因此探究乳酸菌如何在高乙醇环境下生存具有积极意义。该研究选择耐乙醇副干酪乳杆菌(PC-5)和不耐乙醇植物乳杆菌(PR-7)作为实验对比菌株,通过检测生物指标发现:在体积分数为8%的乙醇环境下,PC-5的多糖含量占比和细胞膜通透性分别提高至0.56%和75%,且显著高于PR-7。此外,代谢途径中的己糖激酶(Hexokinase,HK)、6-磷酸果糖激酶(6-Phosphofructokinase,PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate Kinase,PK)的活性均高于PR-7,并分别提高至99.82、2.78、3.43 U/mg。最后,在食醋不同发酵阶段中加入PC-5使其与酵母菌实现共同发酵,结果发现:共发酵食醋体系中多酚的生成和总抗氧化能力比单菌发酵分别提升了32.14%和55.56%。因此乳酸菌对食醋发酵有着良好的促进作用,为乳酸菌参与食醋共发酵提供了良好的理论依据。

罗布麻秆中纤维素提取及其气凝胶的制备

为实现罗布麻秆的高附加值利用,以罗布麻秆为原料,选用硝酸/乙醇法提取纤维素,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化的提取工艺为:温度85℃、时间1.5 h和固液比1∶25,提取的纤维素纯度可达98.61%。采用TEMPO氧化与超声处理相结合,制备纳米纤维素;再以其为骨架,加入聚乙烯醇和钠基蒙脱土制备纤维素复合气凝胶(NMPC)。结果表明:与纤维素气凝胶(PC)相比,NMPC对亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附量最高达265.84 mg/g。当应变为60%时,NMPC的应力是PC的2倍。钠基蒙脱土的加入改善了气凝胶的结构,不仅提高了气凝胶的吸附性能,还提升了其压缩力学性能。