Formation of Superoxide Radical and Hydrogen Peroxide Enhanced by Trinitrotoluene in Rat Liver, Brain, Kidney, and Testicle in Vitro and Monkey Liver in Vivo

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) increased the formation of adrenochrome from adrenaline and the formation of formaldehyde from methanol in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes in vitro as well as in monkey liver mitrochondria and microsomes in vivo. The effects were more prominent at higher TNT concentrations. These findings indicate that TNT enhances the production of superoxide radicals (O_2^-) and hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2). The production of O_2^- was more prominent in systems containing added TNT than in those containing added benzyl viologen. H_2O_2 production by mitochondria was more pronounced in the liver than in other organs, but its production by microsomes was more pronounced in the brain than in other organs. The results suggest that TNT undergoes cycling reduction which produces oxidative stress. 1989 Academic Press, Inc.

Effects of Trinitrotoluene on Serum Phosphorylase A Activities and on Calcium Contents in Men and Rats

Wistar rats were exposed to trinitrotoluene (TNT) for 6 weeks. After initiation of TNT exposure, serum phosphorylase A activities and calcium contents were assayed for every 2 weeks. Both of these 2 parameters increased in rats treated with 50 and 100 mg TNT/kg b.w. at 3 intervals. Serum phosphorylase A activities and calcium contents of TNT exposure worker increased too.

SYNTHESIS OF (~3H-METHYL) TRINITROTOLUENE AND ITS APPLICATION TO TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY

In this paper, (2H- methyl) toluene was prepared by catalysed halogen- tritium substitution method from benzyl bromide, then it was nitrated to produce (8H- methyl) trinitrotoluene. The tritiated product was purified by thin- layer chromatography. At last, the pure 3H- TNT was obtained with specific radioactivity of 3.77 GBq/mmol. Radiochemical purity was over 98% and the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of tritiated TNT was conformed with that of standard sample. Using 3H- TNT as a tracer, its toxicokinetics was sudied in rats. The results showed that the toxicokinetics characteristics of TNT were quickly absorbed into the blood, Vd】2L/kg.h, long T1/2β and fixed accumulation with four routes of administration, TNT and its metabolites were mainly excreted by the urine. The half- life of TNT in the urine were 1,1- 24h. A trace of radioactivity of 3H- TNT and its metabolites could be detected in the urine on 7th day after administration (9.25×106Bq/kg).

A study on the genetic noxiousness of trinitrotoluene

In this paper, the mutagencity of TNT was studied for mice and fruit flies. It was indicated that TNT had a great deal of mutagenic effect on the somatic ce1ls and sexual cells of the animals used as the subjects of the experiment, and calculated that TNT would have a genetic harmfulness to human beings.

Excitation orthogonalized upconversion nanoprobe for instant visual detection of trinitrotoluene

Excitation-emission orthogonalized luminescent upconversion nanoparticles(OUCNPs),which can respond to changes in external stimuli accordingly,show great promise in many intelligent applications.However,the construction of such materials mostly relies on the selective absorption of Nd3+and Yb3+at different wavelengths and the long-range energy migration between the layers,resulting in complex structures and limited orthogonal luminescence intensity.Herein,we developed a relatively simple structure of OUCNPs(β-NaErF4@NaLuF4@NaYF4:20%Yb,2%Er@NaLuF4),where the fluorescence emission switches from red to green when the excitation wavelength is shifted from 808 to 980 nm.This structure exhibits high-quality,independent,and non-interfering orthogonal luminescence properties without Nd3+sensitization and long-range energy migration.As a proof of concept,we demonstrate the application of the designed OUCNPs in anti-counterfeiting.We also prepared OUCNPs@PEI(PEI=polyethylenimine)self-referencing fluorescent probes to enable quantitative analysis of trinitrotoluene(TNT)in solution with a detection limit of 3.04μM.The probes can be made into test strips for portable on-site visual detection of TNT,and can also be used to image latent fingerprints and detect explosive residues in fingerprints simultaneously.The concept proposed in this work can be extended to the visual detection of a larger range of organic and biological molecules,and is highly promising for practical applications.

Application of Spectra Accuracy for Analysis of Organic Explosive: 2,4,6‑trinitrotoluene by AccuTOF‑DART

This paper,through mass spectrometric(MS)analysis for nitro compound explosives on a direct analysis in a real‑time time‑of‑flight MS,indicates that even on a high‑resolution MS with accurate mass measurement capabilities,there is no guarantee to obtain the unique molecular formula of a compound.By calculating spectra accuracy,highly accurate isotope pattern matching can be conducted to significantly improve performance of compound confirmation or identification.

Ag/reduced graphene oxide(RGO) nanocomposites for detection of TNT

The modified Hummers method was employed to generate graphene oxide,and Ag /reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites were synthesized at different temperatures by using sodium citrate as the reductant. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the reaction products. The results indicate that RGO has been synthesized successfully,and Ag particles are distributed evenly on the surface of RGO.The RGO prepared at a reaction temperature of 120℃ shows the best surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity.The Ag /RGO nanocomposites modified by 10^- 5 mol /L 4-aminothiophenol (PATP) successfully detect a 10^- 5 mol /L 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) alcohol solution.

Using unmodified Au nanoparticles as colorimetric probes for TNT based on their competitive reactions with melamine

Gold nanoparticles （Au NPs） can serve as visualized colorimetric probes for various targets and modification-free sensing strategies are preferred. The donor-acceptor interaction between the electron-rich melamine （MA） and the electron-deficient trinitrotoluene （TNT） allows formation of a supramolecule in aqueous solution. Melamine alone makes the initially individual reddish Au NPs aggregate into gray/blue Au NP assemblies due to melamine forming multiple ligand sites toward the Au NPs. Interestingly, the preformed supramolecule of MA-TNT disenables aggregation of the Au NPs. Therefore the unmodified Au NPs provide facile colorimetric probes for TNT detection in aqueous solution. Rapid identification of TNT is established by naked eye inspection. By using spectrophotometer tools, quantification of TNT is accomplished with a linear range of 80μmol L-1 to 1.2 mmol/L-1 and a limit of detection （LOD） of 27μmol/L^-1. In contrast to previous strategy with surface-modified Au NPs, here a modification-free sensing strategy for TNT assay has been developed with greater convenience, rapidity, and cost-effectiveness.