Auditory deprivation modifies the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase B in the rat auditory cortex

The development and plasticity of central auditory system can be influenced by the change of peripheral neuronal activity. However, the molecular mechanism participating in the process remains elusive. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) binding with its functional receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B(TrkB) has multiple effects on neurons. Here we used a rat model of auditory deprivation by bilateral cochlear ablation, to investigate the changes in expression of BDNF and Trk B in the auditory cortex after auditory deprivation that occurred during the critical period for the development of central auditory system. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RTqPCR) and immunohistochemistry methods were adopted to detect the m RNA and protein expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the auditory cortex at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after surgery, respectively. The change in the expression of BDNF and TrkB mRNAs and proteins followed similar trend. In the bilateral cochlear ablation groups, the BDNF-TrkB expression level initially decreased at 2 weeks but increased at 4 weeks followed by the reduction at 6 and 8 weeks after cochlear removal, as compared to the age-matched sham control groups. In conclusion, the BDNF-TrkB signaling is involved in the plasticity of auditory cortex in an activity-dependent manner.

Increased endothelin receptor B and G protein coupled kinase-2 in the mesentery of portal hypertensive rats

AIM: To elucidate the mechanisms of mesenteric vasodilation in portal hypertension (PHT), with a focus on endothelin signaling. METHODS: PHT was induced in rats by common bile duct ligation (CBDL). Portal pressure (PP) was measured directly via catheters placed in the portal vein tract. The level of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the mesenteric circulation was determined by radioimmunoassay, and the expression of the endothelin A receptor (ETAR) and endothelin B receptor (ETBR) was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Additionally, expression of G protein coupled kinase-2 (GRK2) and β-arrestin 2, which influence endothelin receptor sensitivity, were also studied by Western blot. RESULTS: PP of CBDL rats increased significantly (11.89 ± 1.38 mmHg vs 16.34 ± 1.63 mmHg). ET-1 expression decreased in the mesenteric circulation 2 and 4 wk after CBDL. ET-1 levels in the systemic circulation of CBDL rats were increased at 2 wk and decreased at 4 wk. There was no change in ETAR expression in response to CBDL; however, increased expression of ETBR in the endothelial cells of mesenteric arterioles and capillaries was observed. In sham-operated rats, ETBR was mainly expressed in the CD31+ endothelial cells of the arterioles. With development of PHT, in addition to the endothelial cells, ETBR expression was noticeably detectable in the SMA+ smooth muscle cells of arterioles and in the CD31+ capillaries. Following CBDL, increased expression of GRK2 was also found in mesenteric tissue, though there was no change in the level of β-arrestin 2. CONCLUSION: Decreased levels of ET-1 and increased ETBR expression in the mesenteric circulation following CBDL in rats may underlie mesenteric vasodilation in individuals with PHT. Mechanistically, increased GRK2 expression may lead to desensitization of ETAR, as well as other vasoconstrictors, promoting this vasodilatory effect.

Inhibitory roles of protein kinase B and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase promoter activity

Since we had previously demonstrated that siRNAs to tristetraprolin (TTP) markedly inhibited insulin stimulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) transcription, we investigated the effects of transfecting rat liver with TTP constructs. We found that transfecting diabetic rats with TTP did not increase HMGR transcription but rather led to modest inhibition. We then investigated whether co-transfection with protein kinase B, hepatic form (AKT2), might lead to phosphorylation and result in activation of HMGR transcription. We found that this treatment resulted in near complete inhibition of transcription. Transfection with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator (PGC-1a) also inhibited HMGR transcription. These results show that although TTP is needed for activation of HMGR transcription, it cannot by itself activate this process. AKT2 and PGC-1a, which mediate the activation of gluconeogenic genes by insulin, exert the opposite effect on HMGR.

Suppressing high mobility group box-1 release alleviates morphine tolerance via the adenosine5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 pathway

Opioids,such as morphine,are the most potent drugs used to treat pain.Long-term use results in high tolerance to morphine.High mobility group box-1(HMGB1) has been shown to participate in neuropathic or inflammatory pain,but its role in morphine tolerance is unclear.In this study,we established rat and mouse models of morphine tolerance by intrathecal injection of morphine for 7 consecutive days.We found that morphine induced rat spinal cord neurons to release a large amount of HMGB1.HMGB1 regulated nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production by increasing Toll-like receptor 4receptor expression in microglia,thereby inducing morphine tolerance.Glycyrrhizin,an HMGB1 inhibito r,markedly attenuated chronic morphine tole rance in the mouse model.Finally,compound C(adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor) and zinc protoporphyrin(heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor)alleviated the morphine-induced release of HMGB1 and reduced nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production in a mouse model of morphine tolerance and an SH-SY5Y cell model of morphine tole rance,and alleviated morphine tolerance in the mouse model.These findings suggest that morphine induces HMGB1 release via the adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway,and that inhibiting this signaling pathway can effectively reduce morphine tole rance.

Specific effects of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinaseinteracting protein 1 in neuronal axons

c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase（JNK）-interacting protein 3 plays an important role in brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B（Trk B） anterograde axonal transport. It remains unclear whether JNK-interacting protein 1 mediates similar effects, or whether JNK-interacting protein 1 affects the regulation of Trk B anterograde axonal transport. In this study, we isolated rat embryonic hippocampus and cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro. Coimmunoprecipitation results demonstrated that JNK-interacting protein 1 formed Trk B complexes in vitro and in vivo. Immunocytochemistry results showed that when JNK-interacting protein 1 was highly expressed, the distribution of Trk B gradually increased in axon terminals. However, the distribution of Trk B reduced in axon terminals after knocking out JNK-interacting protein 1. In addition, there were differences in distribution of Trk B after JNK-interacting protein 1 was knocked out compared with not. However, knockout of JNK-interacting protein 1 did not affect the distribution of Trk B in dendrites. These findings confirm that JNK-interacting protein 1 can interact with Trk B in neuronal cells, and can regulate the transport of Trk B in axons, but not in dendrites.

Are TrkB receptor agonists the right tool to fulfill the promises for a therapeutic value of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor?

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling via its receptor tro pomyosin receptor kinase B regulates several crucial physiological processes.It has been shown to act in the brain,promoting neuronal survival,growth,and plasticity as well as in the rest of the body where it is involved in regulating for instance aspects of the metabolism.Due to its crucial and very pleiotro pic activity,reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and alterations in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling have been found to be associated with a wide spectrum of neurological diseases.Howeve r,because of its poor bioavailability and pharmacological properties,brain-derived neurotrophic factor itself has a very low therapeutic value.Moreover,the concomitant binding of exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor to the p75 neurotrophin receptor has the potential to elicit several unwanted and deleterious side effects.Therefo re,developing tools and approaches to specifically promote tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling has become an important goal of translational research.Among the newly developed tools are different categories of tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonist molecules.In this review,we give a comprehensive description of the diffe rent tro pomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonist drugs developed so far and of the res ults of their application in animal models of several neurological diseases.Moreover,we discuss the main benefits of tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonists,concentrating especially on the new tropomyosin receptor kinase B agonist antibodies.The benefits observed both in vitro and in vivo upon application of tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonist drugs seem to predominantly depend on their general neuroprotective activity and their ability to promote neuronal plasticity.Moreover,tro pomyosin receptor kinase B agonist antibodies have been shown to specifically bind the tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor and not p75 neurotrophin receptor.Therefore,while,based on the current knowledge,the tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonists do not seem to have the potential to reve rse the disease pathology per se,promoting brainderived neurotrophic factor/tro pomyosin receptor kinase B signaling still has a very high therapeutic relevance.

基于BDNF/TrkB信号通路介导的线粒体自噬对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制研究

目的:探讨基于脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)/原肌球蛋白受体激酶B(TrkB)信号通路介导的线粒体自噬对心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的作用。方法:将小鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)+磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)组、Sham+7,8-二羟基黄酮(7,8-DHF)组、I/R+PBS组和I/R+7,8-DHF组,每组12只。除Sham组,其余小鼠建立心肌I/R损伤模型(心肌缺血45 min/再灌注2 h)。Sham+7,8-DHF组和I/R+7,8-DHF组小鼠在心肌I/R损伤前7 d腹腔注射7,8-DHF;Sham+PBS组和I/R+PBS组则给予相同体积的PBS。超声心动图、苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和免疫组织化学用于检测心脏功能、组织学和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达。从各组小鼠心脏中分离心脏微血管内皮细胞(CMEC),通过将TrkB小干扰RNA(si-TrkB)转染到CMEC细胞中抑制TrkB活化,然后进行线粒体膜通透性转换孔(mPTP)开放率测量。结果:I/R+PBS组中红细胞在I/R损伤后聚集成块,I/R+7,8-DHF组则维持了红细胞的线性形态并阻止了其在微血管中的会聚。与I/R+PBS组相比,I/R+7,8-DHF组p-eNOS水平、室间隔厚度、左心室短轴缩短分数、左心室射血分数上调(P<0.05),内皮素-1(ET-1)、ICAM-1、心脏质量、心脏质量指数、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径下调(P<0.05)。I/R+PBS组CMEC中BDNF、TrkB、FU N14结构域1(FUNDC1)蛋白表达和酸性自溶酶体形成较Sham+PBS组减少(P<0.05),而I/R+7,8-DHF组CMEC中BDNF、TrkB、FUNDC1蛋白表达和酸性自溶酶体形成较I/R+PBS组增加(P<0.05)。当在7,8-DHF存在的情况下施用si-TrkB以抑制CMEC中的TrkB活化时,FUNDC1的表达被抑制(P<0.05),并且线粒体轻链3(mito-LC3Ⅱ)的线粒体水平和酸性自溶酶体形成减少(P<0.05)。结论:激活BDNF/TrkB/FUNDC1信号通路通过恢复线粒体自噬改善I/R小鼠的内皮功能和微血管结构。

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B regulates migration of ARPE-19 cells through EGFR/ERK signaling pathway

AIMTo evaluate whether protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) contributed to initiate human retinal pigment epithelium cells (A)-19 migration and investigate the signaling pathways involved in this process.METHODSARPE-19 cells were cultured and treated with the siRNA-PTP1B. Expression of PTP1B was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). AG1478 [a selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)] and PD98059 (a specific inhibitor of the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase) were used to help to determine the PTP1B signaling mechanism. Western blot analysis verified expression of EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in ARPE-19 cells. The effect of siRNA-PTP1B on cell differentiation was confirmed by immunostaining for &#x003b1;-smooth muscle actin (&#x003b1;-SMA) and qRT-PCR. Cell migration ability was analyzed by transwell chamber assay.RESULTSThe mRNA levels of PTP1B were reduced by siRNA-PTP1B as determined by qRT-PCR assay. SiRNA-PTP1B activated EGFR and ERK phosphorylation. &#x003b1;-SMA staining and qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that siRNA-PTP1B induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells to differentiate toward better contractility and motility. Transwell chamber assay proved that PTP1B inhibition improved migration activity of RPE cells. Treatment with AG1478 and PD98059 abolished siRNA-PTP1B-induced activation of EGFR and ERK, &#x003b1;-SMA expression and cell migration.CONCLUSIONPTP1B inhibition promoted myofibroblast differentiation and migration of ARPE-19 cells, and EGFR/ERK signaling pathway played important role in migration process.

基于BDNF/TrkB/CREB通路研究六味地黄丸对丙戊酸钠诱导的孤独症谱系障碍模型仔鼠的作用机制

目的基于脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)/酪氨酸激酶受体B(tyrosine kinase receptor B,TrkB)/cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein,CREB)通路,探讨六味地黄丸对丙戊酸钠(sodium valproate,VPA)诱导的孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)仔鼠的作用机制。方法将13只SD孕鼠随机分为两组,其中10只孕鼠在第12.5天时腹腔注射VPA溶液(600 mg·kg^(-1))为VPA组,另外3只孕鼠注射等体积生理盐水为对照组。第21天对两组雄性仔鼠开展行为学检测,筛选出符合ASD疾病模型的仔鼠30只,随机分为模型组(等体积生理盐水),维生素D组(1480 IU·kg^(-1)),六味地黄丸高(3 g·kg^(-1))、中(1.5 g·kg^(-1))、低(0.75 g·kg^(-1))剂量组,每组6只。正常雄性仔鼠6只,设为空白组(等体积生理盐水)。各组仔鼠连续灌胃14 d,1次/d,给药后再次开展行为学检测。尼氏染色观察各组仔鼠海马组织神经元形态学变化,比色法检测各组仔鼠海马组织中谷氨酸(glutamic acid,GLU)、γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA)含量;qRT-PCR检测各组仔鼠海马组织中BDNF、TrkB、CREB mRNA相对表达。结果与对照组比较,VPA组仔鼠体质量、身长、尾长更小(P<0.05)。与空白组比较,模型组社交障碍症状明显(P<0.01),焦虑障碍症状明显(P<0.01),重复刻板行为增多(P<0.05或P<0.01),海马神经元结构损伤,GLU升高(P<0.01)、GABA下降(P<0.01),BDNF、TrkB、CREB mRNA表达降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与模型组比较,维生素D组及六味地黄丸中、低剂量组仔鼠社交能力增强(P<0.05或P<0.01),焦虑障碍减轻(P<0.05或P<0.01),重复刻板行为减少(P<0.01或P<0.05),海马神经元结构明显复原,GLU下降(P<0.01),BDNF、TrkB、CREB mRNA表达增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),六味地黄丸中、低剂量组GABA上升(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论六味地黄丸能显著改善VPA诱导的ASD仔鼠行为表现,增强海马组织神经元的再生与修复,其机制可能与平衡GLU、GABA水平,上调仔鼠海马组织中BDNF/TrkB/CREB的表达有关。

Inhibition of EGFR attenuates EGF-induced activation of retinal pigment epithelium cell via EGFR/AKT signaling pathway

AIM:To explore the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)inhibition by erlotinib and EGFR siRNA on epidermal growth factor(EGF)-induced activation of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells.METHODS:Human RPE cell line(ARPE-19 cells)was activated by 100 ng/mL EGF.Erlotinib and EGFR siRNA were used to intervene EGF treatment.Cellular viability,proliferation,and migration were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay,bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU)staining assay and wound healing assay,respectively.EGFR/protein kinase B(AKT)pathway proteins and N-cadherin,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),and vimentin were tested by Western blot assay.EGFR was also determined by immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS:EGF treatment for 24h induced a significant increase of ARPE-19 cells’viability,proliferation and migration,phosphorylation of EGFR/AKT proteins,and decreased total EGFR expression.Erlotinib suppressed ARPE-19 cells’viability,proliferation and migration through down regulating total EGFR and AKT protein expressions.Erlotinib also inhibited EGF-induced an increase of proliferative and migrative ability in ARPE-19 cells and clearly suppressed EGF-induced EGFR/AKT proteins phosphorylation and decreased expression of N-cadherin,α-SMA,and vimentin proteins.Similarly,EGFR inhibition by EGFR siRNA significantly affected EGF-induced an increase of cell proliferation,viability,and migration,phosphorylation of EGFR/AKT proteins,and up-regulation of N-cadherin,α-SMA,and vimentin proteins.CONCLUSION:Erlotinib and EGFR-knockdown suppress EGF-induced cell viability,proliferation,and migration via EGFR/AKT pathway in RPE cells.EGFR inhibition may be a possible therapeutic approach for proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR).

AP2M1抑制弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤细胞增殖和侵袭

目的探究接头相关蛋白质复合体2亚基μ1(AP2M1)对弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)细胞增殖和侵袭的调控作用。方法将人弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤细胞系OCI-LY8分为对照组、NC-LV组、AP2M1-LV组。用Lipofectamine 2000进行细胞转染。四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Transwell小室法检测细胞迁移和侵袭。Western blot检测AP2M1、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、p-磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)和p-蛋白质激酶B(AKT)蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,AP2M1-shRNA组细胞中AP2M1的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均降低(P<0.05),相对细胞活力升高(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率降低(P<0.05),迁移和侵袭细胞数量均升高(P<0.05);EGFR的蛋白相对表达量及PI3K和AKT的磷酸化水平均升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,AP2M1-LV组细胞中AP2M1的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均升高(P<0.05),相对细胞活力降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率升高(P<0.05),迁移和侵袭细胞数量均降低(P<0.05),EGFR的蛋白相对表达量及PI3K和AKT的磷酸化水平均降低(P<0.05)。结论AP2M1的过表达部分通过抑制EGFR/PI3K/AKT信号通路来抑制DLBCL细胞的增殖和侵袭。

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤中铁死亡相关基因的表达及其与免疫细胞和信号通路的关系

目的通过癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库分析弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)中铁死亡相关基因的表达及其与程序性死亡受体配体-1(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)和免疫细胞的关系,为DLBCL的治疗提供新的靶标。方法通过TCGA数据库查找获得22个铁死亡相关基因。从TCGA数据库获取48例DLBCL(DLBCL组)及54例反应性淋巴结增生患者(对照组)淋巴结标本的铁死亡相关基因以及PD-L1的表达数据。使用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行组间差异性表达分析。基因表达相关性分析采用Spearman相关性分析。采用R软件包pheatmap分析DLBCL中铁死亡相关基因表达与免疫细胞的相关性。采用R软件GSVA包分析铁死亡相关基因表达与磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶-蛋白激酶B-哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin,PI3K-Akt-mTOR)信号通路的相关性。结果DLBCL中周期素依赖性激酶抑制因子1A(cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A,CDKN1A)、70 kDa热休克蛋白5(heat shock 70 kDa protein 5,HSPA5)、内质膜蛋白复合体亚基2(endoplasmic membrane protein complex subunit 2,EMC2)、溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7,member 11,SLC7A11)、金属硫蛋白1G(metallothionein 1G,MT1G)、热休克蛋白B1(heat shock protein B1,HSPB1)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶4(glutathione peroxidase4,GPX4)、范可尼贫血互补群D2(Fanconi anemia complementary group D2,FANCD2)、柠檬酸合成酶(citrate synthase,CS)、CDGSH铁硫结构域1(CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1,CISD1)、法尼基二磷酸法尼基转移酶1(farnesyl diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1,FDFT1)、SLC1A5、转铁蛋白受体(transferrin receptor,TFRC)、核糖体蛋白L8(ribosomal protein L8,RPL8)、核受体共激活因子4(nuclear receptor coativator 4,NCOA4)、二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(dipeptidyl peptidaseⅣ,DPP4)和花生四烯酸15脂氧合酶(arachidonate-15-lipoxygenase,ALOX15)基因表达均上调(均P<0.05)。免疫细胞相关分析显示,铁死亡相关基因可激活体内巨噬细胞M1(P<0.05)。DLBCL中长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4)、CDKN1A、DPP4、EMC2、谷氨酰胺酶2(glutaminase 2,GLS2)、HSPA5、溶血卵磷脂酰基转移酶3(lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3,LPCAT3)、MT1G、NCOA4、红细胞衍生核因子2样蛋白2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-like-2,NFE2L2)、精脒/精胺N1-乙酰基转移酶1(spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1,SAT1)、SLC7A11和TFRC这些铁死亡相关基因的表达均与PD-L1表达呈正相关(均r>0.4,均P<0.05)。铁死亡相关基因LPCAT3、NCOA4和TFRC的表达均与PI3K-AktmTOR通路呈正相关(均r>0.4,均P<0.05)。结论多数铁死亡相关基因在DLBCL组织中高表达,且与PD-L1、免疫浸润及PI3K-Akt-mTOR通路有关。

腧穴“解郁方”对慢性不可预测轻度应激抑郁大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴及BDNF/TrkB/CREB通路的影响

目的:观察腧穴“解郁方”对慢性不可预测轻度应激(CUMS)抑郁大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)/酪氨酸激酶B受体(TrkB)/环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)信号通路的影响。方法:40只无特定病原体(SPF)级Sprague Danley(SD)雄性大鼠随机分为空白组(10只)、模型组(10只)、西药组(10只)、针刺组(10只),除空白组外,其余3组连续28 d构建CUMS抑郁大鼠模型,造模成功后,西药组连续14 d灌胃盐酸帕罗西汀混悬液,每日1次;针刺组针刺百会、太冲、神门,每日1次,每次20 min,连续针刺14 d。苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察大鼠海马病理变化,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇(CORT)水平;免疫组化(IHC)检测海马BDNF、TrkB表达情况,蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western Blot)及实时荧光定量-聚合酶链式反应(PCR)测定海马BDNF、TrkB、CREB蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果:与空白组比较,模型组血清CRH、ACTH和CORT含量上升(P<0.01),海马病理损伤严重,海马BDNF、TrkB平均光密度降低(P<0.01),BDNF、TrkB、CREB蛋白及mRNA明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组比较,针刺组血清CRH、ACTH、CORT含量下降(P<0.05),海马病理损害明显减轻,BDNF、TrkB平均光密度明显增加(P<0.05),BDNF、CREB、TrkB蛋白及mRNA表达水平上升(P<0.05)。结论:腧穴“解郁方”可能通过调节HPA轴和调控BDNF/TrkB/CREB信号通路,改善CUMS诱导的大鼠抑郁样行为。

ErbB信号与蛋白激酶B在快速起搏所致猴心衰心肌细胞损伤中的作用

为了研究ErbB受体与蛋白激酶B在心力衰竭发生机制中的作用,建立快速起搏诱导恒河猴心力衰竭模型。采用颈总动脉插管技术,测定左心室最大压力上升速度(LVdp/dtmax)、左心室舒张末期压(LVEDP)、左心室收缩末期压(LVSP)等血流动力学指标;采用电化学发光免疫测定法观察脑钠肽(BNP)含量;采用RT-PCR方法测定ErbB2、蛋白激酶B(PKB)、Bcl-xl mRNA表达水平;采用Western blotting检测蛋白激酶B活性(phospho-PKB,即磷酸化蛋白激酶B蛋白水平)及凋亡相关基因Bcl-xl的蛋白水平。快速起搏诱导心力衰竭模型恒河猴心肌收缩能力显著下降,心衰标志物脑钠肽水平明显上升(P<0.05)。与对照组比较ErbB2,PKB及Bcl-xl mRNA表达水平明显下降(P<0.05),同时心肌组织蛋白激酶B活性显著下降,Bcl-xl蛋白水平也明显下降(P<0.05)。快速起搏所致猴心衰心肌细胞损伤的机制可能与ErbB2、下游蛋白激酶B、凋亡抑制基因Bcl-xl表达水平下降及蛋白激酶B活性下降有关。

G蛋白偶联受体激酶4对内皮素B型受体的异常调节在原发性高血压发生中的作用

目的探讨G蛋白偶联受体激酶4（G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4,GRK4）对内皮素B型受体（endothelin receptor B,ETB）的异常调节在原发性高血压中的作用及机制。方法选用12～14周龄,体质量300 g左右的雄性自发性高血压大鼠（spontaneously hypertensive rats,SHRs）及其对照鼠（Wistar-Kyoto,WKY）各10只,通过无创鼠尾测压仪测定血压,采用右肾上腺静脉插管灌注ETB受体特异性激动剂BQ3020后观察尿流速及尿钠排泄率,荧光定量PCR检测大鼠肾脏GRK4 mRNA水平,Western blot测定大鼠肾脏GRK4及ETB受体的蛋白表达差异,免疫共沉淀法检测ETB受体磷酸化情况,在动物水平观察高血压状态下ETB受体的功能情况。结果 ETB受体激动剂BQ3020对WKY大鼠有明显利尿排钠作用,且这种利尿排钠作用可以被ETB受体抑制剂BQ788阻断,但在SHR大鼠BQ3020的利尿排钠作用受损[尿流速：（11.23±2.16）vs（3.49±1.32）,P〈0.05];尿钠排泄率：[（1 551.43±393.47）vs（601.16±128.15）,P〈0.05];在SHR大鼠肾皮质GRK4的蛋白水平及mRNA水平均较WKY大鼠高[蛋白：（1.38±0.10）vs（0.85±0.07）,P〈0.05];mRNA：[（2.23±0.15）vs（0.78±0.16）,P〈0.05],SHR大鼠ETB受体总蛋白水平与WKY大鼠相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但ETB受体磷酸化水平增高。结论 GRK4可能通过对内皮素B型受体的异常调节,参与了原发性高血压发生与发病。

听觉剥夺大鼠听皮层BDNF和TrkB的表达变化

目的通过建立听觉剥夺(auditory deprivation,AD)的动物模型,探讨脑源性神经生长因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)和其功能性受体酪氨酸激酶B(tropomyosin receptor kinase B,TrkB)与听皮层可塑性的关系。方法 48只SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组24只,采用耳后切口暴露听泡并打开,实验组行双侧耳蜗损毁术建立大鼠AD模型,对照组不损毁耳蜗。于术后2w分别检测两组动物ABR反应阈,并应用实时荧光定量PCR技术和免疫组织化学方法,于术后2、4、6、8w测定两组大鼠听皮层BDNF和TrkB基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果术后2w,实验组动物双耳ABR反应阈明显高于对照组(P<0.05);听觉剥夺后,听皮层BDNF与TrkB有相同的表达变化趋势,除术后6w外,实验组第2、8wBDNF与TrkB基因mRNA和蛋白表达量低于对照组(P<0.05),而第4w二者的表达量高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 BDNF通过与功能性受体TrkB结合,参与听皮层神经元可塑性的调节,可能对神经元的损害具有代偿性修复作用。

舍曲林对缺血性脑卒中后抑郁模型大鼠海马TrkB和CREB表达的影响

目的观察舍曲林对缺血性脑卒中后抑郁模型大鼠行为学的影响,以及该模型大鼠海马酪氨酸激酶受体B(Trk B)和c AMP反应原件连接蛋白(CREB)表达的影响。方法将40只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、抑郁组、PSD组和舍曲林预防组,每组10只。采用改良双侧颈总动脉结扎术制备全脑缺血大鼠模型,慢性不可预见性温和刺激和孤养法制备抑郁大鼠模型,将以上方法相结合制备PSD大鼠模型。舍曲林预防组予舍曲林水溶液[1 mg/(100g·d)]对制备的PSD大鼠每天灌胃1次。观察各组大鼠自发性行为学改变,采用蔗糖水消耗试验、旷场试验、体重变化评定大鼠的行为学变化;21 d后采用免疫组织化学法分析大鼠海马Trk B、CREB蛋白的表达。结果应激开始后第7 d、第14 d、第21 d测大鼠体重、蔗糖水饮用量、旷场试验水平运动距离,PSD组较假手术组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),预防组较PSD组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。免疫组化结果显示,PSD组大鼠模型海马各区Trk B、CREB的平均光密度值均明显低于假手术组(P<0.01,P<0.05),舍曲林预防组大鼠模型海马各区Trk B、CREB的平均光密度值明显高于PSD组(P<0.01)。结论舍曲林可有效改善PSD大鼠的抑郁状况,Trk B、CREB参与此过程并起着重要作用。

基于2-Cl-MGV-1/BDNF-TrkB通路探讨脑梗死后认知功能改善的研究

目的基于2-(2-氯苯基)喹唑啉-4-基二甲基氨基甲酸酯(2-Cl-MGV-1)/脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)-原肌球蛋白受体激酶B(TrkB)通路探讨脑梗死后认知功能改善的研究。方法成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为3组,每组20只,分别为对照组、大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)组和2-Cl-MGV-1组。除对照组外,其他组建立MCAO模型,2-Cl-MGV-1组在模型建立后采用2-Cl-MGV-1治疗,连续给药7 d。评估各组大鼠脑梗死面积、空间学习记忆障碍、线粒体损伤和BDNF/TrkB信号通路。体外将PC12神经元细胞系分为以下3组:对照(Con)组、氧气和葡萄糖剥夺/再灌注模型(OGD/R)组和2-Cl-MGV-1组。除Con组,其他组建立OGD/R模型,2-Cl-MGV-1组加入25μmol/L 2-Cl-MGV-1处理细胞24 h。通过CCK-8评估细胞活力。结果与MCAO组相比,2-Cl-MGV-1组梗死面积显著减少(P<0.05),和尼氏体的数量显著增加(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,MCAO组大鼠的逃避潜伏期显著增加(P<0.001),而2-Cl-MGV-1组的逃避潜伏期显著低于MCAO组(P<0.01)。在第7天,MCAO组大鼠穿过平台的次数显著低于对照组(P<0.001),而2-Cl-MGV-1组大鼠穿过平台的次数较MCAO组显著增加(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,MCAO组皮质中的线粒体膜电位和ATP产量显著降低(P<0.01),而2-Cl-MGV-1组线粒体膜电位和ATP产量较MCAO组显著增加(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,MCAO组大鼠皮层神经元中的BDNF、TrkB蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.05),并且2-Cl-MGV-1组BDNF、TrkB蛋白水平显著高于MCAO组(P<0.05)。与Con组相比,OGD/R组细胞活力和ATP产量显著降低(P<0.05),而2-Cl-MGV-1组细胞活力和ATP产量较OGD/R组显著增加(P<0.05)。与Con组相比,OGD/R组PC12细胞中BDNF、TrkB蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.05),并且2-Cl-MGV-1组BDNF、TrkB蛋白水平显著高于MCAO组(P<0.05)。结论2-Cl-MGV-1对MCAO诱导的大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤具有线粒体保护作用,并改善大鼠的认知功能。2-Cl-MGV-1可能通过调节BDNF/TrkB信号通路发挥神经保护作用。

丹酚酸B对NIH/3T3成纤维细胞TGF-β1/ERK胞内信号转导的影响

目的探讨丹酚酸B(SA-B)影响TGF-β1/ERK信号转导的抗肝纤维化作用机制。方法NIH/3T3成纤维细胞常规培养后分为正常组、模型组和治疗组。正常组细胞以含0.5%FBS的M199培养,模型组和治疗组均在相同培养条件下,以100pmol/LTGF-β1刺激24h,治疗组在此基础上再分别以1μmol/LSA-B和10μmol/LSA-B同时温育24h。采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞活力;Western blot法观察细胞TGF-β受体蛋白表达、ERK蛋白表达与磷酸化水平、胞外基质蛋白表达等。结果不同浓度SA-B无明显细胞毒性;TGF-β1刺激明显促进细胞TGF-β受体蛋白表达、ERK磷酸化水平、纤维蛋白酶原激活物抑制因子(PAI-1)与Ⅰ型胶原的蛋白表达,SA-B剂量依赖性抑制TGF-βⅠ型受体(TβR-Ⅰ)的蛋白表达,抑制ERK磷酸化与PAI-1蛋白表达。结论SA-B抑制TGF-β1的胞内ERK信号转导,拮抗TGF-β1的促NIH/3T3成纤维细胞胶原生成可能是SA-B抗肝纤维化的作用机制之一。

B类1型清道夫受体表达调控与信号转导通路

B类1型清道夫受体(scavenger receptor class Btype1,SR-B1)是一种与清道夫受体CD36具有高度同源性的膜糖蛋白,其表达相对广泛且有着众多生物学作用.体内外多种因素可从转录或转录后水平对SR-B1表达进行调控:PPARα/γ激动剂、部分LXR激动剂、LH/HCG、雌激素等能上调SR-B1的表达;维生素E、INFα、脂多糖、IGF-1、胆酸、PXR激动剂及高糖水平等能下调SR-B1的表达;而血管紧张素Ⅱ则可对SR-B1的表达进行双向调节,且它们具体的调节机制复杂.SR-B1作为一种具有多配体结合特性的膜受体,不同配体与其结合后可介导细胞内不同信号事件及生物学效应,如介导HDL激活细胞内PI3K/Akt及MAPK信号途径,增加内皮型一氧化氮合酶的磷酸化、促进内皮细胞迁移与内皮重构.此外,非HDL类配体如LDL激活p38MAPK途径、凋亡细胞、血清淀粉样蛋白A等激活胞内MAPK途径均可由SR-B1介导.本文对近年来B类1型清道夫受体表达调控机制及信号转导通路的相关研究进行综述.