A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model was developed to accurately predict the flash reduction process,which is considered an efficient alternative ironmaking process.Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in d...A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model was developed to accurately predict the flash reduction process,which is considered an efficient alternative ironmaking process.Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in drop tube reactors to verify the accuracy of the CFD model.The reduction degree of ore particles was selected as a critical indicator of model prediction,and the simulated and experimental results were in good agreement.The influencing factors,including the particle size(20–110μm),peak temperature(1250–1550°C),and reductive atmosphere(H_(2)/CO),were also investigated.The height variation lines indicated that small particles(50μm)had a longer residence time(3.6 s)than large particles.CO provided a longer residence time(~1.29 s)than H_(2)(~1.09 s).However,both the experimental and analytical results showed that the reduction degree of particles in CO was significantly lower than that in H2 atmosphere.The optimum experimental particle size and peak temperature for the preparation of high-quality reduced iron were found to be 50μm and 1350°C in H2 atmosphere,and40μm and 1550°C in CO atmosphere,respectively.展开更多
Different mathematical models for ethylene furnace reactor tubes were reviewed. On the basis of these models a new mathematical simulation approach for reactor tubes based on computational fluid dynamics （CFD） techn...Different mathematical models for ethylene furnace reactor tubes were reviewed. On the basis of these models a new mathematical simulation approach for reactor tubes based on computational fluid dynamics （CFD） technique was presented. This approach took the flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and thermal cracking reactions in the reactor tubes into consideration. The coupled reactor model was solved with the SIMPLE algorithm. Some detailed information about the flow field, temperature field and concentration distribution in the reactor tubes was obtained, revealing the basic characteristics of the hydrodynamic phenomena and reaction behavior in the reactor tubes. The CFD approach provides the necessary information for conclusive decisions regarding the production optimization, the design and improvement of reactor tubes, and the new techniques implementation.展开更多
In our previous work, a low-shear stirred bioreactor was explored. With a pitched blade turbine impeller downflow(PBTD) used, the shear stress generated is high compared with that in some low shear axial flow impeller...In our previous work, a low-shear stirred bioreactor was explored. With a pitched blade turbine impeller downflow(PBTD) used, the shear stress generated is high compared with that in some low shear axial flow impellers. KHX impeller is an efficient axial flow impeller, which provides large onflow diffusivity and low shear force. In this work, the KHX impeller was applied in a lower-shear bioreactor and the performance of this reactor was evaluated and compared with that of the PBTD impeller. The experimental results show that the KHX impeller can disperse gas at lower power consumption and gives greater gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficients than PBTD at the same power consumption. An empirical correlation for evaluating the mass transfer coefficient of the KHX impeller in the bioreactor is presented to provide reference for its industrial application.展开更多
螺旋管蒸汽发生器是液态金属快堆中能量传递的核心设备,其运行的稳定性、安全性对核电站的运行有至关重要的影响。为此,本文构建了液态金属快堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器一次侧、二次侧耦合传热的三维数值模型,分别基于经济合作与发展组织核能署...螺旋管蒸汽发生器是液态金属快堆中能量传递的核心设备,其运行的稳定性、安全性对核电站的运行有至关重要的影响。为此,本文构建了液态金属快堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器一次侧、二次侧耦合传热的三维数值模型,分别基于经济合作与发展组织核能署(The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,OECD/NEA)物性手册和美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)数据库建立液态金属和水-水蒸气变物性计算关联式,采用Lee相变模型计算二次侧水-水蒸气蒸发过程中两相间的质量传递。基于实验数据,分别对本文模型一次侧传热以及二次侧传热的计算可靠性进行了验证。最后以铅铋快堆为例,研究了不同一次侧进口参数下蒸汽发生器一、二次侧之间的耦合传热特性,并与传统水冷堆进行了对比。结果表明:在同等条件下,相比于传统水冷堆,一次侧采用铅铋液态金属时,一、二次侧之间的壁面热流密度明显提升,热流密度峰值可达1439.97 kW·m^(-2),比水冷堆相应数值提升5~6倍,这导致二次侧管内气相蒸发过程明显加剧,体积含气率急剧上升;同时,一、二次侧之间的沿程热流密度分布更加不均匀,沿程热流密度分布相对偏差值比水冷堆相应数值增大3~4倍。随着一次侧进口铅铋温度从350℃增大到450℃,一、二次侧之间的壁面热流密度随之增大,对应的热流密度峰值从950.7 kW·m^(-2)增大到1439.97 kW·m^(-2),提升约1.5倍,同时一、二次侧之间的沿程热流密度分布更加不均匀,不均匀度增大20%。展开更多
为了探讨催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用来处理恶臭气体的效果,采用V2O5/γ-Al2O3催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用来处理了恶臭气体甲硫醚,并探讨了反应中催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体的协同性及工艺参数对降解反应的影响。实验结果表...为了探讨催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用来处理恶臭气体的效果,采用V2O5/γ-Al2O3催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用来处理了恶臭气体甲硫醚,并探讨了反应中催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体的协同性及工艺参数对降解反应的影响。实验结果表明:电晕放电具有改变催化剂气-固相吸附平衡、减少吸附容量的作用,处理恶臭气体时可通过添加催化剂吸附-气体浓缩环节来提高降解反应的能量利用率;催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用比单一脉冲放电等离子具有更高的甲硫醚去除率,同时催化剂的填充通过改变介电性及电场强度使反应获得更大的能量,催化剂颗粒表面发生的强烈放电促进了降解反应的进行;在一定电压范围内,通过提高峰值电压、增加气体停留时间可有效提高甲硫醚去除率;当峰值电压为22 k V、甲硫醚体积分数为315×10-6、体积流量为550 m L/min时,甲硫醚去除率可达84.12%。催化剂协同脉冲放电等离子体能够有效处理恶臭气体甲硫醚。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2016YFB0601304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51804030)。
文摘A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model was developed to accurately predict the flash reduction process,which is considered an efficient alternative ironmaking process.Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in drop tube reactors to verify the accuracy of the CFD model.The reduction degree of ore particles was selected as a critical indicator of model prediction,and the simulated and experimental results were in good agreement.The influencing factors,including the particle size(20–110μm),peak temperature(1250–1550°C),and reductive atmosphere(H_(2)/CO),were also investigated.The height variation lines indicated that small particles(50μm)had a longer residence time(3.6 s)than large particles.CO provided a longer residence time(~1.29 s)than H_(2)(~1.09 s).However,both the experimental and analytical results showed that the reduction degree of particles in CO was significantly lower than that in H2 atmosphere.The optimum experimental particle size and peak temperature for the preparation of high-quality reduced iron were found to be 50μm and 1350°C in H2 atmosphere,and40μm and 1550°C in CO atmosphere,respectively.
文摘Different mathematical models for ethylene furnace reactor tubes were reviewed. On the basis of these models a new mathematical simulation approach for reactor tubes based on computational fluid dynamics （CFD） technique was presented. This approach took the flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and thermal cracking reactions in the reactor tubes into consideration. The coupled reactor model was solved with the SIMPLE algorithm. Some detailed information about the flow field, temperature field and concentration distribution in the reactor tubes was obtained, revealing the basic characteristics of the hydrodynamic phenomena and reaction behavior in the reactor tubes. The CFD approach provides the necessary information for conclusive decisions regarding the production optimization, the design and improvement of reactor tubes, and the new techniques implementation.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB630904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21276004,20990224)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(21025627)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA061503)
文摘In our previous work, a low-shear stirred bioreactor was explored. With a pitched blade turbine impeller downflow(PBTD) used, the shear stress generated is high compared with that in some low shear axial flow impellers. KHX impeller is an efficient axial flow impeller, which provides large onflow diffusivity and low shear force. In this work, the KHX impeller was applied in a lower-shear bioreactor and the performance of this reactor was evaluated and compared with that of the PBTD impeller. The experimental results show that the KHX impeller can disperse gas at lower power consumption and gives greater gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficients than PBTD at the same power consumption. An empirical correlation for evaluating the mass transfer coefficient of the KHX impeller in the bioreactor is presented to provide reference for its industrial application.
文摘螺旋管蒸汽发生器是液态金属快堆中能量传递的核心设备,其运行的稳定性、安全性对核电站的运行有至关重要的影响。为此,本文构建了液态金属快堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器一次侧、二次侧耦合传热的三维数值模型,分别基于经济合作与发展组织核能署(The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,OECD/NEA)物性手册和美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)数据库建立液态金属和水-水蒸气变物性计算关联式,采用Lee相变模型计算二次侧水-水蒸气蒸发过程中两相间的质量传递。基于实验数据,分别对本文模型一次侧传热以及二次侧传热的计算可靠性进行了验证。最后以铅铋快堆为例,研究了不同一次侧进口参数下蒸汽发生器一、二次侧之间的耦合传热特性,并与传统水冷堆进行了对比。结果表明:在同等条件下,相比于传统水冷堆,一次侧采用铅铋液态金属时,一、二次侧之间的壁面热流密度明显提升,热流密度峰值可达1439.97 kW·m^(-2),比水冷堆相应数值提升5~6倍,这导致二次侧管内气相蒸发过程明显加剧,体积含气率急剧上升;同时,一、二次侧之间的沿程热流密度分布更加不均匀,沿程热流密度分布相对偏差值比水冷堆相应数值增大3~4倍。随着一次侧进口铅铋温度从350℃增大到450℃,一、二次侧之间的壁面热流密度随之增大,对应的热流密度峰值从950.7 kW·m^(-2)增大到1439.97 kW·m^(-2),提升约1.5倍,同时一、二次侧之间的沿程热流密度分布更加不均匀,不均匀度增大20%。
文摘为了探讨催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用来处理恶臭气体的效果,采用V2O5/γ-Al2O3催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用来处理了恶臭气体甲硫醚,并探讨了反应中催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体的协同性及工艺参数对降解反应的影响。实验结果表明:电晕放电具有改变催化剂气-固相吸附平衡、减少吸附容量的作用,处理恶臭气体时可通过添加催化剂吸附-气体浓缩环节来提高降解反应的能量利用率;催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用比单一脉冲放电等离子具有更高的甲硫醚去除率,同时催化剂的填充通过改变介电性及电场强度使反应获得更大的能量,催化剂颗粒表面发生的强烈放电促进了降解反应的进行;在一定电压范围内,通过提高峰值电压、增加气体停留时间可有效提高甲硫醚去除率;当峰值电压为22 k V、甲硫醚体积分数为315×10-6、体积流量为550 m L/min时,甲硫醚去除率可达84.12%。催化剂协同脉冲放电等离子体能够有效处理恶臭气体甲硫醚。
