AIM: To investigated the interaction between toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-activated hepatoma cells and macrophages in the induction of tumor-immune suppression mediated by CD4+CD25high family of transcription factor P3...AIM: To investigated the interaction between toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-activated hepatoma cells and macrophages in the induction of tumor-immune suppression mediated by CD4+CD25high family of transcription factor P3 (FOXP3) regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS: The proportion of FOXP3+ Tregs was identified in peripheral blood and tumor tissues of 60 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. TLR4 expression was examined in tumor tissues and cell lines. The correlation was examined between FOXP3+ Tregs in peripheral blood and TLR4 expression of HCC tissues. Following activation of TLR4 in H22 murine hepatoma cells pre-incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and co-cultured with macrophage cell line RAW246.7, the synthesis of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, CCL22, and interleukin (IL)-10 by the two cell lines was detected and analyzed. RESULTS: FOXP3+ Tregs were enriched in tumor sites, and circulating FOXP3+ Tregs were increased in HCC patients in correlation with multiple tumor foci and up-regulated TLR4 expression in HCC tissues. Semi-quantitative analysis indicated that TLR4 was over-expressed in HCC compared with the matched normal tissues. Cell cultivation experiments indicated that the mRNAs of IL-10 and CCL22 were significantly up-regulated in the RAW246.7 cell line when co-cultured with LPS preincubated H22 cells. CONCLUSION: In hepatoma cell lines, TLR4 may indirectly facilitate the recruitment of Tregs to the tumor site and promote intrahepatic metastasis through its interaction with macrophages.展开更多
According to the 2019 World Health Organization(WHO)classification,welldifferentiated grade 3(G3)gastroenteropancreatic(GEP)neuroendocrine tumors(NETs)are a new category of cancer of the digestive system.G3 GEP-NET re...According to the 2019 World Health Organization(WHO)classification,welldifferentiated grade 3(G3)gastroenteropancreatic(GEP)neuroendocrine tumors(NETs)are a new category of cancer of the digestive system.G3 GEP-NET research and treatment are not as robust as those of lower grade(G1/2)NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas(NECs).Previously,the management of high-grade NETs was mainly based on NEC therapies,as highgrade NETs were classified as NECs under the previous WHO classification.Despite this,G3 GEP-NETs are significantly less responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy regimens than NECs,due to their distinct molecular pathogenesis and course of pathological grade transition.Patients with advanced G3 GEPNETs,who have progressed or are intolerant to chemotherapy regimens such as capecitabine plus temozolomide,have limited treatment choices.Immunotherapy has helped patients with a variety of cancers attain long-term survival through the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Immunotherapies,either alone or in combination with other therapies,do not have a clear function in the treatment of G3 GEP-NETs.Currently,the majority of immunotherapy studies,both prospective and retrospective,do not reliably differentiate G3 GEP-NETs from NECs.By contrast,a significant number of studies include non-GEP neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs).Therefore,there is an urgent need to summarize and evaluate these data to provide more effective therapeutic approaches for patients with this rare tumor.The purpose of this mini-review was to screen and summarize information on G3 GEP-NETs from all studies on NENs immunotherapy.展开更多
目的通过构建转人4-1BBL-B7-H3基因肿瘤细胞株,探讨4-1BBL-B7-H3体外诱导抗肿瘤免疫的能力。方法通过脂质体法将真核表达载体pEGFP-4-1BBL-B7H3转染人口腔鳞癌Tca8113细胞,经G418筛选及有限稀释后获得稳定高表达克隆,用流式细胞仪分析表...目的通过构建转人4-1BBL-B7-H3基因肿瘤细胞株,探讨4-1BBL-B7-H3体外诱导抗肿瘤免疫的能力。方法通过脂质体法将真核表达载体pEGFP-4-1BBL-B7H3转染人口腔鳞癌Tca8113细胞,经G418筛选及有限稀释后获得稳定高表达克隆,用流式细胞仪分析表型,RT-PCR检测转染细胞中4-1BBL-B7-H3 m RNA的表达。用淋巴细胞分离液分离纯化人外周血T淋巴细胞,分别与转染4-1BBL、B7-H3、4-1BBL-B7-H3的Tca8113细胞混合培养。用CCK-8法检测细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)杀伤活性;ELISA法检测培养上清液中IFN-γ水平。结果转基因Tca8113细胞能够稳定高表达4-1BBL-B7-H3。与Tca8113细胞相比较,转染4-1BBL-B7-H3的Tca8113细胞能够显著增强T细胞增殖,促进IFN-γ分泌,并有效地诱导CTL产生对Tca8113细胞的特异性杀伤作用。结论转染人4-1BBL-B7-H3基因既能增强口腔鳞癌Tca8113细胞的免疫原性,亦能诱导T细胞产生有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答。展开更多
Interleukin(IL)-4 is a crucial cytokine in tumor immunology.In the initial murine experiments,IL-4 exhibited potent anti-tumor ability.Tumors genetically modified to produce IL-4 were rejected,while parental tumors gr...Interleukin(IL)-4 is a crucial cytokine in tumor immunology.In the initial murine experiments,IL-4 exhibited potent anti-tumor ability.Tumors genetically modified to produce IL-4 were rejected,while parental tumors grew progressively.Mice rejected IL-4-producing tumors got long-lasting anti-tumor immunity.The comparative study showed that IL-4 induced the most effective immune response among several cytokines in both prophylactic and therapeutic models.All of these indicate IL-4 has strong potential as a tumor therapy agent.However,contrary evidence indeed exists,and is becoming more and more abundant which shows IL-4 is a tumor-promoting molecule.IL-4 amounts are usually elevated in human cancer patients.IL-4 knockout mice are more resistant to tumor challenge than IL-4 competent mice.Furthermore,tumor cells of various histological origins often express increased levels of IL-4 receptor in comparison to their normal counterparts.By carefully examining presently available data,we found the effects of IL-4 in tumor immunity are closely related to its sources,expressing time and dose,as well as the molecular and cellular environments.In this mini-review,we concentrate on illustrating the paradoxical roles and underlying mechanisms of IL-4 in tumor immunity and try to understand how one molecule has opposite effects.展开更多
文摘AIM: To investigated the interaction between toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-activated hepatoma cells and macrophages in the induction of tumor-immune suppression mediated by CD4+CD25high family of transcription factor P3 (FOXP3) regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS: The proportion of FOXP3+ Tregs was identified in peripheral blood and tumor tissues of 60 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. TLR4 expression was examined in tumor tissues and cell lines. The correlation was examined between FOXP3+ Tregs in peripheral blood and TLR4 expression of HCC tissues. Following activation of TLR4 in H22 murine hepatoma cells pre-incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and co-cultured with macrophage cell line RAW246.7, the synthesis of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, CCL22, and interleukin (IL)-10 by the two cell lines was detected and analyzed. RESULTS: FOXP3+ Tregs were enriched in tumor sites, and circulating FOXP3+ Tregs were increased in HCC patients in correlation with multiple tumor foci and up-regulated TLR4 expression in HCC tissues. Semi-quantitative analysis indicated that TLR4 was over-expressed in HCC compared with the matched normal tissues. Cell cultivation experiments indicated that the mRNAs of IL-10 and CCL22 were significantly up-regulated in the RAW246.7 cell line when co-cultured with LPS preincubated H22 cells. CONCLUSION: In hepatoma cell lines, TLR4 may indirectly facilitate the recruitment of Tregs to the tumor site and promote intrahepatic metastasis through its interaction with macrophages.
文摘According to the 2019 World Health Organization(WHO)classification,welldifferentiated grade 3(G3)gastroenteropancreatic(GEP)neuroendocrine tumors(NETs)are a new category of cancer of the digestive system.G3 GEP-NET research and treatment are not as robust as those of lower grade(G1/2)NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas(NECs).Previously,the management of high-grade NETs was mainly based on NEC therapies,as highgrade NETs were classified as NECs under the previous WHO classification.Despite this,G3 GEP-NETs are significantly less responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy regimens than NECs,due to their distinct molecular pathogenesis and course of pathological grade transition.Patients with advanced G3 GEPNETs,who have progressed or are intolerant to chemotherapy regimens such as capecitabine plus temozolomide,have limited treatment choices.Immunotherapy has helped patients with a variety of cancers attain long-term survival through the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Immunotherapies,either alone or in combination with other therapies,do not have a clear function in the treatment of G3 GEP-NETs.Currently,the majority of immunotherapy studies,both prospective and retrospective,do not reliably differentiate G3 GEP-NETs from NECs.By contrast,a significant number of studies include non-GEP neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs).Therefore,there is an urgent need to summarize and evaluate these data to provide more effective therapeutic approaches for patients with this rare tumor.The purpose of this mini-review was to screen and summarize information on G3 GEP-NETs from all studies on NENs immunotherapy.
文摘目的通过构建转人4-1BBL-B7-H3基因肿瘤细胞株,探讨4-1BBL-B7-H3体外诱导抗肿瘤免疫的能力。方法通过脂质体法将真核表达载体pEGFP-4-1BBL-B7H3转染人口腔鳞癌Tca8113细胞,经G418筛选及有限稀释后获得稳定高表达克隆,用流式细胞仪分析表型,RT-PCR检测转染细胞中4-1BBL-B7-H3 m RNA的表达。用淋巴细胞分离液分离纯化人外周血T淋巴细胞,分别与转染4-1BBL、B7-H3、4-1BBL-B7-H3的Tca8113细胞混合培养。用CCK-8法检测细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)杀伤活性;ELISA法检测培养上清液中IFN-γ水平。结果转基因Tca8113细胞能够稳定高表达4-1BBL-B7-H3。与Tca8113细胞相比较,转染4-1BBL-B7-H3的Tca8113细胞能够显著增强T细胞增殖,促进IFN-γ分泌,并有效地诱导CTL产生对Tca8113细胞的特异性杀伤作用。结论转染人4-1BBL-B7-H3基因既能增强口腔鳞癌Tca8113细胞的免疫原性,亦能诱导T细胞产生有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答。
基金This work was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-YW-R-42)National Natural Science Foundation of China(30771972 and 30700287)+1 种基金Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2006CB504304,2006CB910901,and 2009CB918900)Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT)of Japan.
文摘Interleukin(IL)-4 is a crucial cytokine in tumor immunology.In the initial murine experiments,IL-4 exhibited potent anti-tumor ability.Tumors genetically modified to produce IL-4 were rejected,while parental tumors grew progressively.Mice rejected IL-4-producing tumors got long-lasting anti-tumor immunity.The comparative study showed that IL-4 induced the most effective immune response among several cytokines in both prophylactic and therapeutic models.All of these indicate IL-4 has strong potential as a tumor therapy agent.However,contrary evidence indeed exists,and is becoming more and more abundant which shows IL-4 is a tumor-promoting molecule.IL-4 amounts are usually elevated in human cancer patients.IL-4 knockout mice are more resistant to tumor challenge than IL-4 competent mice.Furthermore,tumor cells of various histological origins often express increased levels of IL-4 receptor in comparison to their normal counterparts.By carefully examining presently available data,we found the effects of IL-4 in tumor immunity are closely related to its sources,expressing time and dose,as well as the molecular and cellular environments.In this mini-review,we concentrate on illustrating the paradoxical roles and underlying mechanisms of IL-4 in tumor immunity and try to understand how one molecule has opposite effects.
