DNA Damage-driven Inflammatory Cytokines:Reprogramming of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Application of Oncotherapy

DNA damage occurs across tumorigenesis and tumor development.Tumor intrinsic DNA damage can not only increase the risk of mutations responsible for tumor generation but also initiate a cellular stress response to orchestrate the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME)and dominate tumor progression.Accumulating evidence documents that multiple signaling pathways,including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes(cGAS-STING)and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein(ATM/ATR),are activated downstream of DNA damage and they are associated with the secretion of diverse cytokines.These cytokines possess multifaced functions in the anti-tumor immune response.Thus,it is necessary to deeply interpret the complex TIME reshaped by damaged DNA and tumor-derived cytokines,critical for the development of effective tumor therapies.This manuscript comprehensively reviews the relationship between the DNA damage response and related cytokines in tumors and depicts the dual immunoregulatory roles of these cytokines.We also summarize clinical trials targeting signaling pathways and cytokines associated with DNA damage and provide future perspectives on emerging technologies.

Calculus bovis inhibits M2 tumor-associated macrophage polarization via Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation to suppress liver cancer

BACKGROUND Calculus bovis(CB),used in traditional Chinese medicine,exhibits anti-tumor effects in various cancer models.It also constitutes an integral component of a compound formulation known as Pien Tze Huang,which is indicated for the treatment of liver cancer.However,its impact on the liver cancer tumor microenvironment,particularly on tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),is not well understood.AIM To elucidate the anti-liver cancer effect of CB by inhibiting M2-TAM polarization via Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation.METHODS This study identified the active components of CB using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS,evaluated its anti-neoplastic effects in a nude mouse model,and elucidated the underlying mechanisms via network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking.In vitro assays were used to investigate the effects of CB-containing serum on HepG2 cells and M2-TAMs,and Wnt pathway modulation was validated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.RESULTS This study identified 22 active components in CB,11 of which were detected in the bloodstream.Preclinical investigations have demonstrated the ability of CB to effectively inhibit liver tumor growth.An integrated approach employing network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking implicated the Wnt signaling pathway as a target of the antineoplastic activity of CB by suppressing M2-TAM polarization.In vitro and in vivo experiments further confirmed that CB significantly hinders M2-TAM polarization and suppresses Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation.The inhibitory effect of CB on M2-TAMs was reversed when treated with the Wnt agonist SKL2001,confirming its pathway specificity.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CB mediates inhibition of M2-TAM polarization through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,contributing to the suppression of liver cancer growth.

Inflammatory/immune-suppressive microenvironment characteristics of pancreatic cancer patients with Shi-Re syndrome identified by extracellular vesicle long RNA profiling

Background:Numerous long RNAs were detected in extracellular vesicles(EVs),some of which were related with the tissue origins and immune cell types.This study examined the molecular basis of different traditional Chinese medicine syndrome diagnoses(also called syndrome differentiation)in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Methods:128 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with different syndrome diagnoses were retrospectively reviewed in this study.Long RNA sequencing was conducted to analyze the EV long RNA profile of plasma samples.Differentially regulated EV long RNAs were annotated and assessed for Gene Ontology pathway enrichment using DAVID.The online program xCell were used to perform the cell-type enrichment analysis.Results:An average of 15,000 annotated genes,mainly including messenger RNAs,were stably detected per sample.Different syndrome diagnoses exhibited unique EV mRNA expression profiles and therefore different enriched pathways.Gene Set Enrichment Analysis discovered transforming growth factor-βand kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog signaling activation as the hallmarks of cancer with Shi-Re syndrome.Cell-type enrichment analysis also revealed a varied inflammation/immune cell type distribution among patients with or without Shi-Re diagnosis.Mast cells,platelets and Tregs were significantly enriched but basophils,common lymphoid progenitors,dendritic cells,and conventional dendritic cells were decreased in patients with Shi-Re diagnosis compared with patients without Shi-Re diagnosis.Conclusion:We identified the hallmarks of cancer with different syndrome diagnoses based on plasma EV long RNA sequencing.In particular,transforming growth factor-βand kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog signaling activation were the hallmarks of Shi-Re syndrome,which contribute to shape an inflammatory/immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying obesity in remodeling the breast tumor immune microenvironment:from the perspective of inflammation

Obesity is a well-known modifiable risk factor for breast cancer and is considered a poor prognostic factor in pre-and post-menopausal women.While the systemic effects of obesity have been extensively studied,less is known about the mechanisms underlying obesityassociated cancer risk and the local consequences of obesity.Thus,obesity-induced inflammation has become the focus of research interest.Biologically,the development of cancer involves a complex interaction with numerous components.As the tumor immune microenvironment changes due to obesity-triggered inflammation,an increase in infiltration occurs for proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines,as well as adipocytes,immune cells,and tumor cells in the expanded adipose tissue.Complicated cellular-molecular crosstalk networks change critical pathways,mediate metabolic and immune function reprogramming,and have a significant role in tumor metastasis,proliferation,resistance,angiogenesis,and tumorigenesis.This review summarizes recent research findings on how inflammatory mediators in the in situ tumor microenvironment regulate the occurrence and development of breast cancer in the context of obesity.We analyzed the heterogeneity and potential mechanisms of the breast cancer immune microenvironment from the perspective of inflammation to provide a reference for the clinical transformation of precision targeted cancer therapy.

Fu-Zheng-Yi-Liu Formula inhibits the stem cells and metastasis of prostate cancer via tumor-associated macrophages/C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 pathway in tumor microenvironment

Prostate cancer(PCa)is the second most common malignancy among men globally.The Fu-Zheng-Yi-Liu(FZYL)Formula has been widely utilized in the treatment of PCa.This study investigates whether the FZYL Formula can inhibit PCa by tar-geting the TAMs/CCL5 pathway.We conducted in vitro co-cultures and in vivo co-injections of PCa cells and TAMs to mimic their in-teraction.Results showed that the FZYL Formula significantly reduced the proliferation,colony formation,subpopulations of PCSCs,and sphere-formation efficacy of PCa cells,even in the presence of TAM co-culture.Additionally,the Formula markedly decreased the migration,invasion,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of PCa cells induced by TAMs.The FZYL Formula also reversed M2 phenotype polarization in TAMs and dose-dependently reduced their CCL5 expression and secretion,with minimal cytotoxicity observed.Mechanistic studies confirmed that the TAMs/CCL5 axis is a critical target of the FZYL Formula,as the addition of exogen-ous CCL5 partially reversed the formula’s inhibitory effects on PCSCs self-renewal in the co-culture system.Importantly,the Formula also significantly inhibited the growth of PCa xenografts,bone metastasis,and PCSCs activity in vivo by targeting the TAMs/CCL5 pathway.Overall,this study not only elucidates the immunomodulatory mechanism of the FZYL Formula in PCa therapy but also highlights the TAMs/CCL5 axis as a promising therapeutic target.

Research progress of heat-clearing and dampness-removing method to improve the inflammatory microenvironment of gout

Gout is a metabolic bone and joint disease caused by purine metabolism disorder.The disturbance of inflammatory microenvironment caused by monosodium urate(MSU)deposition is an important pathological mechanism of gout occurrence and development.In the understanding of Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the interaction of"dampness","heat"and"stasis"is the main pathogenesis of gout,and the method of clearing heat and removing dampness is the main treatment method of TCM for gout.In recent years,studies have found that heat-clearing and dampness-removing method can improve the TCM symptom score of gout patients,especially in the body tiredness,dry mouth and dry throat,short yellow urine,thirsty,etc.,which are the characteristics of dampness and heat syndrome,this may be related to the fact that the TCM heat-clearing and dampness-removing method in the treatment of gout removes the appearance of dampness and heat,improves the inflammatory microenvironment of gout and restores the normal metabolic function of human body.This paper deeply explores the specific mechanism of TCM heat-clearing and dampness-removing method to improve the inflammatory microenvironment of gout,which can provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical gout.

M2-type macrophage membrane-mediated delivery of Carvedilol nanocomplex for acute liver failure treatment and remodeling inflammatory microenvironment

Interactions of hepatic macrophages with local inflammatory microenvironment is the key factor promoting the development of acute liver failure(ALF).Hence,reprogramming pro-inflammatory M1 into anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype may offer a promising strategy for treating ALF by targeting inflammation.Our group found Carvedilol possessed potential anti-inflammatory property previously,which had been scarcely reported in ALF.We present a synergy strategy to induce macrophages into the phenotype M2-type anti-inflammatory macrophages with interleukin-4(IL-4)and IL-10 at first.Then Carvedilol is loaded on the macrophage membrane-camouflaged biomimetic nano-platform(termed as M2M@CNP)to evade reticuloendothelial system(RES)and afford Carvedilol delivery to the inflammatory environment with overproduced reactive oxygen species(ROS),further prolonging its circulation and accumulation.Sustainably released Carvedilol produced anti-inflammatory,antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effects,combining local M2-type cell membranes(M2-CM)inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS levels,which in turn promoted and amplified M1 to M2 phenotype polarization efficiency.This study offers new insights into the rational design of biomimetic nanosystems for safe and effective ALF therapy to accelerate the clinical translation.

Dental mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in different microenvironments— implications in regenerative therapy

Current research data reveal microenvironment as a significant modifier of physical functions,pathologic changes,as well as the therapeutic effects of stem cells.When comparing regeneration potential of various stem cell types used for cytotherapy and tissue engineering,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are currently the most attractive cell source for bone and tooth regeneration due to their differentiation and immunomodulatory potential and lack of ethical issues associated with their use.The microenvironment of donors and recipients selected in cytotherapy plays a crucial role in regenerative potential of transplanted MSCs,indicating interactions of cells with their microenvironment indispensable in MSC-mediated bone and dental regeneration.Since a variety of MSC populations have been procured from different parts of the tooth and tooth-supporting tissues,MSCs of dental origin and their achievements in capacity to reconstitute various dental tissues have gained attention of many research groups over the years.This review discusses recent advances in comparative analyses of dental MSC regeneration potential with regards to their tissue origin and specific microenvironmental conditions,giving additional insight into the current clinical application of these cells.

Progress of tumor-associated macrophages in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a kind of highly aggressive malignant tumor of the digestive system.The treatment of local tumors is mainly surgical resection,but the indications are too harsh.For advanced pancreatic cancer,chemotherapy is the standard treatment,but patients have severe side effects and develop drug resistance.Tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer are the most abundant immune cells and play a very important role in tumor development and chemoresistance.Antitumor-associated macrophage therapy has shown some therapeutic potential.Therefore,this article reviews the mechanism of tumor-associated macrophages in pancreatic cancer and the progress of tumor-associated macrophage targeted therapy.

Bioinformatic analysis and in vivo validation of angiogenesis related genes in inflammatory bowel disease

Angiogenesis plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The aim of this study is to explore potential angiogenesis related genes(ARGs)in IBD through bioinformatics analysis and in vivo experiments.Methods:GSE57945,GSE87466,and GSE36807 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.GSE57945 was used as the training set,while GSE87466 and GSE36807 were used as the validation set.The key ARGs associated with IBD were identified using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)and random forest methods.These identified ARGs were then utilized to construct a diagnostic model for IBD.The Single-Sample Genome Enrichment Analysis,Cibersort,and Xcell methods were used to evaluate the immune infiltration.Expression of amyloid beta precursor protein(APP)was verified in the IBD mouse model induced by dextran sulfate sodium using immunohistochemistry(IHC).Results:The receiver operating curve area of GSE57945 was 0.948.Two distinct clusters were identified using consensus clustering and non-negative matrix factorization clustering.Subsequent analyses revealed significant differences in immune levels and functional enrichment between the two clusters.The successful construction of the animal model for the IBD was evident by hematoxylin and eosin staining,while IHC results showed a high expression of APP in IBD and a low expression in normal tissues.Conclusion:Our findings provide new insights into the diagnosis of IBD by ARGs,and APP could be a potential novel biomarker for IBD and promising therapeutic targets.

益气活血解毒法促进卵巢癌由“冷”向“热”转化基于免疫-炎性微环境的理论探讨分析

卵巢癌是致死率高居首位的妇科恶性肿瘤,探索有效的治疗方法预防转移成为亟待解决的临床难题。免疫治疗是肿瘤治疗的新视野,然而卵巢癌由于普遍缺乏细胞毒性T细胞的浸润,并且浸润的T细胞并不能识别所有的肿瘤抗原,属于“冷肿瘤”范畴,对免疫治疗并不敏感。中医认为气虚血瘀毒浊是卵巢癌的关键病机,益气活血解毒法是重要治法,有必要在理论研究上进一步阐明。免疫抑制和慢性炎症构成肿瘤微环境两大核心特征,共同促进肿瘤发生、发展及转移。本文分析了免疫-炎性微环境与中医“阴阳”“毒邪”理论的高度契合性:阳化气不足,如同正性免疫细胞如细胞毒性T细胞不足;阴成形太过,一方面,如同过多的免疫抑制性细胞、因子、代谢产物浸润,另一方面,如同人体的因虚致毒,维持并放大了炎性微环境,炎症促进肿瘤进展,炎症反过来又可促进免疫抑制。从免疫-炎症的角度阐明该法的治疗思路:“温阳扶正,平衡阴阳”以激活正性免疫;“活血、化痰、散寒、清热”以驱散阴邪,解化毒滞,从而缓解免疫抑制,调控炎性微环境;“以毒攻毒”以抗炎治疗,完善了该法转化“冷”“热”免疫原性的理论基础,为进一步物质研究提供理论依据。

结直肠癌炎症微环境及中药治疗的研究进展

结直肠癌是常见的胃肠道肿瘤,发病过程常伴随着炎症反应。炎症的持续为肿瘤生长提供适宜环境,免疫细胞、炎性因子、基质细胞和细胞外基质等组成炎症微环境,导致免疫应答与免疫抑制失衡,肿瘤细胞无限增殖,细胞凋亡被抑制,新生血管增加。炎性通路相关的STAT3和NF-κB信号分子,炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6,这些关键分子相互作用,与肿瘤的侵袭和转移密切相关。靶向介导炎症的关键细胞和因子成为肿瘤新的治疗策略。中药具有多组分多靶点的特征,多种临床常用中药复方的分子机制表现为调节微环境炎性因子水平,抑制促肿瘤的信号通路转导,缓解肠黏膜炎性损伤,改善机体免疫功能。本研究通过对炎症微环境及中药抗癌机制的分析,以期为结直肠癌中药治疗思路提供参考。

基于“伏邪理论”探讨CAC发病中TAMs/MUC1介导的结肠炎性微环境形成机制

炎性微环境在结肠“炎-癌”转化的过程中发挥着关键作用,其介导的结肠“炎-癌”转化过程与中医“伏邪理论”具有相似性。本文基于“伏邪理论”探讨了肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs)与黏蛋白1(MUC1)之间的交互关系介导的结肠炎性微环境形成机制,认为异常表达的MUC1可作为“伏痰”的研究指标,进一步提出在临床早期治疗结肠炎相关结直肠癌(CAC)时,应以扶正透邪为基本原则,灵活运用健脾化痰、调气化痰、清温消痰、活血解毒化痰等治法,以有效干预结肠炎的恶性转化。

从中医病机探析肺癌肿瘤微环境

肺癌是当今世界发病率和死亡率一直居高不下的恶性肿瘤,严重威胁着人民的生命健康。现代医学对肺癌的治疗基本经历了3场变革——传统的放化疗、精准靶向治疗、免疫治疗。其中免疫治疗主要通过适应性免疫系统来监视并杀伤肿瘤细胞,当下热门的嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法正是通过增强T细胞靶向杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力,达到抗癌的目的。而免疫细胞是肿瘤微环境(TME)的一部分,可见,干预TME已然成为攻克癌症的着眼点。根据中医取类比象思维推测肺癌TME,并将其病机归纳为:免疫逃逸类似营卫失和、肺卫不固;缺氧微环境类似肺脾肾气虚;酸性微环境类似痰湿阻肺;炎性微环境类似痰瘀癌毒积聚。提示以肺癌TME与中医病机契合点为指导,为中医药治疗肺癌提供遣方用药的参考依据。

加味柴胡桂姜汤介导乳腺癌细胞黏附分子PSGL-1改善炎症-黏附-转移作用研究

目的研究炎症微环境下黏附分子PSGL-1异常表达对乳腺癌细胞增殖、黏附、侵袭及迁移能力的影响及加味柴胡桂姜汤干预作用机制。方法制备加味柴胡桂姜汤含药血清,选择高转移乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞株,筛选药物最佳浓度;运用脂多糖刺激乳腺癌细胞形成炎症微环境模型,将细胞分为空白对照组、LPS模型组、顺铂组、PSGL-1中和抗体组、加味柴胡桂姜汤组、加味柴胡桂姜汤与PSGL-1中和抗体联合组,采用CCK-8法、明胶黏附、Transwell及细胞划痕实验检测细胞增殖、黏附、侵袭和迁移能力;qRT-PCR和Western blot实验检测PSGL-1与其受体及Vimentin等EMT相关基因表达。结果LPS刺激乳腺癌细胞后细胞生物学行为改变,黏附分子及EMT基因表达增加,加味柴胡桂姜汤、PSGL-1中和抗体均能抑制LPS诱导的增强作用,联合组较加味柴胡桂姜汤组抑制作用降低。结论炎症微环境下肿瘤细胞侵袭及迁移能力增强,加味柴胡桂姜汤能够靶向调控PSGL-1抑制乳腺癌细胞侵袭及迁移。

运动预处理联合骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗大鼠心肌梗死

背景:干细胞疗法在改善心肌梗死后心脏重构方面具有广阔前景,但心肌微环境改变影响干细胞疗效。运动预处理类似于缺血预处理,能够对心肌产生保护作用。然而,运动预处理与干细胞移植联合作用的效果与机制鲜有关注。目的:观察运动预处理对心肌梗死大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞移植效果的影响,探讨局部炎症微环境在其中的作用机制。方法:80只雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、移植组和联合组,每组20只。利用结扎冠状动脉左前降支的方法制作心肌梗死大鼠模型,假手术组仅穿线不结扎。移植组和联合组造模后于心肌内注射雄性大鼠来源骨髓间充质干细胞,此外,联合组在造模前还需进行8周跑台运动(即运动预处理)。干细胞移植后4周,采用递增负荷运动力竭实验测定运动能力,超声心动术测定心脏结构与功能,压力容积导管法检测左心室血液动力学,原位染色法进行心肌组织病理学观察并获取心肌胶原容积分数。干细胞移植后1,7 d和4周,采用定量反转录聚合酶链反应检测左心室促炎症因子(白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α)、抗炎症因子(白细胞介素10)、Y染色体性别决定区和胚胎基因(心房钠尿肽、脑钠肽、β-肌球蛋白重链)m RNA表达量。结果与结论:(1)干细胞移植后4周:与假手术组比较,模型组运动能力、左心室射血分数降低(P <0.05);心肌梗死面积、心肌细胞横截面积、胶原容积分数增加(P <0.05);胚胎基因以及促炎因子m RNA表达量上调(P <0.05),白细胞介素10 m RNA表达量下调(P <0.05)。与模型组比较,移植组运动能力、左心室射血分数增加(P <0.05);心肌梗死面积、心肌细胞横截面积、胶原容积分数下降(P <0.05);胚胎基因以及促炎因子m RNA表达量下调(P <0.05),白细胞介素10 m RNA表达量无显著性变化(P> 0.05)。与移植组比较,联合组上述各指标均进一步改善(P<0.05)。(2)干细胞移植后1,7d:与移植组比较,联合组Y染色体性别决定区m RNA表达量升高(P<0.05)。(3)相关分析显示,白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6(除移植后1 d)、肿瘤坏死因子α与Y染色体性别决定区m RNA表达量呈负相关(P <0.05),白细胞介素10与Y染色体性别决定区m RNA表达量呈正相关(P <0.05)。结果表明:运动预处理能够增强骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗心肌梗死大鼠的效果,表现为心脏重构得到抑制、心功能进一步提升,其机制与心肌炎症微环境改善促进骨髓间充质干细胞滞留和存活有关。

基于调控巨噬细胞探讨中医药通过改善炎症微环境促糖尿病溃疡愈合的机制

糖尿病创面患者常伴随周围血管病变及周围神经病变,溃疡创面长期处于高糖及缺血微环境,导致创面局部呈现持续慢性炎症反应状态、迁延不愈伴随巨噬细胞M1/M2极化失衡。基于现有证据,从巨噬细胞功能切入,系统综述多种中药复方、中药单体及其核心活性成分促糖尿病创面愈合的潜在机制后指出,常见中药活性成分及复方如姜黄素、丹参酮Ⅱ、金盏花苷E、八宝丹、生脉饮等,均可通过NF-κB、Notch等多种信号通路调节巨噬细胞极化状态、改善糖尿病性周围血管病变、减少巨噬细胞浸润、调控炎症微环境,来改善代谢异常的慢性炎症创面。因此充分利用中药针对巨噬细胞的调控机制作为糖尿病创面患者炎症状态的新型治疗靶点,有望改善患者预后并为相关科研设计及中药新药研发提供新思路。

基于单细胞测序和芯片数据分析强直性脊柱炎合并克罗恩病的肠黏膜免疫浸润和炎症微环境

目的解析强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)患者合并克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD)的肠黏膜及外周血炎症微环境中免疫细胞浸润特征、炎症相关信号通路的活化情况。方法对基因表达综合数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)中包含CD的AS患者肠黏膜芯片数据进行CIBERSORT反卷积免疫细胞浸润及基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA),探索炎症免疫细胞浸润及通路活化情况,同时对AS合并CD的肠黏膜及外周血的单细胞测序数据集进行细胞亚群T细胞亚群比例比较以及进行炎症相关信号通路的活化情况验证。结果利用CIBERSORT算法计算芯片样本中不同免疫细胞亚型的百分比,发现AS肠道黏膜组织中CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞的含量随着疾病的发展而增加,从无肠炎到亚临床肠炎再到肠炎时,CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞的含量逐渐增加。对肠黏膜及外周血的淋巴细胞进行单细胞亚群提取并进行炎症相关通路基因集活性打分,发现CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞在肠黏膜中TNFA-SIGNALING-VIA-NFKB、INTERFERON-GAMMA-RESPONSE、INFLAMMATORY-RESPONSE在AS合并CD分组中较AS组的通路活性明显升高,但IL17-SIGNALING-PATHWAY无明显激活;而在外周血中,CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞的TNFA-SIGNALING-VIA-NFKB、INTERFERON-GAMMA-RESPONSE、INFLAMMATORY-RESPONSE、IL17-SIGNALING-PATHWAY的通路活性则表现为AS合并CD组比AS组明显升高。单细胞测序中CD8^(+)T细胞在AS合并CD患者外周血中比例增高。结论AS合并CD患者肠黏膜中TNF-α、IFN-γ相关的炎症信号通路明显激活,外周血CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞比例增高,可作为判断AS合并肠炎的参考指标。

成骨诱导人牙周膜干细胞来源外泌体促进炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化

背景:成骨诱导间充质干细胞来源外泌体具有较强的成骨分化能力,但是在炎症微环境下对人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化的影响尚不明确。目的:探究成骨诱导人牙周膜干细胞来源外泌体在炎症微环境下对人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化的影响。方法:收集离体牙并分离培养人牙周膜干细胞,成骨诱导3 d后提取外泌体。将人牙周膜干细胞分为4组:对照组加入成骨诱导培养基,外泌体组加入含5μg/mL外泌体的成骨诱导培养基,炎症模型和炎症模型+外泌体组以1μg/mL脂多糖处理24 h构建细胞炎症微环境,炎症模型组在脂多糖处理后加入成骨诱导培养基,炎症模型+外泌体组在脂多糖处理后加入含5μg/mL外泌体的成骨诱导培养基。通过茜素红以及碱性磷酸酶染色法检测各组人牙周膜干细胞的成骨分化能力;实时荧光定量PCR与免疫印迹法检测各组人牙周膜干细胞中Runt相关转录因子2、骨桥蛋白、成骨细胞特异性转录因子Osterix(OSX)和wnt通路相关蛋白β-catenin的表达。结果与结论:(1)与对照组相比,炎症模型组碱性磷酸酶染色相对面积、矿化结节染色相对面积以及Runt相关转录因子2、骨桥蛋白、OSX的表达量显著降低(P <0.05);(2)与炎症模型组相比,炎症模型+外泌体组碱性磷酸酶染色相对面积、矿化结节染色相对面积以及Runt相关转录因子2、骨桥蛋白、OSX的表达显著升高(P <0.05);(3)与对照组相比,炎症模型组wnt通路相关蛋白β-catenin表达量显著增加(P <0.05);与炎症模型组相比,炎症模型+外泌体组β-catenin表达量显著降低(P <0.05)。结果表明,成骨诱导人牙周膜干细胞来源外泌体可促进炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞的成骨分化,其作用机制可能与wnt/β-catenin信号通路有关。

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ通过调节炎症治疗肿瘤的研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是一组核受体和配体激活的细胞内转录因子,在细胞代谢、增殖、分化、组织重塑、炎症和动脉粥样硬化等生理过程中发挥着关键作用。PPARs还充当着肿瘤抑制因子的角色。PPAR-γ是PPAR家族中最著名的一种,可在结肠癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、肺癌和前列腺癌中高表达。PPAR-γ的配体通过PPAR-γ依赖性和独立途径发挥作用,还能调节全身炎症和肿瘤微环境中的不同炎症介质和转录因子。通过激活PPAR-γ的合成配体和天然配体都能通过调节炎症途径抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和繁殖。恶性肿瘤和炎症是相互关联的过程,可通过降低癌细胞带来的风险和负担来抑制肿瘤。因此,PPAR-γ可以作为一个有前途的靶点,用于开发抑制癌细胞增殖的临床药物分子。本文旨在综述强调PPAR-γ作为药物开发的潜在靶点,旨在抗炎从而抑制肿瘤的研究进展。