Tupu methods of spatial-temporal pattern on land use change:a case study in the Yellow River Delta

Comprehensive study on land-use change of spatial pattern and temporal process is the key component in LUCC study nowadays. Based on the theories and methods of Geo-information Tupu (Carto-methodology in Geo-information, CMGI), integration of spatial pattern and temporal processes of land-use change in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) are studied in the paper, which is supported by ERDAS and ARC/INFO software. The main contents include: (1) concept models of Tupu by spatial-temporal integration on land-use change, whose Tupu unit is synthesized by "Spatial·Attribute·Process" features and composed of relatively homogeneous geographical unit and temporal unit; (2) data sources and handling process, where four stages of spatial features in 1956, 1984, 1991, and 1996 are acquired; (3) integration of series of temporal-spatial Tupu, reconstruction series of "Arising" Tupu, spatial-temporal Process Tupu and the spatial temporal Pattern Tupu on land-use change by remap tables; (4) Pattern Tupu analysis on land-use change in YRD during 1956-1996; and (5) spatial difference of the Pattern Tupu analysis by dynamic Tupu units. The various landform units and seven sub-deltas generated by the Yellow River since 1855 are different. The Tupu analysis on land-use in the paper is a promising try on the comprehensive research of "spatial pattern of dynamic process" and "temporal process of spatial pattern" in LUCC research. The Tupu methodology would be a powerful and efficient tool on integrated studies of spatial pattern and temporal process in Geo-science.

Geo-information Tupu Analysis of Land Use Change in Haihe River Basin

[Objective] This study was to provide basis for the scientific management of land use in Haihe River Basin （HRB） through the quantitative exploration of the land use conversion, changes of intensity and spatial distribution in this region. [Method] With the support of remote sensing technology and geographic information technology, the land use maps of the study area in 40 years （1970-2010） were in- terpreted and plotted. Four kinds of tupu, namely, land use change tupu, process tupu, arising tupu and evolution mode tupu were built through the spatial overlay of the land use maps to analyze the change rules of land use patterns. [Result] The conversion of arable land to construction land was the main characteristics of land use changes in HRB for the 40 years; the area of non-stable region accounted for 35% of the total, indicating that the land use changed remarkably, thus, it was nec- essary to strengthen the scientific land management in HRB; the new conversions to all land use patterns were all the lowest in 1980-1990, indicating that land use changed slowly during this period. [Conclusion] The results indicate that, compared with conventional transfer matrix method, geo-information tupu has obvious advantage in analyzing land use changes that it can demonstrate the spatial distribution of interest region, display the multi-dimensional spatial information.

Eco-environmental spatial characteristics of Fildes Peninsula based on TuPu models

This study applies a TuPu analysis to investigate ecological and environmental aspects of an Antarctic ice-free area, using Fildes Peninsula as an example. The TuPu unit was determined using a vector-grid mixed data model. Information from the eco-environment elements was effectively extracted, and was generalized into different classes by means of data mining technol- ogy. A series of single-factor thematic information TuPu models, such as topography, soil, animal and vegetation, and human activities for Fildes Peninsula were built in this study. The topography TuPu model contained information on elevation and slope. The soil TuPu model involved soil development stages and soil thickness information. The animal and vegetation TuPu model contained the distribution of animals, plant types, lichen cover and lichen height. The human activities TuPu model included popu- lation density and human disturbance index information. The landscape comprehensive information TuPu model of Fildes Penin- sula also was established, and contains twenty-nine landscape units and twelve types of combined environments. The study quan- titatively revealed the spatial morphology and correlation of the regional eco-environment based on the analysis of these TuPu models. From these models, we can draw the conclusion that there is a regular differentiation of eco-environment from the coastal bands to the central hills in Fildes Peninsula, and that the eco-environment condition of the eastern coasts is different from that of the western coasts. The eco-environmental spatial variation also differs greatly from north to south. Based on analysis of spatial correlation, the vegetation in Fildes Peninsula has the greatest correlation with human activity, and has a certain correlation with topography and soil. This research may provide a new technical approach and scientific basis for the in-depth study of Antarctic eco-environments.

Dynamic Change Analysis of Urban Green Land in Jinan City Based RS and Geo-information Tupu

The three-period (1995, 1998 and 2003) remote sensing images in Jinan City, China are selected. And the information of green land, construction land, woodland and water body is extracted by using the image processing module of remote-sensing software and computerized interpretation module. Both the change table and transfer matrix table of land use area are analyzed by modeling module of remote-sensing software. Then, the Geo-information Tupu is obtained; and the temporal and spatial variation of land use in Jinan City is monitored and analyzed by Geo-information Tupu and transfer matrix. Result shows that land use structure change of Jinan City in the years 1995-1998 shows a transformation from green land to construction land. Area of green land circulating into construction land reaches 62.27 square kilometers, accounting for 25.84% of the initial green land. In the year 1998, areas of woodland and green land are reduced due to the urban expansion of Jinan City. However, with the enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, areas of woodland and green land gradually increase in the year 2003, which are still less than those in the year 1995.

A GIS-based Tupu Analysis of Dynamics of Saline-alkali Land in Western Jilin Province

Based on Tupu theory, this paper studied the dynamic changes, conversion modes, expansion intensity and landscape attributes of the saline-alkali lands in Changling County, Zhenlai County and Da'an City of the western Jilin Province in 1980-2000 with the help of GIS. The results show that the saline-alkali land rather sharply increased in Da'an during 1995-2000; the main conversion processes in the three counties were from grassland to saline-alkali land and from saline-alkali land to grassland; and the typical shapes, spatial expansion speed and mode, and landscape attributes of the saline-alkali land were different in the three counties, which were closely related to local topography, predominant wind orientation, water resources distribution, etc. The corresponding spatial expansion mode was marginality in Changling, random in Zhenlai and more kernels in Da'an, respectively. Landscape attributes also responded to the spatial-temporal dynamic changes of the saline-alkali land and the landscape indices of Da'an fluctuated greatly. The frame of this research may provide fundamental reference for landscape analysis and give some suggestions for regional sustainable development.

基于地学信息图谱的科西河流域滑坡空间分异研究

以科西河流域滑坡为例,对滑坡信息图谱的概念和内容进行研究,归纳滑坡信息图谱由条件图谱、编目图谱、风险分布图谱和风险管理图谱组成,提出滑坡信息图谱按表达内容和功能的分类方法。基于滑坡条件图谱与编目图谱,采用空间统计的方法,揭示了研究区滑坡垂直向和纬度向分布与演化的空间分异规律:滑坡在垂直向200~1 000 m的高程段内为数量高密度区,400~1 200 m和2 800~3 600 m高程段面积比例大,北纬26°42′00″N~26°48′00″N为数量高密度区,26°42′00″N~26°48′00″N和27°24′00″N~27°30′00″N滑坡面积比例较大;相比1992年滑坡,新增滑坡在垂直向200~1 000 m和2 800~3 600 m高程段数量密度高,在3 200~3 400 m高程段面积比例较大,北纬26°48′00″N~26°54′00″N和27°48′00″N~27°54′00″N为高数量密度区,27°24′00″N~27°42′00″N为高面积比例区。

黄河流域近40年土地利用/覆被时空变化特征

[目的]研究土地利用/覆被时空变化特征对于黄河流域土地资源保护与合理开发具有重要意义,可为黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展战略实施提供重要参考。[方法]基于黄河流域1980-2021逐年土地利用/覆被数据,采用Mann-Kendall和滑动t检验、地学信息图谱、标准差椭圆和重心迁移模型等方法,探究近40年黄河流域土地利用/覆被变化特征。[结果](1)1980-2021年林地、灌丛、水域、建设用地显著增加,耕地、草地、湿地显著减少。(2)流域土地利用/覆被变化时段可划分为1980-1992年,1993-2001年,2002-2012年,2013-2021年,数量结构逐渐呈现快速变化特点,建设用地、湿地和水域变化敏感。土地利用结构均衡度逐渐增强,呈现的阶段性变化与实施的重大战略措施关联性高,并与划分的阶段较符合。(3)流域中上游以2012-2021年和间歇变化型、耕地和草地的相互转换为主,下游以2001-2012年和2012-2021年变化型、耕地转为建设用地和草地为主。流域内宁夏北部、内蒙古东部及部分沿黄河水系分布的地区变化频繁。(4)湿地、水域和建设用地的重心向西迁移,分别呈现向西南集中分布、向东分散、向西北集中分布态势。[结论]土地利用结构在政策导向下总体趋势变好,未来应重点关注湿地以及土地利用变化频繁的地区。

Characteristics of landscape information Tupu of the Yellow River swings and its subdeltas during 1855―2000

Based on the theories and methods of cartography on spatial pattern and temporal evolution in Geo-information Tupu (Carto-methodology in Geo-information, CMGI) and the quantitative measurements of pattern and process in landscape ecology, the methodology of landscape information Tupu in studying the swing process of the Yellow River (YR) over the Yellow River Delta (YRD) during 1855― 2000 has been demonstrated. The main content includes: (1) methodology of landscape information Tupu; (2) evolution process Tupu of YR rump channels; (3) evolution process Tupu of the 7 pieces of subdeltas in YRD during 1855―2000; (4) landscape information Tupu of the modern YRD and the current YRD; (5) landscape information Tupu of YR rump channels on the 7 pieces of subdeltas during 1855―2000; and (6) corridor-matrix landscape information Tupu by YR swings. The methodology of landscape information Tupu here is still primary but we hope that it could provide a new tool for exploring an integrated research on spatiotemporal approaches for landscape "pattern and process".

西安市文化娱乐业空间结构演化规律与机制:对称与等级视角

文化娱乐业是城市经济转型发展与居民生活质量提升的重要载体。基于2010—2020年西安市文化娱乐业POI数据,运用地学信息图谱方法和时空地理加权回归模型,从对称和等级视角探讨西安市文化娱乐业空间结构演化规律,揭示空间结构形成机制。结果表明:2010—2020年西安市文化娱乐业由市中心区域向外围扩散,呈多中心化态势,其空间结构演化具有明显的对称与等级规律。各类型空间结构的形成是交通因素、人口因素、区域经济、商业区位、产业政策5个维度多种因子耦合作用的结果。基础型因子、发展型因子、辅助型因子分别通过供需机制、触发机制和强化机制作用于文化娱乐业热点的空间布局和区位选址。

基于地学信息图谱的漓江流域土地利用时空演变分析

漓江流域是我国南方生态屏障的重要组成部分,也是喀斯特世界自然遗产保护地之一,生态环境脆弱,探究其土地利用变化特征及驱动力对土地资源合理利用至关重要。基于漓江流域1990、2000、2010、2020年4期遥感数据,综合运用地学信息图谱、主成分分析等方法,对土地利用演变及驱动力进行定量分析。结果表明,1990-2020年漓江流域主要的土地利用类型是林地和耕地,林地和建设用地持续增加,耕地不断减少,水域和草地波动减少,未利用地小幅增加;土地利用转移图谱以林地与耕地、草地之间相互转移以及建设用地占用耕地为主;1990-2000年主要图谱单元类型发生的变化最剧烈,涨势图谱中新增林地最大,落势图谱中耕地萎缩最大,各县区存在明显差异;经济活动尤其是旅游经济的壮大是导致流域土地利用变化的主要原因,人口变化与农业技术发展也是影响土地利用变化的重要因素。

耦合InVEST-PLUS模型的榆林市生境质量时空演变及预测分析

生境质量是衡量一个地区生态环境优劣的重要参考指标,土地利用变化研究可为区域生境质量时空动态演变特征评估提供科学依据。基于1980年、2000年、2018年土地利用数据,通过InVEST模型、PLUS模型、地理信息图谱法分析并预测榆林市土地利用变化情况,以此探究陕西省榆林市生境质量时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)榆林市景观基质主要由草地和耕地构成,林地和未利用地次之,水域和建设用地占比相对较少,退耕还林政策的实施、治沙工程的开展,以及建设用地的开发是土地利用变化的主要驱动因素。(2)从区域整体分析,1980年、2000年、2018年、2030年生境质量平均值分别为0.5028,0.5209,0.5183,0.5259,生境值总体变化不大,呈现先增后降再增的波动变化趋势。从空间格局分析,榆林市生境质量分布具有一定的规律性,整体呈现东高西低的格局。生境退化平均值分别为0.0298,0.0289,0.0292,0.0283,具有生境退化的威胁。研究结果对榆林市自然环境的保护和生境质量的提高具有理论支持和政策意义。

基于GIS的时空复合体-土地利用变化图谱模型研究方法

本文以地学信息图谱理论、地球空间信息认知理论、地球系统科学与地理综合体理论、地理信息系统中的时空复合体模型为依据 ,提出了研究土地利用 /土地覆被变化的基本单元 ,即“图谱单元”,它是记录时空复合信息的基本单元 ,由“相对均质”的地理单元和“相对均质”的时序单元复合而成 ,并提出了研究土地利用 /土地覆被变化图谱的概念模型。

近30年来喜马拉雅山脉西段纳木那尼峰地区冰川变化的遥感监测研究

本文从1976,1990,1999的Landsat及2003年ASTER系列数字遥感影像上提取了喜马拉雅山脉西段纳木那尼峰地区的4期冰川空间分布数据,在Arc/Info中综合各期数据,建立研究区1976—2003年冰川变化图谱,定量分析了纳木那尼峰地区冰川的空间变化。图谱这种数据集成的方法明显优于直接将各期影像分类结果进行比较的传统研究方法。研究结果表明,纳木那尼峰地区的冰川以广泛退缩为主,但北部也有少量前进冰川存在。自1976年到2003年,冰川面积从84.41km2减少到77.29km2,各时段分别以平均0.17km/a,0.19km/a和0.77km/a的速度在退缩,冰川退缩明显加速。冰川退缩面积占研究区总面积的8.4%,明显比高亚洲冰川平均退缩比例(7%)大,表明西喜马拉雅山脉的冰川退缩比较严重。

黄河三角洲新生湿地土地利用变化图谱

在陈述彭先生提出的地学信息图谱理论和方法基础上,构建了土地利用图谱模型,在黄河三角洲新生湿地四期土地利用数据提取的基础上,合成了土地利用系列图谱,分别是1956～1984年,1984～1991年,1991～1996年三个时序。本文从黄河三角洲新生湿地土地利用强度变化、土地利用结构变化和土地利用格局变化三个方面进行了土地利用变化图谱分析,为地学信息图谱在土地利用变化研究中的应用提供了典型案例和实证。

基于地形梯度的汾河流域土地利用时空变化分析

地形在一定程度上影响着土地利用变化,对土地利用空间格局的形成具有重要作用,因此,分析土地利用类型与地形因子的动态关系可以反映土地利用变化的合理性,对后续的土地利用管理和水土保持有重要的意义。基于汾河流域1986年、1995年、2005年和2010年土地利用矢量图,构建土地利用变化图谱和地形位指数,系统分析了土地利用在地形梯度上的分布特征和变化历程。结果表明:1986-2010年,土地利用类型以耕地、林地和草地为主,其中耕地减少和建设用地增加是主要变化类型。各地类在地形梯度上呈明显的层级分布,耕地、建设用地和水域主要分布在低地形梯度,草地分布在中区段,而林地集中分布在中高区段。土地利用变化以稳定型和反复变化型为主,两者占研究区总面积的98.4%,其中,稳定型以低地形梯度的耕地和中高地形梯度的林地为主,反复变化型以低中地形梯度的草地与耕地间的反复转化为主;其余图谱类型的比例均在1%以下,主要变化类型均为中低地形梯度下耕地向建设用地的转化。在自然因素、人类活动和政策的共同作用下,汾河流域的土地利用结构和空间格局发生了改变,整体趋于合理,但仍存在部分不合理利用现象,需要加强规划管理。

黄河三角洲新生湿地土地覆被演替图谱

本文根据黄河三角洲新生湿地盐生、湿生、中生以及人工等不同生境的生态景观类型 ,将本区土地覆被类型分为 9类 ,即研究区海域、滩涂、柽柳 -翅碱蓬群落、獐毛 +白茅群落、芦苇 +荻群落、有林地、天然河流与人工水体、耕地和居民工矿用地。从遥感影像数据 (包括LandsatTM432、CBERS 1CCD432 )和专题矢量数据中提取了 1 984、 1 991、 1 996和 2 0 0 0年四期土地覆被数据 ,采用区域质心函数计算四个时期 9类覆被的分布重心 ,并合成土地覆被重心演替过程图谱 ,通过图谱分析 ,归纳出湿地植被演替的三种模式 ,即陆进模式、海退模式以及人类活动影响模式 ,为认识新生湿地植被演替规律以及人类活动的影响、制定湿地保护措施提供参考依据。

基于地形梯度的哈尔滨市土地利用格局变化分析

为揭示土地利用格局变化在地形差异上的演变过程,探讨不同地貌部位自然因素和人文因素在土地利用变化过程中的作用,以1989年、1995年、2001年和2007年Landsat TM/ETM+影像为主要数据源,在RS和GIS支持下获取土地利用数据。基于地学信息图谱分析理论,研究该区域不同时期土地利用空间格局变化进程,揭示土地利用变化成因和机理,并基于DEM(digital elevation model)探究土地利用图谱地形梯度的空间分异和时空演变规律。结果表明:土地利用结构以耕地和林地为主,耕地和未利用地面积持续减少,平均斑块面积分别由20.96km2减少到2.87km2和3.92km2减少到0.09km2,破碎化程度加剧,且未利用地(滩涂地和湿地)→耕地是其主要的转变轨迹,居民工矿用地呈现不平衡的增加态势,耕地是居民工矿用地和林地的主要转化来源,林地的破碎度由0.117个/km2增加到0.532个/km2,破碎化程度日益严重;前期变化型和持续变化型的分布指数在地形位等级2时最大,稳定型和反复变化型的在地形位等级1时最大,之后随着地形位的增加而减小;中间过渡型呈现一定的曲线变化。该文为城市化过程中的土地资源的合理规划和利用提供科学依据。

基于灾害系统论的《中国自然灾害系统地图集》编制

基于区域灾害系统理论,编制出版了《中国自然灾害系统地图集》(2003年)。与《中国自然灾害地图集》(1993年)相比,该图集的内容设计是在多层面上体现孕灾环境、承灾体、致灾因子和灾情的系统结构特点。制图表示方法设计是基于自然灾害数据库,通过多种表示方法的组合和图面配置,充分表达灾害系统空间格局的时间变化过程特征和灾害过程的空间格局特征。探索用"灾害系统图谱法"实现灾害格局与过程的复合表达。在地图编制的色彩和符号系统、图组页、导航标志、图文配置等方面,都充分贯穿灾害系统的设计思想。

地学信息图谱研究及其应用

地学信息图谱综合了景观综合图的简洁性和数学模型的抽象性 ,它是现代空间技术与我国传统研究成果结合的产物 ,它可反演过去、预测未来。在分析地学信息图谱、生态系统发展战略、DLU土地利用战略、数学模型与地理信息系统集成等研究成果的基础上 ,提出了一个区域可持续发展虚拟系统。在这个虚拟系统中 ,如何将区域可持续发展的有关信息转换为征兆图、诊断图和实施图是其核心理论问题。数学模型计算机程序自动生成软件和开放式地理信息系统的研究成果表明 ,这些理论问题在不久的将来是可以解决的。也就是说 ,这个区域可持续发展虚拟系统的进一步研究 ,能够形成一个可操作的。