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Diagnosis of the Kinetic Energy of the“21·7”Extreme Torrential Rainfall Event in Henan Province,China
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作者 Xiuping YAO Ruoying LI +1 位作者 Xiaohong BAO Qiaohua LIU 《Advances in Atmospheric Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第1期73-83,共11页
An extreme torrential rain(ETR)event occurred in Henan Province,China,during 18-21 July 2021.Based on hourly rain-gauge observations and ERA5 reanalysis data,the ETR was studied from the perspective of kinetic energy(... An extreme torrential rain(ETR)event occurred in Henan Province,China,during 18-21 July 2021.Based on hourly rain-gauge observations and ERA5 reanalysis data,the ETR was studied from the perspective of kinetic energy(K),which can be divided into rotational wind(V_(R))kinetic energy(K_(R)),divergent wind kinetic energy(K_(D)),and the kinetic energy of the interaction between the divergent and rotational winds(K_(RD)).According to the hourly precipitation intensity variability,the ETR process was divided into an initial stage,a rapid increase stage,and maintenance stage.Results showed that the intensification and maintenance of ETR were closely related to the upper-level K,and most closely related to the upperlevel K_(R),with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.9.In particular,the peak value of hourly rainfall intensity lagged behind the K_(R) by 8 h.Furthermore,diagnosis showed that K transformation from unresolvable to resolvable scales made the ETR increase slowly.The meridional rotational wind(u_(R))and meridional gradient of the geopotential(φ)jointly determined the conversion of available potential energy(APE)to K_(R) through the barotropic process,which dominated the rapid enhancement of K_(R) and then caused the rapid increase in ETR.The transportation of K by rotational wind consumed K_(R),and basically offset the K_(R) produced by the barotropic process,which basically kept K_(R) stable at a high value,thus maintaining the ETR. 展开更多
关键词 extreme torrential rain rotational kinetic energy kinetic energy generation and transport barotropic process
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Gyrokinetic simulations of the kinetic electron effects on the electrostatic instabilities on the ITER baseline scenario
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作者 Debing ZHANG Pengfei ZHAO +2 位作者 Yingfeng XU Lei YE Xianmei ZHANG 《Plasma Science and Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第9期109-124,共16页
The linear and nonlinear simulations are carried out using the gyrokinetic code NLT for the electrostatic instabilities in the core region of a deuterium plasma based on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Re... The linear and nonlinear simulations are carried out using the gyrokinetic code NLT for the electrostatic instabilities in the core region of a deuterium plasma based on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER)baseline scenario.The kinetic electron effects on the linear frequency and nonlinear transport are studied by adopting the adiabatic electron model and the fully drift-kinetic electron model in the NLT code,respectively.The linear simulations focus on the dependence of linear frequency on the plasma parameters,such as the ion and electron temperature gradientsκ_(Ti,e)≡R=L_(Ti,e),the density gradientκ_(n)≡R/L_(n)and the ion-electron temperature ratioτ=T_(e)=T_(i).Here,is the major radius,and T_(e)and T_(i)denote the electron and ion temperatures,respectively.L_(A)=-(δ_(r)lnA)^(-1)is the gradient scale length,with denoting the density,the ion and electron temperatures,respectively.In the kinetic electron model,the ion temperature gradient(ITG)instability and the trapped electron mode(TEM)dominate in the small and large k_(θ)region,respectively,wherek_(θ)is the poloidal wavenumber.The TEMdominant region becomes wider by increasing(decreasing)κ_(T_(e))(κ_(T_(i)))or by decreasingκ_(n).For the nominal parameters of the ITER baseline scenario,the maximum growth rate of dominant ITG instability in the kinetic electron model is about three times larger than that in the adiabatic electron model.The normalized linear frequency depends on the value ofτ,rather than the value of T_(e)or T_(i),in both the adiabatic and kinetic electron models.The nonlinear simulation results show that the ion heat diffusivity in the kinetic electron model is quite a lot larger than that in the adiabatic electron model,the radial structure is finer and the time oscillation is more rapid.In addition,the magnitude of the fluctuated potential at the saturated stage peaks in the ITGdominated region,and contributions from the TEM(dominating in the higher k_(θ)region)to the nonlinear transport can be neglected.In the adiabatic electron model,the zonal radial electric field is found to be mainly driven by the turbulent energy flux,and the contribution of turbulent poloidal Reynolds stress is quite small due to the toroidal shielding effect.However,in the kinetic electron model,the turbulent energy flux is not strong enough to drive the zonal radial electric field in the nonlinear saturated stage.The kinetic electron effects on the mechanism of the turbulence-driven zonal radial electric field should be further investigated. 展开更多
关键词 ITER baseline scenario gyrokinetic simulation kinetic electron effects electrostatic instability
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All‑Covalent Organic Framework Nanofilms Assembled Lithium‑Ion Capacitor to Solve the Imbalanced Charge Storage Kinetics 被引量:2
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作者 Xiaoyang Xu Jia Zhang +6 位作者 Zihao Zhang Guandan Lu Wei Cao Ning Wang Yunmeng Xia Qingliang Feng Shanlin Qiao 《Nano-Micro Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第6期246-260,共15页
Free-standing covalent organic framework(COFs)nanofilms exhibit a remarkable ability to rapidly intercalate/de-intercalate Li^(+) in lithium-ion batteries,while simultaneously exposing affluent active sites in superca... Free-standing covalent organic framework(COFs)nanofilms exhibit a remarkable ability to rapidly intercalate/de-intercalate Li^(+) in lithium-ion batteries,while simultaneously exposing affluent active sites in supercapacitors.The development of these nanofilms offers a promising solution to address the persistent challenge of imbalanced charge storage kinetics between battery-type anode and capacitor-type cathode in lithium-ion capacitors(LICs).Herein,for the first time,custom-made COFBTMB-TP and COFTAPB-BPY nanofilms are synthesized as the anode and cathode,respectively,for an all-COF nanofilm-structured LIC.The COFBTMB-TP nanofilm with strong electronegative–CF3 groups enables tuning the partial electron cloud density for Li^(+) migration to ensure the rapid anode kinetic process.The thickness-regulated cathodic COFTAPB-BPY nanofilm can fit the anodic COF nanofilm in the capacity.Due to the aligned 1D channel,2D aromatic skeleton and accessible active sites of COF nanofilms,the whole COFTAPB-BPY//COFBTMB-TP LIC demonstrates a high energy density of 318 mWh cm^(−3) at a high-power density of 6 W cm^(−3),excellent rate capability,good cycle stability with the capacity retention rate of 77%after 5000-cycle.The COFTAPB-BPY//COFBTMB-TP LIC represents a new benchmark for currently reported film-type LICs and even film-type supercapacitors.After being comprehensively explored via ex situ XPS,7Li solid-state NMR analyses,and DFT calculation,it is found that the COFBTMB-TP nanofilm facilitates the reversible conversion of semi-ionic to ionic C–F bonds during lithium storage.COFBTMB-TP exhibits a strong interaction with Li^(+) due to the C–F,C=O,and C–N bonds,facilitating Li^(+) desolation and absorption from the electrolyte.This work addresses the challenge of imbalanced charge storage kinetics and capacity between the anode and cathode and also pave the way for future miniaturized and wearable LIC devices. 展开更多
关键词 Covalent organic frameworks Lithium-ion capacitor Charge storage kinetic
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“Buckets effect”in the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions 被引量:1
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作者 Haowen Cui Yan-Xia Chen 《Journal of Energy Chemistry》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第2期388-396,I0010,共10页
In this study,we systematically investigated the effect of proton concentration on the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on Pt(111)in acidic solutions.Experimental results demonstrate a rectangular hyperbo... In this study,we systematically investigated the effect of proton concentration on the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on Pt(111)in acidic solutions.Experimental results demonstrate a rectangular hyperbolic relationship,i.e.,the ORR current excluding the effect of other variables increases with proton concentration and then tends to a constant value.We consider that this is caused by the limitation of ORR kinetics by the trace oxygen concentration in the solution,which determines the upper limit of ORR kinetics.A model of effective concentration is further proposed for rectangular hyperbolic relationships:when the reactant concentration is high enough to reach a critical saturation concentration,the effective reactant concentration will become a constant value.This could be due to the limited concentration of a certain reactant for reactions involving more than one reactant or the limited number of active sites available on the catalyst.Our study provides new insights into the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions,and it is important for the proper evaluation of catalyst activity and the study of structureperformance relationships. 展开更多
关键词 Oxygen reduction reaction kineticS Zero order Rectangular hyperbolic relationship pH effect
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Dual-single-atoms of Pt-Co boost sulfur redox kinetics for ultrafast Li-S batteries 被引量:1
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作者 Hanyan Wu Xuejie Gao +7 位作者 Xinyang Chen Weihan Li Junjie Li Lei Zhang Yang Zhao Ming Jiang Runcang Sun Xueliang Sun 《Carbon Energy》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第3期53-63,共11页
Applications of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are still limited by the sluggish conversion kinetics from polysulfide to Li_(2)S.Although various single-atom catalysts are available for improving the conversion kinetic... Applications of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are still limited by the sluggish conversion kinetics from polysulfide to Li_(2)S.Although various single-atom catalysts are available for improving the conversion kinetics,the sulfur redox kinetics for Li-S batteries is still not ultrafast.Herein,in this work,a catalyst with dual-single-atom Pt-Co embedded in N-doped carbon nanotubes(Pt&Co@NCNT)was proposed by the atomic layer deposition method to suppress the shuttle effect and synergistically improve the interconversion kinetics from polysulfides to Li_(2)S.The X-ray absorption near edge curves indicated the reversible conversion of Li_(2)Sx on the S/Pt&Co@NCNT electrode.Meanwhile,density functional theory demonstrated that the Pt&Co@NCNT promoted the free energy of the phase transition of sulfur species and reduced the oxidative decomposition energy of Li_(2)S.As a result,the batteries assembled with S/Pt&Co@NCNT electrodes exhibited a high capacity retention of 80%at 100 cycles at a current density of 1.3 mA cm^(−2)(S loading:2.5 mg cm^(−2)).More importantly,an excellent rate performance was achieved with a high capacity of 822.1 mAh g^(−1) at a high current density of 12.7 mA cm^(−2).This work opens a new direction to boost the sulfur redox kinetics for ultrafast Li-S batteries. 展开更多
关键词 DFT calculation dual-single-atoms of Pt-Co fast Li-sulfur batteries sulfur redox kinetics XANES analysis
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Recent progress in thermodynamic and kinetics modification of magnesium hydride hydrogen storage materials 被引量:1
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作者 Yafei Liu Yusang Guo +3 位作者 Yaru Jiang Lizhuang Feng Yu Sun Yijing Wang 《Materials Reports(Energy)》 EI 2024年第1期3-22,共20页
Hydrogen energy has emerged as a pivotal solution to address the global energy crisis and pave the way for a cleaner,low-carbon,secure,and efficient modern energy system.A key imperative in the utilization of hydrogen... Hydrogen energy has emerged as a pivotal solution to address the global energy crisis and pave the way for a cleaner,low-carbon,secure,and efficient modern energy system.A key imperative in the utilization of hydrogen energy lies in the development of high-performance hydrogen storage materials.Magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials exhibit remarkable advantages,including high hydrogen storage density,cost-effectiveness,and abundant magnesium resources,making them highly promising for the hydrogen energy sector.Nonetheless,practical applications of magnesium hydride for hydrogen storage face significant challenges,primarily due to their slow kinetics and stable thermodynamic properties.Herein,we briefly summarize the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of MgH2,encompassing strategies such as alloying,nanoscaling,catalyst doping,and composite system construction to enhance its hydrogen storage performance.Notably,nanoscaling and catalyst doping have emerged as more effective modification strategies.The discussion focuses on the thermodynamic changes induced by nanoscaling and the kinetic enhancements resulting from catalyst doping.Particular emphasis lies in the synergistic improvement strategy of incorporating nanocatalysts with confinement materials,and we revisit typical works on the multi-strategy optimization of MgH2.In conclusion,we conduct an analysis of outstanding challenges and issues,followed by presenting future research and development prospects for MgH2 as hydrogen storage materials. 展开更多
关键词 Magnesium hydride Thermodynamics and kinetics Catalyst doping NANOSTRUCTURES Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation
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Electron kinetic effects in back-stimulated Raman scattering bursts driven by broadband laser pulses
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作者 Q.K.Liu L.Deng +6 位作者 Q.Wang X.Zhang F.Q.Meng Y.P.Wang Y.Q.Gao H.B.Cai S.P.Zhu 《Matter and Radiation at Extremes》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第4期54-67,共14页
We examine electron kinetic effects in broadband-laser-driven back-stimulated Raman scattering(BSRS)bursts using particle-in-cell simulations.These bursts occur during the nonlinear stage,causing reflectivity spikes a... We examine electron kinetic effects in broadband-laser-driven back-stimulated Raman scattering(BSRS)bursts using particle-in-cell simulations.These bursts occur during the nonlinear stage,causing reflectivity spikes and generating large numbers of hot electrons.Long-duration simulations are performed to observe burst events,and a simplified model is developed to eliminate the interference of the broadband laser’s random intensity fluctuations.Using the simplified model,we isolate and characterize the spectrum of electron plasma waves.The spectrum changes from a sideband structure to a turbulence-like structure during the burst.A significant asymmetry in the spectrum is observed.This asymmetry is amplified and transferred to electron phase space by high-intensity broadband laser pulses,leading to violent vortex-merging and generation of hot electrons.The proportion of hot electrons increases from 6.76%to 14.7%during a single violent burst event.We demonstrate that kinetic effects profoundly influence the BSRS evolution driven by broadband lasers. 展开更多
关键词 SCATTERING kinetic simplified
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Experiments and kinetic modeling of the sorbitol dehydration to isosorbide catalyzed by sulfuric acid under conditions of non-constant volume
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作者 Dechang Cheng Zhihong Ma +4 位作者 Ziyang Liu Xiaohui Liu Tao Liu Weizhen Sun Ling Zhao 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第9期281-289,共9页
Isosorbide is a novel bio-based material derived as a secondary dehydration product of sorbitol.This work focuses on the kinetics of sulfuric acid-catalyzed dehydration of sorbitol under conditions of nonconstant volu... Isosorbide is a novel bio-based material derived as a secondary dehydration product of sorbitol.This work focuses on the kinetics of sulfuric acid-catalyzed dehydration of sorbitol under conditions of nonconstant volume.Herein,the effects of stirring rate,catalyst dosage,reaction temperature,and reaction time on the dehydration reaction of sorbitol were investigated.The yield of isosorbide up to 77.13%was obtained after 1.5 h of reaction time under conditions of 2 kPa,1.0%(mass)catalyst dosage,and 413.15 K.Based on the sorbitol dehydration reaction mechanism and a simplified reaction network,a kinetic model was developed in this work.A good agreement was accomplished between kinetic modeling and experiments between 393.15 and 423.15 K.The fitting results indicate that side reactions with higher activation energies are more affected by reaction temperatures,and the main side reaction that influences the selectivity of isosorbide is the oligomerization reaction among the primary dehydration products of sorbitol.The model fitting of the catalyst amounts effect shows that the effective concentration of sulfuric acid would be reduced with the increase of dosage due to the molecular agglomeration effect.Hopefully,the kinetic experiments and modeling results obtained in this work will be helpful to the design and optimization of the industrial sorbitol dehydration process. 展开更多
关键词 ISOSORBIDE Sorbitol dehydration Non-constant volume kinetic modeling
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Growth kinetics of titanium carbide coating by molten salt synthesis process on graphite sheet surface
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作者 Xiaoyu Shi Chongxiao Guo +4 位作者 Jiamiao Ni Songsong Yao Liqiang Wang Yue Liu Tongxiang Fan 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第8期1858-1864,共7页
The synthesis of carbide coatings on graphite substrates using molten salt synthesis(MSS),has garnered significant interest due to its cost-effective nature.This study investigates the reaction process and growth kine... The synthesis of carbide coatings on graphite substrates using molten salt synthesis(MSS),has garnered significant interest due to its cost-effective nature.This study investigates the reaction process and growth kinetics involved in MSS,shedding light on key aspects of the process.The involvement of Ti powder through liquid-phase mass transfer is revealed,where the diffusion distance and quantity of Ti powder play a crucial role in determining the reaction rate by influencing the C content gradient on both sides of the carbide.Furthermore,the growth kinetics of the carbide coating are predominantly governed by the diffusion behavior of C within the carbide layer,rather than the chemical reaction rate.To analyze the kinetics,the thickness of the carbide layer is measured with respect to heat treatment time and temperature,unveiling a parabolic relationship within the temperature range of 700-1300℃.The estimated activation energy for the reaction is determined to be 179283 J·mol^(-1).These findings offer valuable insights into the synthesis of carbide coatings via MSS,facilitating their optimization and enhancing our understanding of their growth mechanisms and properties for various applications. 展开更多
关键词 titanium carbide GRAPHITE molten salt kinetic analysis
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Continuous synthesis of N,N-dicyanoethylaniline in microreactors:Reaction kinetics and process intensification
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作者 Pengcheng Lu Yaoyao Li +5 位作者 Jianjun Zhang Yuchao Zhao Qingqiang Wang Ying Chen Nan Jin Xiugang Yu 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第8期95-105,共11页
Cyanoethylation of phenylamine is one of the important steps for the production of dicyanoethyl-based disperse dyes.However,the exothermic nature of this reaction and the inherent instability of intermittent dynamic o... Cyanoethylation of phenylamine is one of the important steps for the production of dicyanoethyl-based disperse dyes.However,the exothermic nature of this reaction and the inherent instability of intermittent dynamic operation pose challenges in achieving both high safety and reaction efficiency.In this study,a continuous cyanoethylation of phenylamine for synthesizing N,N-dicyanoethylaniline in a microreactor system has been developed.By optimizing the reaction conditions,the reaction time was significantly reduced from over 2 h in batch operation to approximately 14 min in the microreactor,while high conversion and selectivity were maintained.Based on the reaction network constructed,the reaction kinetics was established,and the kinetic parameters were then determined.These findings provide valuable insights into a controllable cyanoethylation reaction,which would be helpful for the design of efficient processes and optimization of reactors. 展开更多
关键词 Cyanoethylation MICROREACTOR kineticS N N-dicyanoethylaniline Optimization Safety
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Kinetics insights into size effects of carbon nanotubes'growth and their supported platinum catalysts for 4,6-dinitroresorcinol hydrogenation
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作者 Yan Zhang Xiangxue Zhang +6 位作者 Keng Sang Wenyao Chen Gang Qian Jing Zhang Xuezhi Duan Xinggui Zhou Weikang Yuan 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第8期133-140,共8页
Size effects are a well-documented phenomenon in heterogeneous catalysis,typically attributed to alterations in geometric and electronic properties.In this study,we investigate the influence of catalyst size in the pr... Size effects are a well-documented phenomenon in heterogeneous catalysis,typically attributed to alterations in geometric and electronic properties.In this study,we investigate the influence of catalyst size in the preparation of carbon nanotube(CNT)and the hydrogenation of 4,6-dinitroresorcinol(DNR)using Fe_(2)O_(3)and Pt catalysts,respectively.Various Fe_(2)O_(3)/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts were synthesized for CNT growth through catalytic chemical vapor deposition.Our findings reveal a significant influence of Fe_(2)O_(3)nanoparticle size on the structure and yield of CNT.Specifically,CNT produced with Fe_(2)O_(3)/Al_(2)O_(3)containing 28%(mass)Fe loading exhibits abundant surface defects,an increased area for metal-particle immobilization,and a high carbon yield.This makes it a promising candidate for DNR hydrogenation.Utilizing this catalyst support,we further investigate the size effects of Pt nanoparticles on DNR hydrogenation.Larger Pt catalysts demonstrate a preference for 4,6-diaminoresorcinol generation at(100)sites,whereas smaller Pt catalysts are more susceptible to electronic properties.The kinetics insights obtained from this study have the potential to pave the way for the development of more efficient catalysts for both CNT synthesis and DNR hydrogenation. 展开更多
关键词 kineticS Size effects Catalytic hydrogenation Active site
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Particle aggregation and breakage kinetics in cemented paste backfill
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作者 Liuhua Yang Hengwei Jia +4 位作者 Aixiang Wu Huazhe Jiao Xinming Chen Yunpeng Kou Mengmeng Dong 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第9期1965-1974,共10页
The macroscopic flow behavior and rheological properties of cemented paste backfill(CPB)are highly impacted by the inherent structure of the paste matrix.In this study,the effects of shear-induced forces and proportio... The macroscopic flow behavior and rheological properties of cemented paste backfill(CPB)are highly impacted by the inherent structure of the paste matrix.In this study,the effects of shear-induced forces and proportioning parameters on the microstructure of fresh CPB were studied.The size evolution and distribution of floc/agglomerate/particles of paste were monitored by focused beam reflection measuring(FBRM)technique,and the influencing factors of aggregation and breakage kinetics of CPB were discussed.The results indicate that influenced by both internal and external factors,the paste kinetics evolution covers the dynamic phase and the stable phase.Increasing the mass content or the cement-tailings ratio can accelerate aggregation kinetics,which is advantageous for the rise of average floc size.Besides,the admixture and high shear can improve breaking kinetics,which is beneficial to reduce the average floc size.The chord length resembles a normal distribution somewhat,with a peak value of approximate 20μm.The particle disaggregation con-stant(k_(2))is positively correlated with the agitation rate,and k_(2) is five orders of magnitude greater than the particle aggregation constant(k1).The kinetics model depicts the evolution law of particles over time quantitatively and provides a theoretical foundation for the micromechanics of complicated rheological behavior of paste. 展开更多
关键词 cemented paste backfill particle kinetics ADMIXTURE rheology
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Canine Myofascial Kinetic Lines: A Descriptive Dissection Study Including Related Function and Locomotion and Comparison of the Human and Equine Myofascial Kinetic Lines
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作者 Vibeke S. Elbrønd 《Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine》 CAS 2024年第9期229-256,共28页
Aim: This dissection study was conducted to verify if the Myofascial kinetic lines, outlined in detail in humans and recently documented in horses, were present in dogs. These dynamic lines present rows of interconnec... Aim: This dissection study was conducted to verify if the Myofascial kinetic lines, outlined in detail in humans and recently documented in horses, were present in dogs. These dynamic lines present rows of interconnected muscles, myofascia and other fascia structures, which influence the biomechanics of the spine and limbs. Methods: Forty-two dogs of different breeds and genders were dissected, imaged, and videoed. Results: Similar kinetic lines were verified in the dog, as described in humans and horses, and additionally, three new branches of the lines were discovered. The kinetic lines described were three superficial lines: Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral, which all started in the hindlimb and ended in the temporal and occipital regions. These lines act respectively in spinal extension, flexion, and lateral flexion. Three profound lines, which started in the tail and ended in the head. The Deep Dorsal Line followed the transversospinal myofascia. The Deep Ventral Line showed an additional start deep in the medial hind limb, continued in the hypaxial myofascia, and enveloped all the viscera. Also, the Deep Lateral Line started in the hindlimb but parted along the trunk in the deep lateral myofascial structures. Two helical lines crossed the midline two or three times and served to rotate the spine. The Functional Line established a sling from the axilla to the contralateral stifle and presented a new ipsilateral branch. The Spiral Line connected the head and the ipsilateral tarsus and additionally presented a new straight branch. The four front limb lines describe their motion: the Front Limb Protraction and Retraction, Adduction, and Abduction Lines. Conclusion: The canine lines mirrored the equine and human lines with exceptions due to differences in anatomy, foot posture, lumbosacral flexibility, and their biomechanical constitution as predator versus prey animals. Additionally, three new canine branches were verified and described. 展开更多
关键词 Myofascial kinetic Lines Canis Familiaris Superficial Lines Deep Lines Locomotive Connections Viscero-Somatic Connections
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Complete kinetic model for esterification reaction of lauric acid with glycerol to synthesize glycerol monolaurate
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作者 Han-Qiao Hu Yue Zhang +3 位作者 Ming Fan Yong Cai Guang-Wen Chu Liang-Liang Zhang 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第6期211-221,共11页
Glycerol monolaurate(GML)is a widely used industrial chemical with excellent emulsification and antibacterial effect.The direct esterification of glycerol with lauric acid is the main method to synthesize GML.In this ... Glycerol monolaurate(GML)is a widely used industrial chemical with excellent emulsification and antibacterial effect.The direct esterification of glycerol with lauric acid is the main method to synthesize GML.In this work,the kinetic process of direct esterification was systematically studied using p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst.A complete kinetic model of consecutive esterification reaction has been established,and the kinetic equation of acid catalysis was deduced.The isomerization reactions of GML and glycerol dilaurate were investigated.It was found that the reaction was an equilibrium reaction and the reaction rate was faster than the esterification reaction.The kinetic equations of the consecutive esterification reaction were obtained by experiments as k_(1)=(276+92261Xcat)exp(-37720/RT)and k_(2)=(80+4413Xcat)exp(-32240/RT).The kinetic results are beneficial to the optimization of operating conditions and reactor design in GML production process. 展开更多
关键词 Glycerol monolaurate p-Toluenesulfonic acid ESTERIFICATION kineticS Mass transfer
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Evaluation and application of kinetic models for Cu-catalyzed acetylene hydrochlorination
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作者 Tianxiao Huang Binhang Yan 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第8期209-219,共11页
The development of environmentally friendly catalysts has become a top priority for acetylene hydrochlorination.However,difficulties remain in systematic studies on the applicability of kinetic models for the industri... The development of environmentally friendly catalysts has become a top priority for acetylene hydrochlorination.However,difficulties remain in systematic studies on the applicability of kinetic models for the industrialization of Cu-based catalysts.Therefore,a strategy involving reactor modeling,parameter estimation,and model testing is developed to evaluate the predictive ability of kinetic models.In order to search for reliable and widely applicable reaction kinetic models for Cu-based catalysts,a case study is conducted.Multiple possible kinetic models derived from the power law,adsorption mechanism,and reaction path are sifted through collecting and testing activity data from tens of Cu-based catalysts.Different optimum applicable ranges of these kinetic models are presented.According to the comparative analysis on their applications in various industrial scenarios,this research suggests that kinetic models derived from reaction path exhibits the best extrapolation ability and has the greatest potential for application in the scale-up design of reactors. 展开更多
关键词 Acetylene hydrochlorination Cu-based catalysts Reaction kinetics MODEL Reactors
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Tuning the crystallinity of titanium nitride on copper-embedded carbon nanofiber interlayers for accelerated electrochemical kinetics in lithium-sulfur batteries
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作者 Yinyu Xiang Liqiang Lu +4 位作者 Feng Yan Debarun Sengupta Petra Rudolf Ajay Giri Prakash Kottapalli Yutao Pei 《Carbon Energy》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第6期40-55,共16页
The development of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is hindered by the disadvantages of shuttling of polysulfides and the sluggish redox kinetics of the conversion of sulfur species during discharge and charge.Herein,the... The development of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is hindered by the disadvantages of shuttling of polysulfides and the sluggish redox kinetics of the conversion of sulfur species during discharge and charge.Herein,the crystallinities of a titanium nitride(TiN)film on copper-embedded carbon nanofibers(Cu-CNFs)are regulated and the nanofibers are used as interlayers to resolve the aforementioned crucial issues.A low-crystalline TiN-coated Cu-CNF(L-TiN-Cu-CNF)interlayer is compared with its highly crystalline counterpart(H-TiN-Cu-CNFs).It is demonstrated that the L-TiN coating not only strengthens the chemical adsorption toward polysulfides but also greatly accelerates the electrochemical conversion of polysulfides.Due to robust carbon frameworks and enhanced kinetics,impressive highrate performance at 2 C(913 mAh g^(-1)based on sulfur)as well as remarkable cyclic stability up to 300 cycles(626 mAh g^(-1))with capacity retention of 46.5%is realized for L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayer-configured Li-S batteries.Even under high loading(3.8 mg cm^(-2))of sulfur and relatively lean electrolyte(10μL electrolyte per milligram sulfur)conditions,the Li-S battery equipped with L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayers delivers a high capacity of 1144 mAh g^(-1)with cathodic capacity of 4.25 mAh cm^(-2)at 0.1 C,providing a potential pathway toward the design of multifunctional interlayers for highly efficient Li-S batteries. 展开更多
关键词 CRYSTALLINITY electrochemical kinetics INTERLAYER lithium-sulfur batteries titanium nitride
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Boosted Lithium-Ion Transport Kinetics in n-Type Siloxene Anodes Enabled by Selective Nucleophilic Substitution of Phosphorus
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作者 Se In Kim Woong-Ju Kim +1 位作者 Jin Gu Kang Dong-Wan Kim 《Nano-Micro Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第10期618-637,共20页
Doped two-dimensional(2D)materials hold significant promise for advancing many technologies,such as microelectronics,optoelectronics,and energy storage.Herein,n-type 2D oxidized Si nanosheets,namely n-type siloxene(n-... Doped two-dimensional(2D)materials hold significant promise for advancing many technologies,such as microelectronics,optoelectronics,and energy storage.Herein,n-type 2D oxidized Si nanosheets,namely n-type siloxene(n-SX),are employed as Li-ion battery anodes.Via thermal evaporation of sodium hypophosphite at 275℃,P atoms are effectively incorporated into siloxene(SX)without compromising its 2D layered morphology and unique Kautsky-type crystal structure.Further,selective nucleophilic substitution occurs,with only Si atoms being replaced by P atoms in the O_(3)≡Si-H tetrahedra.The resulting n-SX possesses two delocalized electrons arising from the presence of two electron donor types:(i)P atoms residing in Si sites and(ii)H vacancies.The doping concentrations are varied by controlling the amount of precursors or their mean free paths.Even at 2000 mA g^(-1),the n-SX electrode with the optimized doping concentration(6.7×10^(19) atoms cm^(-3))delivers a capacity of 594 mAh g^(-1) with a 73%capacity retention after 500 cycles.These improvements originate from the enhanced kinetics of charge transport processes,including electronic conduction,charge transfer,and solid-state diffusion.The approach proposed herein offers an unprecedented route for engineering SX anodes to boost Li-ion storage. 展开更多
关键词 Li-ion battery Two-dimensional N-type siloxene Doping mechanism kineticS
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Thiourea crystal growth kinetics,mechanism and process optimization during cooling crystallization
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作者 Zhongxiang Ding Wei Song +2 位作者 Tong Zhou Weihua Cui Changsong Wang 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第9期62-69,共8页
In the cooling crystallization process of thiourea,a significant issue is the excessively wide crystal size distribution(CSD)and the abundance of fine crystals.This investigation delves into the growth kinetics and me... In the cooling crystallization process of thiourea,a significant issue is the excessively wide crystal size distribution(CSD)and the abundance of fine crystals.This investigation delves into the growth kinetics and mechanisms governing thiourea crystals during the cooling crystallization process.The fitting results indicate that the crystal growth rate coefficient,falls within the range of 10^(-7)to 10^(-8)m·s^(-1).Moreover,with decreasing crystallization temperature,the growth process undergoes a transition from diffusion-controlled to surface reaction-controlled,with temperature primarily influencing the surface reaction process and having a limited impact on the diffusion process.Comparing the crystal growth rate,and the diffusion-limited growth rate,at different temperatures,it is observed that the crystal growth process can be broadly divided into two stages.At temperatures above 25℃,1/qd(qd is diffusion control index)approaches 1,indicating the predominance of diffusion control.Conversely,at temperatures below 25℃,1/qd increases rapidly,signifying the dominance of surface reaction control.To address these findings,process optimization was conducted.During the high-temperature phase(35-25℃),agitation was increased to reduce the limitations posed by bulk-phase diffusion in the crystallization process.In the low-temperature phase(25-15℃),agitation was reduced to minimize crystal breakage.The optimized process resulted in a thiourea crystal product with a particle size distribution predominantly ranging from 0.7 to 0.9 mm,accounting for 84%of the total.This study provides valuable insights into resolving the issue of excessive fine crystals in the thiourea crystallization process. 展开更多
关键词 THIOUREA CRYSTALLIZATION Growth kinetics Process optimization DIFFUSION Surface reaction
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Comprehensive kinetic study on ammonia/ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames:influences of diluents
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作者 Zhimei Shu Tingting Xu +5 位作者 Jiayi Xiao Qige Deng Xuan Zhao Tianjiao Li Yaoyao Ying Dong Liu 《International Journal of Coal Science & Technology》 EI CAS CSCD 2024年第1期232-249,共18页
This study aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia addition on ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames with different diluents on the fuel or oxidizer side,using kinetic analyses.A special emphasis was put on asses... This study aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia addition on ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames with different diluents on the fuel or oxidizer side,using kinetic analyses.A special emphasis was put on assessing the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) on C2H4 combustion chemistry.The chemical effects could be evaluated by comparing fictitious inert NH_(3) or CO_(2) with normal active NH_(3) or CO_(2).The results revealed that the addition of NH_(3) decreased the mole fractions and production rates of key soot precursors,such as acetylene,propynyl,and benzene.When CO_(2) was used as the dilution gas,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) were affected by the chemical effects of CO_(2) to varying degrees.With the oxidizer-side CO_(2) addition,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) reduced the mole fractions of H,O,OH radicals,acetylene,propynyl,and benzene,while the effects differed from the fuel-side CO_(2) addition.The coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) also promoted the formation of aldehyde contaminants,such as acetaldehyde,to some extent,particularly with CO_(2) addition on the oxidizer side. 展开更多
关键词 Ammonia addition DILUENTS Coupled chemical effects kinetic analysis
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Co-pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge with Distillation Residue: Kinetics Analysis via Iso-conversional Methods
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作者 ZHOU Shangqun ZHAO Qinglin +1 位作者 YU Tian YAO Xiaojie 《Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第5期1188-1198,共11页
This study explored the synergistic interaction of sewage sludge(SS)and distillation residue(DR)during co-pyrolysis for the optimized treatment of sewage sludge in cement kiln systems,utilizing thermogravimetric analy... This study explored the synergistic interaction of sewage sludge(SS)and distillation residue(DR)during co-pyrolysis for the optimized treatment of sewage sludge in cement kiln systems,utilizing thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry(TGA-MS).The results reveal the coexisting synergistic and antagonistic effects in the co-pyrolysis of SS/DR.The synergistic effect arises from hydrogen free radicals in SS and catalytic components in ash fractions,while the antagonistic effect is mainly due to the melting of DR on the surface of SS particles during pyrolysis and the reaction of SS ash with alkali metals to form inert substances.SS/DR co-pyrolysis reduces the yielding of coke and gas while increasing tar production.This study will promote the reduction,recycling,and harmless treatment of hazardous solid waste. 展开更多
关键词 sewage sludge CO-PYROLYSIS distillation residue kineticS evolved gas analysis
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