Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were performed for the forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence (FHIT) with/without polymer additives in order to elaborate the characteristics of the turbulent energy cascading i...Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were performed for the forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence (FHIT) with/without polymer additives in order to elaborate the characteristics of the turbulent energy cascading influenced by drag-reducing effects. The finite elastic non-linear extensibility-Peterlin model (FENE-P) was used as the conformation tensor equation for the viscoelastic polymer solution. Detailed analyses of DNS data were carried out in this paper for the turbulence scaling law and the topological dynamics of FHIT as well as the important turbulent parameters, including turbulent kinetic energy spectra, enstrophy and strain, velocity structure function, small-scale intermittency, etc. A natural and straightforward definition for the drag reduction rate was also proposed for the drag-reducing FHIT based on the decrease degree of the turbulent kinetic energy. It was found that the turbulent energy cascading in the FHIT was greatly modified by the drag-reducing polymer additives. The enstrophy and the strain fields in the FH1T of the polymer solution were remarkably weakened as compared with their Newtonian counterparts. The small-scale vortices and the small-scale intermittency were all inhibited by the viscoelastic effects in the FHIT of the polymer solution. However, the scaling law in a fashion of extended self-similarity for the FHIT of the polymer solution, within the presently simulated range of Weissenberg numbers, had no distinct differences compared with that of the Newtonian fluid case.展开更多
A deep understanding of turbulence structure is important for investigating the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer,especially over heterogeneous terrain.In the present study,turbulence intensity and tur...A deep understanding of turbulence structure is important for investigating the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer,especially over heterogeneous terrain.In the present study,turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)parameters are analyzed for different conditions with respect to stability,wind direction and wind speed over a valley region of the Loess Plateau of China during December 2003 and January 2004.The purpose of the study is to examine whether the observed turbulence intensity and TKE parameters satisfy Monin–Obukhov similarity theory(MOST),and analyze the wind shear effect on,and thermal buoyancy function of,the TKE,despite the terrain heterogeneity.The results demonstrate that the normalized intensity of turbulence follows MOST for all stability in the horizontal and vertical directions,as well as the normalized TKE in the horizontal direction.The shear effect of the wind speed in the Loess Plateau region is strong in winter and could enhance turbulence for all stability conditions.During daytime,the buoyancy and shear effect together constitute the generation of TKE under unstable conditions.At night,the contribution of buoyancy to TKE is relatively small,and mechanical shearing is the main production form of turbulence.展开更多
The streamwise velocity components at different vertical heights in wall turbulence were measured. Wavelet transform was used to study the turbulent energy spectra, indicating that the global spectrum results from the...The streamwise velocity components at different vertical heights in wall turbulence were measured. Wavelet transform was used to study the turbulent energy spectra, indicating that the global spectrum results from the weighted average of Fourier spectrum based on wavelet scales. W'avelet transform with more vanishing moments can express the declining of turbulent spectrum. The local wavelet spectrum shows that the physical phenomena such as deformation position in the boundary layer, and the or breakup of eddies are related to the vertical energy-containing eddies exist in a multi-scale form. Moreover, the size of these eddies increases with the measured points moving out of the wall. In the buffer region, the small scale energy-containing eddies with higher frequency are excited. In the outer region, the maximal energy is concentrated in the low-frequency large-scale eddies, and the frequency domain of energy-containing eddies becomes narrower.展开更多
The characteristics of the energy transfer and nonlinear coupling among edge electromagnetic turbulence in thermal quench sub-period of the internal reconnection event (IRE) are studied at the sino-united spherical ...The characteristics of the energy transfer and nonlinear coupling among edge electromagnetic turbulence in thermal quench sub-period of the internal reconnection event (IRE) are studied at the sino-united spherical tokamak device using multiple Langmuir and magnetic probe arrays. The wavelet bispectral analysis and the modified Kim method are applied to investigate linear growth/damping and nonlinear energy transfer rates, along with multi-field turbulence interactions. The results show a multi-field nonlinear energy transfer from electrostatic to magnetic turbulence that results in two-mode coupling in magnetic turbulence, which may play a crucial role to trigger the IRE.展开更多
This paper aims to investigate and present the numerical investigation of airflow characteristics using Turbulent Kinetic Energy(TKE)to characterize the upper airway with obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)under inhale and e...This paper aims to investigate and present the numerical investigation of airflow characteristics using Turbulent Kinetic Energy(TKE)to characterize the upper airway with obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)under inhale and exhale breathing conditions.The importance of TKE under both breathing conditions is that it showan accuratemethod in expressing the severity of flow in sleep disorder.Computational fluid dynamics simulate the upper airway’s airflow via steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)with k–ωshear stress transport(SST)turbulencemodel.The three-dimensional(3D)airway model is created based on the CT scan images of an actual patient,meshed with 1.29 million elements using Materialise Interactive Medical Image Control System(MIMICS)and ANSYS software,respectively.High TKE were noticed around the region after the necking(smaller cross-sectional area)during the inhale and exhale breathing.The turbulent kinetic energy could be used as a valuablemeasure to identify the severity of OSA.This study is expected to provide a better understanding and clear visualization of the airflow characteristics during the inhale and exhale breathing in the upper airway of patients for medical practitioners in the OSA research field.展开更多
Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sedime...Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sediment build-up by catching sediment load.Previous three-dimensional(3D)computational studies have examined the particle trapping performance of invert traps of different shapes and depths under varied sediment and flow conditions,considering particles as spheres.For two-dimensional and 3D numerical modeling,researchers assumed the lid geometry to be a thin line and a plane,respectively.In this 3D numerical study,the particle trapping efficiency of a slotted irregular hexagonal invert trap fitted at the flume bottom was examined by incorporating the particle shape factor of non-spherical sewage solid particles and the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids over the trap in the discrete phase model of the ANSYS Fluent 2020 R1 software.The volume of fluid(VOF)and the realizable k-turbulence models were used to predict the velocity field.The two-dimensional particle image velocimetry(PIV)was used to measure the velocity field inside the invert trap.The results showed that the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids affected the velocity field and turbulent kinetic energy at all flow depths.The joint impact of the particle shape factor and lid thickness on the trap efficiency was significant.When both the lid thickness and particle shape factor were considered in the numerical modeling,trap efficiencies were underestimated,with relative errors of-8.66%to-0.65%in comparison to the experimental values of Mohsin and Kaushal(2017).They were also lower than the values predicted by Mohsin and Kaushal(2017),which showed an overall overestimation with errors of-2.3%to 17.4%.展开更多
The kinetic energy variations of mean flow and turbulence at three levels in the surface layer were calculated by using eddy covariance data from observations at Jinta oasis in 2005 summer. It is found that when the m...The kinetic energy variations of mean flow and turbulence at three levels in the surface layer were calculated by using eddy covariance data from observations at Jinta oasis in 2005 summer. It is found that when the mean horizontal flow was stronger, the turbulent kinetic energy was increased at all levels, as well as the downward mean wind at the middle level. Since the mean vertical flow on the top and bottom were both negligible at that time, there was a secondary circulation with convergence in the upper half and divergence in the lower half of the column. After consideration of energy conversion, it was found that the interaction between turbulence and the secondary circulation caused the intensification of each other. The interaction reflected positive feedback between turbulence and the vertical shear of the mean flow. Turbulent sensible and latent heat flux anomaly were also analyzed. The results show that in both daytime and at night, when the surface layer turbulence was intensified as a result of strengthened mean flow, the sensible heat flux was decreased while the latent heat flux was increased. Both anomalous fluxes contributed to the cold island effect and the moisture island effect of the oasis.展开更多
The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the...The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the Nagqu Plateau Climate and Environment Station(NPCE-BJ), different characteristics of the energy flux during the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) season and post-monsoon period were analyzed. This study outlines the impact of the ASM on energy fluxes in the central TP. It also demonstrates that the surface energy closure rate during the ASM season is higher than that of the post-monsoon period. Footprint modeling shows the distribution of data quality assessments(QA) and quality controls(QC) surrounding the observation point. The measured turbulent flux data at the NPCE-BJ site were highly representative of the target land-use type. The target surface contributed more to the fluxes under unstable conditions than under stable conditions. The main wind directions(180° and 210°) with the highest data density showed flux contributions reaching 100%, even under stable conditions. The lowest flux contributions were found in sectors with low data density, e.g., 90.4% in the 360° sector under stable conditions during the ASM season. Lastly, a surface energy water balance(SEWAB) model was used to gap-fill any absent or corrected turbulence data. The potential simulation error was also explored in this study. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients(NSEs) of the observed fluxes with the SEWAB model runs were 0.78 for sensible heat flux and 0.63 for latent heat flux during the ASM season, but unrealistic values of-0.9 for latent heat flux during the post-monsoon period.展开更多
Rainfall effects on wind waves and turbulence are investigated through the laboratory experiments in a large wind-wave tank. It is found that the wind waves are damped as a whole at low wind speeds, but are enhanced a...Rainfall effects on wind waves and turbulence are investigated through the laboratory experiments in a large wind-wave tank. It is found that the wind waves are damped as a whole at low wind speeds, but are enhanced at high wind speeds. This dual effect of rain on the wind waves increases with the increase of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length is not observable. At the low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate is significantly enhanced by rain- fall as the waves are damped severely. At the high wind speed, the augment of the TKE dissipation rate is suppressed while the wind waves are enhanced simultaneously. In the field, however, rainfall usually hin- ders the development of waves. In order to explain this contradiction of rainfall effect on waves, a possibility about energy transfer from turbulence to waves in case of the spectral peak of waves overlapping the inertial subrange of turbulence is assumed. It can be applied to interpret the damping phenomenon of gas trans- fer velocity in the laboratory experiments, and the variation of the TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.展开更多
A structure function approach is applied to estimate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate in the bottom boundary layer of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Simultaneous measurements with an acoustic Do...A structure function approach is applied to estimate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate in the bottom boundary layer of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Simultaneous measurements with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) supplied independent data for the verification of the structure function method. The results show that, 1) the structure function approach is reliable and successfully applied method to estimate the TKE dissipation rate. The observed dissipation rates range between 8.3 ×10^-4 W/kg and 4.9× 10^-6 W/kg in YM01 and between 3.4×10^-4 W/kg and 4.8×10^-7 W/kg in YM03, respectively, while exhibiting a strong quarter-diurnal variation. 2) The balance between the shear production and viscous dissipation is better achieved in the straight river. This first-order balance is significantly broken in the estuary by non-shear production/dissipation due to wave-induced fluctuations.展开更多
The polishing efficiency of the soft abrasive flow(SAF)method is low,which is not in line with the concept of carbon emission reduction in industrial production.To address the above issue,a two-phase fluid multi-physi...The polishing efficiency of the soft abrasive flow(SAF)method is low,which is not in line with the concept of carbon emission reduction in industrial production.To address the above issue,a two-phase fluid multi-physics modeling method for ultrasonic-assisted SAF processing is proposed.The acoustics-fluid coupling mechanic model based on the realizable k-ε model and Helmholtz equation is built to analyze the cavitation effect.The results show that the pro-posed modeling and solution method oriented to ultrasonic-assisted SAF processing have better revealed the flow field evolution mechanism.The turbulence kinetic energy at different ultrasonic frequencies and amplitudes is stud-ied.Simulation results show that the ultrasonic vibration can induce a cavitation effect in the constrained flow chan-nel and promote the turbulence intensity and uniformity of the abrasive flow.A set of comparative polishing experiments with or without ultrasonic vibration are conducted to explore the performance of the proposed method.It can be found that the ultrasonic-assisted SAF method can improve the machining efficiency and uniformity,to achieve the purpose of carbon emission reduction.The relevant result can offer a helpful reference for the SAF method.展开更多
To reveal the cavitation forms of tip leakage vortex(TLV)of the axial flow pump and the flow mechanism of the flow field,this research adopts the partially-averaged Navier-Stokes(PANS)model to simulate the cavitation ...To reveal the cavitation forms of tip leakage vortex(TLV)of the axial flow pump and the flow mechanism of the flow field,this research adopts the partially-averaged Navier-Stokes(PANS)model to simulate the cavitation values of an axial flow pump,followed by experimental validation.The experimental result shows that compared with the shear stress transport(SST)k-ωmodel,the PANS model significantly reduces the eddy viscosity of the flow field to make the vortex structure clearer and allow the turbulence scale to be more robustly analyzed.The cavitation area within the axial flow pump mainly comprises of TLV cavitation,clearance cavitation and tip leakage flows combined effect of triangular cloud cavitation formed.The formation and development of cavitation are accompanied by the formation and evolution of vortex,and variations in vortex structure also generate and promote the development of cavitation.In addition,an in-depth analysis of the relationship between the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)transport equation and cavitation patterns was also conducted,finding that the regions with relatively high TKE are mainly distributed around gas/liquid boundaries with serious cavitation and evident gas-liquid change.This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the combined effect of the pressure action term,stress diffusion term and TKE production term.展开更多
A set of laboratory experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of following/opposing currents on wave attenuation.Rigid vegetation canopies with aligned and staggered configurations were tested under the co...A set of laboratory experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of following/opposing currents on wave attenuation.Rigid vegetation canopies with aligned and staggered configurations were tested under the condition of various regular wave heights and current velocities,with the constant water depth being 0.60 m to create the desired submerged scenarios.Results show that the vegetation-induced wave dissipation is enhanced with the increasing incident wave height.A larger velocity magnititude leads to a greater wave height attenuation for both following and opposing current conditions.Moreover,there is a strong positive linear correlation between the damping coefficientβand the relative wave height H_(0)/h,especially for pure wave conditions.For the velocity profile,the distributions of U_(min)and U_(max)show different patterns under combined wave and current.The time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)vary little under pure wave and U_(c)=±0.05 m/s conditions.With the increase of flow velocity amplitude,the time-averaged TKE shows a particularly pronounced increase trend at the top of the canopy.The vegetation drag coefficients are obtained by a calibration approach.The empirical relations of drag coefficient with Reynolds and Keulegane-Carpenter numbers are proposed to further understand the wave-current-vegetation interaction mechanism.展开更多
A one-dimensional mixed-layer model, including a Mellor- Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme, was implemented to investi- gate the dynamical and thermal structures of the ocean surface mixed layer in the northe...A one-dimensional mixed-layer model, including a Mellor- Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme, was implemented to investi- gate the dynamical and thermal structures of the ocean surface mixed layer in the northern South China Sea. The turbulent kinetic ener- gy released through wave breaking was incorporated into the model as a source of energy at the ocean surface, and the influence of the breaking waves on the mixed layer was studied. The numerical simulations show that the simulated SST is overestimated in summer without the breaking waves. However, the cooler SST is simulated when the effect of the breaking waves is considered, the corre- sponding discrepancy with the observed data decreases up to 20% and the MLD calculated averagely deepens 3.8 m. Owing to the wave-enhanced turbulence mixing in the summertime, the stratification at the bottom of the mixed layer was modified and the tempera- ture gradient spread throughout the whole thermocline compared with the concentrated distribution without wave breaking.展开更多
Mine disasters occur predominantly due to methane or coal dust explosion or a combination of both.Among the top ten worst coal mine disasters in India, nine are due to coal dust explosion. The current paper describes ...Mine disasters occur predominantly due to methane or coal dust explosion or a combination of both.Among the top ten worst coal mine disasters in India, nine are due to coal dust explosion. The current paper describes a general overview of the parameters causing dispersion leading to coal dust explosion,and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation study to observe the effects of particle size on dispersion in Indian coal mines. Turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) and velocity vector path of dust-air mixture and dust-free air were simulated to understand their effects on coal dust dispersion. The TKE contours and velocity vector paths for dust-free air were uniform and symmetrical due to resistance-free path available. The TKE contours and velocity vector paths for dust-air mixture shows the asymmetrical distribution of contours, due to entrainment of air with dust particles. Vortices were observed in velocity vector paths which gradually diminish on increment of time sequence. These vortices are dead centres where velocity and coal dust particles concentration are both zero.展开更多
Based on a pseudo-spectral large eddy simulation (LES) model, an LES model with an anisotropy turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure model and an explicit multi-stage third-order Runge-Kutta scheme is established. The...Based on a pseudo-spectral large eddy simulation (LES) model, an LES model with an anisotropy turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure model and an explicit multi-stage third-order Runge-Kutta scheme is established. The modeling and analysis show that the LES model can simulate the planetary boundary layer (PBL) with a uniform underlying surface under various stratifications very well. Then, similar to the description of a forest canopy, the drag term on momentum and the production term of TKE by subgrid city buildings are introduced into the LES equations to account for the area-averaged effect of the subgrid urban canopy elements and to simulate the meteorological fields of the urban boundary layer (UBL). Numerical experiments and comparison analysis show that: (1) the result from the LES of the UBL with a proposed formula for the drag coefficient is consistent and comparable with that from wind tunnel experiments and an urban subdomain scale model; (2) due to the effect of urban buildings, the wind vel展开更多
Analysis on the inner flow field of a centrifugal pump impeller with splitter blades is carfled out by numerical simulation. Based on this analysis, the principle of increasing pump head and efficiency are discussed. ...Analysis on the inner flow field of a centrifugal pump impeller with splitter blades is carfled out by numerical simulation. Based on this analysis, the principle of increasing pump head and efficiency are discussed. New results are obtained from the analysis of turbulence kinetic energy and relative velocity distribution: Firstly, unreasonable length or deviation design of the splitter blades may cause great turbulent fluctuation in impeller channel, which has a great effect on the stability of impeller outlet flow; Secondly, it is found that the occurrence of flow separation can be decreased or delayed with splitter blades from the analysis of blade loading; Thirdly, the effect of splitter blades on reforming the structure of "jet-wake" is explained from the relative velocity distribution at different flow cross-sections, which shows the flow process in the impeller. The inner flow analysis verifies the results of performance tests results and the PIV test.展开更多
The spoiler is a kind of device to disturb current and promote burying.At present,all submarine pipeline spoilers at home and abroad are parallel spoilers,that is,the plane of the spoiler is parallel to the vertical p...The spoiler is a kind of device to disturb current and promote burying.At present,all submarine pipeline spoilers at home and abroad are parallel spoilers,that is,the plane of the spoiler is parallel to the vertical plane of the pipeline axis.According to the results of indoor experiments,when the pipeline with the forward spoiler is installed perpendicular to the direction of water flow,the spoiler will accelerate the seabed erosion and cause the pipeline to endure downward pressure,which will eventually cause the pipeline self-buried to form a protection.However,when the pipeline direction is consistent with the flow direction,the self-buried behavior and protective effect is vanished.By aiming at the defect that the forward spoiler cannot be self-buried when the direction of the pipeline and the flow are basically parallel,the spoiler burying aid device perpendicular to the pipeline axis has been innovatively developed,and the hydrodynamic changes and sediment erosion characteristics near the pipeline after the installation of the device were studied based on the experiment.Results reveal that although the perpendicular spoiler cannot generate downforce,it can greatly increase the turbulent kinetic energy of the flow and the rate of sediment erosion.The larger the angle between the pipeline axis and the spoiler plane is,the larger the increase in turbulent energy will be.The increase in turbulent energy near the bed surface can reach up about 70%when the angle is 90°,while serious sediment erosion mainly occurs along both sides of the pipeline with a distance of about 2−4 times the pipe diameter.In the future,we can further explore the influence of the perpendicular spoiler size and installation position on the pipeline downforce and the effect of burying promotion.At the same time,field tests on the perpendicular spoiler burying aid device currently developed will conduct to observe the actual effect of perpendicular spoiler promoting pipeline scouring and burying,and improve submarine pipeline safety protection technology.展开更多
Topography-induced potential vorticity (PV) banners over a mesoscale topography (Dabie Mountain, hereafter DM) in eastern China, under an idealized dry adiabatic flow, are studied with a mesoscale numerical model,...Topography-induced potential vorticity (PV) banners over a mesoscale topography (Dabie Mountain, hereafter DM) in eastern China, under an idealized dry adiabatic flow, are studied with a mesoscale numerical model, ARPS. PV banners generate over the leeside of the DM with a maximal intensity of ~1.5 PVU, and extend more than 100 km downstream, while the width varies from several to tens of kilometers, which contrasts with the half-width of the peaks along the ridge of the DM. Wave breaking occurs near the leeside surface of the DM, and leads to a strong PV generation. Combining with the PV generation, due to the friction and the flow splitting upstream, the PV is advected downstream, and then forms the PV banners over the DM. The PV banners are sensitive to the model resolution, Coriolis force, friction, subgrid turbulent mixing, stratification, the upstream wind speed and wind direction. The negative PV banners have a more compact connection with the low level turbulent kinetic energy. The PV banners are built up by the baroclinic and barotropic components. The barotropic-associated PV can identify the distribution of the PV banners, while the baroclinic one only has important contributions on the flanks and on the leeside near the topography. PV fluxes are diagnosed to investigate the influence of friction on the PV banners. Similar patterns are found between the total PV flux and the advective PV flux, except near the surface and inside the dipole of the PV banners, where the nonadvective PV flux associated with the friction has a net negative contribution.展开更多
The turbulent mixing in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island in the South China Sea is analyzed based on in situ microstructure observations made in July 2012. During the observation, strong upwelling appears in...The turbulent mixing in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island in the South China Sea is analyzed based on in situ microstructure observations made in July 2012. During the observation, strong upwelling appears in the coastal waters, which are 3℃ cooler than the offshore waters and have a salinity 1.0 greater than that of the offshore waters. The magnitude of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε in the upwelling region is O(10–9 W/kg), which is comparable to the general oceanic dissipation. The inferred eddy diffusivity Kρ is O(10–6 m2/s), which is one order of magnitude lower than that in the open ocean. The values are elevated to Kρ≈O(10–4 m2/s) near the boundaries. Weak mixing in the upwelling region is consistent with weak instability as a result of moderate shears versus strong stratifications by the joint influence of surface heating and upwelling of cold water.The validity of two fine-scale structure mixing parameterization models are tested by comparison with the observed dissipation rates. The results indicate that the model developed by Mac Kinnon and Gregg in 2003 provides relatively better estimates with magnitudes close to the observations. Mixing parameterization models need to be further improved in the coastal upwelling region.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51076036 and 51206033)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51121004)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China (Grant No. HIT.BRET2.2010008)the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20112302110020)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2011M500652)
文摘Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were performed for the forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence (FHIT) with/without polymer additives in order to elaborate the characteristics of the turbulent energy cascading influenced by drag-reducing effects. The finite elastic non-linear extensibility-Peterlin model (FENE-P) was used as the conformation tensor equation for the viscoelastic polymer solution. Detailed analyses of DNS data were carried out in this paper for the turbulence scaling law and the topological dynamics of FHIT as well as the important turbulent parameters, including turbulent kinetic energy spectra, enstrophy and strain, velocity structure function, small-scale intermittency, etc. A natural and straightforward definition for the drag reduction rate was also proposed for the drag-reducing FHIT based on the decrease degree of the turbulent kinetic energy. It was found that the turbulent energy cascading in the FHIT was greatly modified by the drag-reducing polymer additives. The enstrophy and the strain fields in the FH1T of the polymer solution were remarkably weakened as compared with their Newtonian counterparts. The small-scale vortices and the small-scale intermittency were all inhibited by the viscoelastic effects in the FHIT of the polymer solution. However, the scaling law in a fashion of extended self-similarity for the FHIT of the polymer solution, within the presently simulated range of Weissenberg numbers, had no distinct differences compared with that of the Newtonian fluid case.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB955304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41075008 and 40830957)+2 种基金the Special Financial Grant of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2013T60901)the Arid Meteorology Foundation of the Institute of Arid Meteorology of the China Meteorological Administration(Grant No.IAM201408)the Ten Talents Program of Gansu Meteorology Bureau
文摘A deep understanding of turbulence structure is important for investigating the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer,especially over heterogeneous terrain.In the present study,turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)parameters are analyzed for different conditions with respect to stability,wind direction and wind speed over a valley region of the Loess Plateau of China during December 2003 and January 2004.The purpose of the study is to examine whether the observed turbulence intensity and TKE parameters satisfy Monin–Obukhov similarity theory(MOST),and analyze the wind shear effect on,and thermal buoyancy function of,the TKE,despite the terrain heterogeneity.The results demonstrate that the normalized intensity of turbulence follows MOST for all stability in the horizontal and vertical directions,as well as the normalized TKE in the horizontal direction.The shear effect of the wind speed in the Loess Plateau region is strong in winter and could enhance turbulence for all stability conditions.During daytime,the buoyancy and shear effect together constitute the generation of TKE under unstable conditions.At night,the contribution of buoyancy to TKE is relatively small,and mechanical shearing is the main production form of turbulence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10832001 and10872145)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities of Education Min-istry of China
文摘The streamwise velocity components at different vertical heights in wall turbulence were measured. Wavelet transform was used to study the turbulent energy spectra, indicating that the global spectrum results from the weighted average of Fourier spectrum based on wavelet scales. W'avelet transform with more vanishing moments can express the declining of turbulent spectrum. The local wavelet spectrum shows that the physical phenomena such as deformation position in the boundary layer, and the or breakup of eddies are related to the vertical energy-containing eddies exist in a multi-scale form. Moreover, the size of these eddies increases with the measured points moving out of the wall. In the buffer region, the small scale energy-containing eddies with higher frequency are excited. In the outer region, the maximal energy is concentrated in the low-frequency large-scale eddies, and the frequency domain of energy-containing eddies becomes narrower.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11261140327,11325524,11475102 and11575057the Chinese National Fusion Project for ITER under Grant Nos 2013GB112001,2013GB107001 and 2014GB108000+1 种基金the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Programthe 221 Program
文摘The characteristics of the energy transfer and nonlinear coupling among edge electromagnetic turbulence in thermal quench sub-period of the internal reconnection event (IRE) are studied at the sino-united spherical tokamak device using multiple Langmuir and magnetic probe arrays. The wavelet bispectral analysis and the modified Kim method are applied to investigate linear growth/damping and nonlinear energy transfer rates, along with multi-field turbulence interactions. The results show a multi-field nonlinear energy transfer from electrostatic to magnetic turbulence that results in two-mode coupling in magnetic turbulence, which may play a crucial role to trigger the IRE.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme provided by the Ministry of Higher Education (Ref.No.FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UNIMAP/03/26).
文摘This paper aims to investigate and present the numerical investigation of airflow characteristics using Turbulent Kinetic Energy(TKE)to characterize the upper airway with obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)under inhale and exhale breathing conditions.The importance of TKE under both breathing conditions is that it showan accuratemethod in expressing the severity of flow in sleep disorder.Computational fluid dynamics simulate the upper airway’s airflow via steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)with k–ωshear stress transport(SST)turbulencemodel.The three-dimensional(3D)airway model is created based on the CT scan images of an actual patient,meshed with 1.29 million elements using Materialise Interactive Medical Image Control System(MIMICS)and ANSYS software,respectively.High TKE were noticed around the region after the necking(smaller cross-sectional area)during the inhale and exhale breathing.The turbulent kinetic energy could be used as a valuablemeasure to identify the severity of OSA.This study is expected to provide a better understanding and clear visualization of the airflow characteristics during the inhale and exhale breathing in the upper airway of patients for medical practitioners in the OSA research field.
文摘Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sediment build-up by catching sediment load.Previous three-dimensional(3D)computational studies have examined the particle trapping performance of invert traps of different shapes and depths under varied sediment and flow conditions,considering particles as spheres.For two-dimensional and 3D numerical modeling,researchers assumed the lid geometry to be a thin line and a plane,respectively.In this 3D numerical study,the particle trapping efficiency of a slotted irregular hexagonal invert trap fitted at the flume bottom was examined by incorporating the particle shape factor of non-spherical sewage solid particles and the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids over the trap in the discrete phase model of the ANSYS Fluent 2020 R1 software.The volume of fluid(VOF)and the realizable k-turbulence models were used to predict the velocity field.The two-dimensional particle image velocimetry(PIV)was used to measure the velocity field inside the invert trap.The results showed that the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids affected the velocity field and turbulent kinetic energy at all flow depths.The joint impact of the particle shape factor and lid thickness on the trap efficiency was significant.When both the lid thickness and particle shape factor were considered in the numerical modeling,trap efficiencies were underestimated,with relative errors of-8.66%to-0.65%in comparison to the experimental values of Mohsin and Kaushal(2017).They were also lower than the values predicted by Mohsin and Kaushal(2017),which showed an overall overestimation with errors of-2.3%to 17.4%.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(Grant Nos.40233035 and 40633014)funded by one of National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2009CB421402)
文摘The kinetic energy variations of mean flow and turbulence at three levels in the surface layer were calculated by using eddy covariance data from observations at Jinta oasis in 2005 summer. It is found that when the mean horizontal flow was stronger, the turbulent kinetic energy was increased at all levels, as well as the downward mean wind at the middle level. Since the mean vertical flow on the top and bottom were both negligible at that time, there was a secondary circulation with convergence in the upper half and divergence in the lower half of the column. After consideration of energy conversion, it was found that the interaction between turbulence and the secondary circulation caused the intensification of each other. The interaction reflected positive feedback between turbulence and the vertical shear of the mean flow. Turbulent sensible and latent heat flux anomaly were also analyzed. The results show that in both daytime and at night, when the surface layer turbulence was intensified as a result of strengthened mean flow, the sensible heat flux was decreased while the latent heat flux was increased. Both anomalous fluxes contributed to the cold island effect and the moisture island effect of the oasis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91337212, 41175008)Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Youth Science Technology Service Network initiative (STS)+1 种基金the China Exchange Project (Grant No. 13CDP007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40825015 and 40675012)
文摘The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the Nagqu Plateau Climate and Environment Station(NPCE-BJ), different characteristics of the energy flux during the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) season and post-monsoon period were analyzed. This study outlines the impact of the ASM on energy fluxes in the central TP. It also demonstrates that the surface energy closure rate during the ASM season is higher than that of the post-monsoon period. Footprint modeling shows the distribution of data quality assessments(QA) and quality controls(QC) surrounding the observation point. The measured turbulent flux data at the NPCE-BJ site were highly representative of the target land-use type. The target surface contributed more to the fluxes under unstable conditions than under stable conditions. The main wind directions(180° and 210°) with the highest data density showed flux contributions reaching 100%, even under stable conditions. The lowest flux contributions were found in sectors with low data density, e.g., 90.4% in the 360° sector under stable conditions during the ASM season. Lastly, a surface energy water balance(SEWAB) model was used to gap-fill any absent or corrected turbulence data. The potential simulation error was also explored in this study. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients(NSEs) of the observed fluxes with the SEWAB model runs were 0.78 for sensible heat flux and 0.63 for latent heat flux during the ASM season, but unrealistic values of-0.9 for latent heat flux during the post-monsoon period.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China under contract Nos 2009CB421201 and 2005CB422301the National NaturalScience Foundation of China under contract Nos 41076007,40676014,40490263 and 40830959
文摘Rainfall effects on wind waves and turbulence are investigated through the laboratory experiments in a large wind-wave tank. It is found that the wind waves are damped as a whole at low wind speeds, but are enhanced at high wind speeds. This dual effect of rain on the wind waves increases with the increase of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length is not observable. At the low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate is significantly enhanced by rain- fall as the waves are damped severely. At the high wind speed, the augment of the TKE dissipation rate is suppressed while the wind waves are enhanced simultaneously. In the field, however, rainfall usually hin- ders the development of waves. In order to explain this contradiction of rainfall effect on waves, a possibility about energy transfer from turbulence to waves in case of the spectral peak of waves overlapping the inertial subrange of turbulence is assumed. It can be applied to interpret the damping phenomenon of gas trans- fer velocity in the laboratory experiments, and the variation of the TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41006050)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20090460799)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 11lgpy59)
文摘A structure function approach is applied to estimate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate in the bottom boundary layer of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Simultaneous measurements with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) supplied independent data for the verification of the structure function method. The results show that, 1) the structure function approach is reliable and successfully applied method to estimate the TKE dissipation rate. The observed dissipation rates range between 8.3 ×10^-4 W/kg and 4.9× 10^-6 W/kg in YM01 and between 3.4×10^-4 W/kg and 4.8×10^-7 W/kg in YM03, respectively, while exhibiting a strong quarter-diurnal variation. 2) The balance between the shear production and viscous dissipation is better achieved in the straight river. This first-order balance is significantly broken in the estuary by non-shear production/dissipation due to wave-induced fluctuations.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52175124)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.LZ21E050003)Fundamental Research Funds for the Zhejiang Universities(Grant No.RF-C2020004).
文摘The polishing efficiency of the soft abrasive flow(SAF)method is low,which is not in line with the concept of carbon emission reduction in industrial production.To address the above issue,a two-phase fluid multi-physics modeling method for ultrasonic-assisted SAF processing is proposed.The acoustics-fluid coupling mechanic model based on the realizable k-ε model and Helmholtz equation is built to analyze the cavitation effect.The results show that the pro-posed modeling and solution method oriented to ultrasonic-assisted SAF processing have better revealed the flow field evolution mechanism.The turbulence kinetic energy at different ultrasonic frequencies and amplitudes is stud-ied.Simulation results show that the ultrasonic vibration can induce a cavitation effect in the constrained flow chan-nel and promote the turbulence intensity and uniformity of the abrasive flow.A set of comparative polishing experiments with or without ultrasonic vibration are conducted to explore the performance of the proposed method.It can be found that the ultrasonic-assisted SAF method can improve the machining efficiency and uniformity,to achieve the purpose of carbon emission reduction.The relevant result can offer a helpful reference for the SAF method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52376035).
文摘To reveal the cavitation forms of tip leakage vortex(TLV)of the axial flow pump and the flow mechanism of the flow field,this research adopts the partially-averaged Navier-Stokes(PANS)model to simulate the cavitation values of an axial flow pump,followed by experimental validation.The experimental result shows that compared with the shear stress transport(SST)k-ωmodel,the PANS model significantly reduces the eddy viscosity of the flow field to make the vortex structure clearer and allow the turbulence scale to be more robustly analyzed.The cavitation area within the axial flow pump mainly comprises of TLV cavitation,clearance cavitation and tip leakage flows combined effect of triangular cloud cavitation formed.The formation and development of cavitation are accompanied by the formation and evolution of vortex,and variations in vortex structure also generate and promote the development of cavitation.In addition,an in-depth analysis of the relationship between the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)transport equation and cavitation patterns was also conducted,finding that the regions with relatively high TKE are mainly distributed around gas/liquid boundaries with serious cavitation and evident gas-liquid change.This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the combined effect of the pressure action term,stress diffusion term and TKE production term.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3208501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2340225,51979172)+2 种基金the Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Public Research Institutes(Y223002,Y220013)the CRSRI Open Research Program(Grant No.CKWV20221007/KY)the Post-Three Gorges Sediment Research Project of MWR(ProjectⅢ:Impact and Countermeasures of the Three Gorges Project on the Stability of the Shoal and Channel and Habitat of Yangtze River Estuary)。
文摘A set of laboratory experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of following/opposing currents on wave attenuation.Rigid vegetation canopies with aligned and staggered configurations were tested under the condition of various regular wave heights and current velocities,with the constant water depth being 0.60 m to create the desired submerged scenarios.Results show that the vegetation-induced wave dissipation is enhanced with the increasing incident wave height.A larger velocity magnititude leads to a greater wave height attenuation for both following and opposing current conditions.Moreover,there is a strong positive linear correlation between the damping coefficientβand the relative wave height H_(0)/h,especially for pure wave conditions.For the velocity profile,the distributions of U_(min)and U_(max)show different patterns under combined wave and current.The time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)vary little under pure wave and U_(c)=±0.05 m/s conditions.With the increase of flow velocity amplitude,the time-averaged TKE shows a particularly pronounced increase trend at the top of the canopy.The vegetation drag coefficients are obtained by a calibration approach.The empirical relations of drag coefficient with Reynolds and Keulegane-Carpenter numbers are proposed to further understand the wave-current-vegetation interaction mechanism.
基金supported by the cooperative project of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe China National Offshore Oil Corporation+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40376008 and 40476008Open Projects of the Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography of Ministry of Education of China under contract No.200310.
文摘A one-dimensional mixed-layer model, including a Mellor- Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme, was implemented to investi- gate the dynamical and thermal structures of the ocean surface mixed layer in the northern South China Sea. The turbulent kinetic ener- gy released through wave breaking was incorporated into the model as a source of energy at the ocean surface, and the influence of the breaking waves on the mixed layer was studied. The numerical simulations show that the simulated SST is overestimated in summer without the breaking waves. However, the cooler SST is simulated when the effect of the breaking waves is considered, the corre- sponding discrepancy with the observed data decreases up to 20% and the MLD calculated averagely deepens 3.8 m. Owing to the wave-enhanced turbulence mixing in the summertime, the stratification at the bottom of the mixed layer was modified and the tempera- ture gradient spread throughout the whole thermocline compared with the concentrated distribution without wave breaking.
文摘Mine disasters occur predominantly due to methane or coal dust explosion or a combination of both.Among the top ten worst coal mine disasters in India, nine are due to coal dust explosion. The current paper describes a general overview of the parameters causing dispersion leading to coal dust explosion,and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation study to observe the effects of particle size on dispersion in Indian coal mines. Turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) and velocity vector path of dust-air mixture and dust-free air were simulated to understand their effects on coal dust dispersion. The TKE contours and velocity vector paths for dust-free air were uniform and symmetrical due to resistance-free path available. The TKE contours and velocity vector paths for dust-air mixture shows the asymmetrical distribution of contours, due to entrainment of air with dust particles. Vortices were observed in velocity vector paths which gradually diminish on increment of time sequence. These vortices are dead centres where velocity and coal dust particles concentration are both zero.
基金The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40333027 and 40075004.
文摘Based on a pseudo-spectral large eddy simulation (LES) model, an LES model with an anisotropy turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure model and an explicit multi-stage third-order Runge-Kutta scheme is established. The modeling and analysis show that the LES model can simulate the planetary boundary layer (PBL) with a uniform underlying surface under various stratifications very well. Then, similar to the description of a forest canopy, the drag term on momentum and the production term of TKE by subgrid city buildings are introduced into the LES equations to account for the area-averaged effect of the subgrid urban canopy elements and to simulate the meteorological fields of the urban boundary layer (UBL). Numerical experiments and comparison analysis show that: (1) the result from the LES of the UBL with a proposed formula for the drag coefficient is consistent and comparable with that from wind tunnel experiments and an urban subdomain scale model; (2) due to the effect of urban buildings, the wind vel
基金This project is supported by Foundation of National College Doctoral Prog-ram of China(No.20050299006).
文摘Analysis on the inner flow field of a centrifugal pump impeller with splitter blades is carfled out by numerical simulation. Based on this analysis, the principle of increasing pump head and efficiency are discussed. New results are obtained from the analysis of turbulence kinetic energy and relative velocity distribution: Firstly, unreasonable length or deviation design of the splitter blades may cause great turbulent fluctuation in impeller channel, which has a great effect on the stability of impeller outlet flow; Secondly, it is found that the occurrence of flow separation can be decreased or delayed with splitter blades from the analysis of blade loading; Thirdly, the effect of splitter blades on reforming the structure of "jet-wake" is explained from the relative velocity distribution at different flow cross-sections, which shows the flow process in the impeller. The inner flow analysis verifies the results of performance tests results and the PIV test.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(Grant Nos.2018YFC0407802-3,2018YFC0407803 and 2017YFC0405605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51909069).
文摘The spoiler is a kind of device to disturb current and promote burying.At present,all submarine pipeline spoilers at home and abroad are parallel spoilers,that is,the plane of the spoiler is parallel to the vertical plane of the pipeline axis.According to the results of indoor experiments,when the pipeline with the forward spoiler is installed perpendicular to the direction of water flow,the spoiler will accelerate the seabed erosion and cause the pipeline to endure downward pressure,which will eventually cause the pipeline self-buried to form a protection.However,when the pipeline direction is consistent with the flow direction,the self-buried behavior and protective effect is vanished.By aiming at the defect that the forward spoiler cannot be self-buried when the direction of the pipeline and the flow are basically parallel,the spoiler burying aid device perpendicular to the pipeline axis has been innovatively developed,and the hydrodynamic changes and sediment erosion characteristics near the pipeline after the installation of the device were studied based on the experiment.Results reveal that although the perpendicular spoiler cannot generate downforce,it can greatly increase the turbulent kinetic energy of the flow and the rate of sediment erosion.The larger the angle between the pipeline axis and the spoiler plane is,the larger the increase in turbulent energy will be.The increase in turbulent energy near the bed surface can reach up about 70%when the angle is 90°,while serious sediment erosion mainly occurs along both sides of the pipeline with a distance of about 2−4 times the pipe diameter.In the future,we can further explore the influence of the perpendicular spoiler size and installation position on the pipeline downforce and the effect of burying promotion.At the same time,field tests on the perpendicular spoiler burying aid device currently developed will conduct to observe the actual effect of perpendicular spoiler promoting pipeline scouring and burying,and improve submarine pipeline safety protection technology.
基金supported bythe National Key Scientific and Technological Project2006BAC02B03, 2004CB418300, GYHY2000706033 under the FANEDD 200325the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No.20080284019)National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 40705019, 40325014 and 40333031
文摘Topography-induced potential vorticity (PV) banners over a mesoscale topography (Dabie Mountain, hereafter DM) in eastern China, under an idealized dry adiabatic flow, are studied with a mesoscale numerical model, ARPS. PV banners generate over the leeside of the DM with a maximal intensity of ~1.5 PVU, and extend more than 100 km downstream, while the width varies from several to tens of kilometers, which contrasts with the half-width of the peaks along the ridge of the DM. Wave breaking occurs near the leeside surface of the DM, and leads to a strong PV generation. Combining with the PV generation, due to the friction and the flow splitting upstream, the PV is advected downstream, and then forms the PV banners over the DM. The PV banners are sensitive to the model resolution, Coriolis force, friction, subgrid turbulent mixing, stratification, the upstream wind speed and wind direction. The negative PV banners have a more compact connection with the low level turbulent kinetic energy. The PV banners are built up by the baroclinic and barotropic components. The barotropic-associated PV can identify the distribution of the PV banners, while the baroclinic one only has important contributions on the flanks and on the leeside near the topography. PV fluxes are diagnosed to investigate the influence of friction on the PV banners. Similar patterns are found between the total PV flux and the advective PV flux, except near the surface and inside the dipole of the PV banners, where the nonadvective PV flux associated with the friction has a net negative contribution.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41476009,41776034 and 41476010the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China under contract No.2016A030312004+1 种基金the Global Air-Sea Interaction Project of State Oceanic Administration under contract No.GASI-IPOVAI-01-02the Laboratory of Tropical Ocean Open Foundation under contract No.LT1404
文摘The turbulent mixing in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island in the South China Sea is analyzed based on in situ microstructure observations made in July 2012. During the observation, strong upwelling appears in the coastal waters, which are 3℃ cooler than the offshore waters and have a salinity 1.0 greater than that of the offshore waters. The magnitude of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε in the upwelling region is O(10–9 W/kg), which is comparable to the general oceanic dissipation. The inferred eddy diffusivity Kρ is O(10–6 m2/s), which is one order of magnitude lower than that in the open ocean. The values are elevated to Kρ≈O(10–4 m2/s) near the boundaries. Weak mixing in the upwelling region is consistent with weak instability as a result of moderate shears versus strong stratifications by the joint influence of surface heating and upwelling of cold water.The validity of two fine-scale structure mixing parameterization models are tested by comparison with the observed dissipation rates. The results indicate that the model developed by Mac Kinnon and Gregg in 2003 provides relatively better estimates with magnitudes close to the observations. Mixing parameterization models need to be further improved in the coastal upwelling region.