Construction of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road:Present Situation,Opportunities,Problems and Solutions

The 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road is an important part of China's new landscape of all-round opening-up,responding to the joint demands of both China and many countries in Southeast Asia,South Asia and Africa.This paper examines countries and regions along the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road and makes an in-depth study of their typical economic conditions,opportunities for cooperation with China,as well as related existing problems.There are opportunities in five areas for China to further cooperate with relevant countries and regions; industrial investment,infrastructure investment,resource development,overseas economic & trade zones and maritime economic development.There are also three outstanding problems; poor coordination among executive agents,insufficient financial support and lack of a sound and complete talent team.This paper offers several suggestions concerning the construction of the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road to better fit the national conditions and joint demands of China and the countries and regions involved.

Mechanism and Path of Deepening the Marine Economic Cooperation between Guangdong and ASEAN in the Context of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Construction

The strategy of 21st Century Maritime Silk Road provides favorable policy environment for deepening the economic cooperation between Guangdong and ASEAN,actively promoting the transformation and upgrading of the marine economic structure,and establishing win-win marine economic cooperative development platform. For deepening the marine cooperation with ASEAN,Guangdong has significant advantages in geographical location,humanistic foundation,marine resources and economic strength. Based on interest demands of Guangdong and ASEAN,Guangdong should build the marine economic cooperation mode and mechanism from the overall mechanism and sub-mechanism,establish a three-dimensional marine economic cooperation path with characteristics of Guangdong and ASEAN from top design,to specific cooperation level,then to implementation of supporting facilities,and expand fields of the marine economic cooperation between Guangdong and ASEAN,to promote strategic construction of 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.

Australia's Synergy with the“21st Century Maritime Silk Road”Initiative and Its Prospect

Australia's development and infrastructure plans have synergy with China's 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative, and their political, economic, trade, financial and civil exchanges have deepened bilaterally. However, as the synergy of the development strategies meets challenges, China should stick to the principle of opening-up and inclusiveness to cope with the ups and downs coming up in the ChinaAustralia relationship so as to ensure Australia can contribute positively to the initiative.

Management of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment：＂One Belt, One Road＂ Across Eurasia to Africa and Europe Amidst Maritime Tensions in the South China Sea Region

Outward Foreign Direct Investment （OFDI） from the People＇s Republic of China （＂China＂） has been expandingworldwide, much as Inward Foreign Direct Investment （IFDI） from the world into China has burgeoned, at leastuntil very recently. Global FDI declined worldwide in 2014, with China＇s IFDI declining less than many placeselsewhere, resulting in China overtaking the United States as the world＇s most attractive location for FDI for thefirst time since 2003, before India overtook China in 2015 （Iyengar, 2015）. In 2014, meanwhile, for the first time,China＇s OFDI exceeded its IFDI, rendering it a net exporter of FDI, signaling the end of the approach to the end ofChina as a developing nation （Yao ＆ Wang, 2014）. What does this mean？ More than anything else, one mustconsider two factors in assessing China＇s 21st century foreign ambitions： Is its One Belt, One Road （OBOR） ageopolitical tetrahedron as some allege, if so, economically or militarily？ Is its maritime policy across the WesternPacific Rim of Asia aimed at constructing a fleet of surface cruisers and submarines to wage a guerre de course（war of the chase）, much as German vice admiral Wolfgang Wegener urged Imperial Germany to do in world War Ithen Nazi Germany to do in World War II, in an effort to dominate merchant sea routes thereby disrupting supplieswithout recourse to a ＂balanced fleet＂ such as Britain possessed in World Wars I and II and the United Statesoperates currently？ Both China＇s ＂New Silk Road＂ and the ＂New Maritime Silk Route＂ are at the root of ageopolitical tetrahedron. Chinese domination of the South China Sea and to a lesser extent of the East China Searegions signals its potential guerre de course strategy. Is there an antidote to conflict in Asia, if so, what is it？

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”:海上风能的宏观与微观等级区划

以风能宏观战略布局、微观精准选址对合理资源等级区划的迫切需求为牵引,本文采用Delphi法,充分考虑资源特征、环境风险、成本效益,对“21世纪海上丝绸之路”(“海上丝路”)及关键海域的风能展开了常规需求、商业开发、应急供电、用电量巨大几种情景下的宏观和微观等级区划。研究结果表明:从“海上丝路”的风能宏观等级区划来看,大部分区域的风能属于较丰富区和丰富区(风能等级期望值大于0.5),索马里近海、马纳尔湾、斯里兰卡东南近海、南海大风区为风能等级的相对大值中心。从斯里兰卡海域的风能微观等级区划来看,相对富集区分布于斯里兰卡和印度半岛之间的海峡、斯里兰卡东南部近海(风能等级期望值在0.7以上);贫乏区为印度半岛东西海岸、斯里兰卡东部近海和西南部近海。

海洋命运共同体研究综述

随着海洋相关治理理念的不断拓展与深化,近年来海洋命运共同体概念逐渐构建起多重学术语境。本研究基于CNKI文献数据库,借用CiteSpace梳理了2016-2023年中国以海洋命运共同体为主题和关键词的相关文献,围绕研究热点、前沿趋势、主题类别、未来展望四大方面进行综述。研究发现,自2019年海洋命运共同体理念被正式提出后,相关研究文献也在逐年增长,形成了历史溯源、法律体系、区域地缘、海洋治理新领域四大研究类别,深化了不同领域和尺度的国际海洋事务研究。为进一步充实海洋命运共同体的概念内涵,彰显其号召力,未来研究建议从三个方向拓展:鼓励更多的学科参与研究、加强“世界看中国”的相关研究、重视中国经验与技术的总结与输出。

Using big data to track marine oil transportation along the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road

China's designation of the "21 st-century Maritime Silk Road"(MSR) region is of extraordinary significance to its maritime rights, transportation security, and socio-economic development. We developed a technical framework allowing the use of "big data" derived from the Automatic Identification System(AIS, an automatic ship-tracking network) for two purposes: the accurate mapping of oil tanker trajectories and the creation of heat maps showing the relative use of oil tanker routes and marine shipping chokepoints. We then applied these methods to 1.5 billion AIS records collected within the MSR in 2014 to statistically identify and analyze busy routes, areas, and chokepoints in this strategic region. Our results demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide an effective analysis of oil movements based on large-scale AIS datasets, helping researchers and policy makers better understand the footprint and strategic implications of maritime oil transportation in the MSR region.

Some Thoughts on the Construction of the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road

As an integral component of the ＂One Belt and One Road＂ strategic vision, the construction of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road will reflect the developing path of China＇ s maritime geo-economy with significant polit- ical and diplomatic implications. Although the construction of the new maritime silk road has its？ endogenous logic and justified considerations, it will encounter various challenges and difficulties. In order to achieve the strategic goal of setting up a community？ of common interest and？ destiny with the relative countries, the ＂Maritime Silk Road＂ program has to be advanced cautiously with the principles of wide consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits.

物流绩效与中国农产品出口空间溢出效应——基于“21世纪海上丝绸之路”共建国家的实证分析

物流绩效直接影响国际贸易的成本与效率,基于2010-2018年“21世纪海上丝绸之路”31个合作伙伴国家数据,运用物流绩效综合指数及清关效率、物流基础设施质量等6个分项指标,采用空间杜宾模型实证分析物流绩效对中国农产品出口的影响。结果表明:中国向合作国家的农产品出口额和共建国家的物流绩效具有空间集聚效应,一国物流绩效提升会使中国向该国出口的农产品增多,周边国家物流绩效的提升也会对中国向该国的农产品出口贸易产生正向促进效应;物流绩效的各个分项指标产生的空间溢出效应不同,提高清关效率等能促进中国向该囯的农产品出口,国际运输便利性则对此影响不显著。因此,应积极促进合作伙伴国家物流绩效水平的提升,加强共建国家之间的交流合作。

古代海上丝绸之路对“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设的启示

古代海上丝绸之路是中国与亚非欧大陆之间的重要海上贸易通道,对促进当时东西方国家间的经济文化交流发挥了重要作用。“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设应遵循共商共建共享原则,借鉴古代海上丝绸之路的宝贵经验,建立良性互利的国际合作环境、促进多元文化交流与贸易自由化、追求可持续发展模式,夯实互利共赢的国际合作基础,推动构建人类命运共同体。

21世纪海上丝绸之路技术转移平台建设策略——以福建省为视域

从宏观角度梳理相关文件,阐明福建省是“21世纪海上丝绸之路核心区”的建设者,技术转移是核心区建设的重要内容。论述技术转移在核心区建设中发挥的作用、开展技术转移的可行性和建设海上丝绸之路技术转移平台建设的必要性;分析海上丝绸之路三条线路所覆盖地区的产业技术特点和国际形势,并重分南线国别。研究表明,海上丝绸之路西线是福建省开展技术转移的重点区域,提出技术转移平台建设的四个导向和软硬件建设的方向。

中国出口“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线国家体育用品贸易效率及潜力的实证研究

基于2011—2021年中国出口“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线国家体育用品贸易的面板数据,运用随机前沿引力模型,测算出相关贸易效率及潜力,并从不同视角实证分析其影响因素。研究表明:①中国出口沿线国家体育用品贸易总额呈波动增长特征,主要出口产品为HS9506(体操、田径、乒乓球、泳池设备及其他),出口市场集中、产品结构单一。②人均GDP正向影响体育用品贸易的增长,贸易的地理距离负向影响体育用品出口规模的扩大。关于贸易效率及潜力,RCEP成员国与较大货柜码头吞吐量会促使其显著提升,而较低的政府运作效率和贸易自由度则相反。③我国与沿线国家体育用品贸易效率整体偏低,且具有明显的时间波动性和国别差异性。贸易潜力呈现出“上升-下降-上升”的特征,与我国出口沿线国家体育用品贸易额变化总体一致。

Empowering the Belt and Road with Energy and Resource Cooperation

Given the economic endowment, development needs and complementary advantages of the countries concerned, energy and resource cooperation is the most practical and feasible way for the Belt and Road Initiative to take root. As an area that bears strategic implications and requires long-term efforts, Belt and Road energy and resource cooperation needs continuous exploration besides down-toearth advancing of specific projects.

海上丝绸之路:18世纪欧洲美学中国化及其范式革命

长期以来,中西美学关系研究的主流范式是讲述西方对中国的影响,忽视了中国美学对西方的影响。回顾中西美学交流的历史可以看到,17—18世纪,中国风景美学观念随着中国风进入西方,适逢其时地满足了剧烈变化中的西方美学发展的内在需求。18世纪欧洲浪漫主义兴起并以对自然风景的重新发现和对异域风情的热衷迷恋为其重要特征,中国风作为遥远的异域审美文化融入其中并起到了重要形塑作用。欧洲美学史由此到达了一个转折点,平衡对称、规则整齐、比例和谐等被视为金科玉律的古典美学观念受到公开质疑并渐告式微,不规则、非对称、多样性和惊奇感等现代美学观念渐成主流。中西美学交流的历史事实表明,中西美学理论并不存在所谓“不可通约性”之类无法跨越的鸿沟。建立讲述中国美学对西方影响的新的学术范式的时机已趋成熟。

印度洋战略地位变化对“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设的影响

印度洋具有显著的战略地位和经济价值,是美国“印太战略”重点关注的区域。美印等国为获得更多地区权力和经济利益不断介入印度洋,影响到该地区贸易运输、海上安全和海洋环境,导致其战略地位发生了明显变化。美国在印度洋不但要控制其航线,还通过向盟友和伙伴国提供公共产品来寻求支持。作为印度洋地区具有重要影响力的大国,印度一方面要维护其传统势力范围,另一方面要从该地区获得经济利益。此外,美印在印度洋地区都有排斥中国的战略意图。从地理上看,印度洋是中国倡导的“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的重要通道,对于海上丝绸之路建设发挥着重要作用,中国的海上力量通过印度洋可以到达非洲东部海域、南太平洋和欧洲海岸。然而,美国提出的“印太战略”目标之一是主导印度洋的地缘政治格局,联合其他西方海洋国家和印度,同中国在印度洋及周边区域展开博弈,这必将影响“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设。因此,中国应加强同印度洋周边国家的深入合作,制定相应的措施,以推动“海上丝绸之路”在印度洋地区的顺利开展。

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”航运物流网络结构研究

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线的航运物流对于全球贸易畅通意义重大,在“一带一路”倡议推进中极具区域板块价值。文中通过引入港口班轮航运连通度指数和物流绩效指数修正引力模型,运用社会网络方法分析“21世纪海上丝绸之路”航运物流的空间关联关系。研究发现:(1)“21世纪海上丝绸之路”航运物流空间关联关系具有显著的网络特征,航运物流网络呈现较好的稳定性,空间关联关系密切程度仍有提升空间;(2)航运物流网络呈现“核心—边缘”的分布格局,呈现出明显的非均衡特征;(3)航运物流网络可以划分为净溢出、经纪人、主受益以及双向溢出板块,板块间的溢出效应具有明显的差异性和传递性,启示各个国家(地区)充分发挥各自在“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设中的积极作用。

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”背景下印度海权战略布局的调整

自2013年中国正式发起“21世纪海上丝绸之路”倡议以来,印度基于对中国战略意图的研判,采取了三方面的海上战略调整以对冲中国在印度洋的“21世纪海上丝绸之路”倡议。首先,不断强化与美、日、澳三国的战略协作,积极响应“四方安全对话机制”的构建与升级,希望借助域外力量牵制中国;其次,拓展在印度洋地区的重要国际航道和战略节点,企图减少中国在印度洋地区的军事活动和军事存在;最后,提出替代性政治和经济援助方案,逼迫其邻国降低对中国的经济依赖,抵消中国在其周边国家不断提升的影响力。印度在对中国“21世纪海上丝绸之路”倡议的战略目的研判态度上较为谨慎;在构建联盟策略的选择上,倾向于军事整合程度显著低于同盟性质的联盟体系;在执行中倾向替代性而非进攻性海权拓展方案。这反映其对华战略实施具有明显的对冲而非对抗性特征。即便如此,印度的一系列操作已使印太地区的地缘环境更加复杂。美国对于拉拢印度构建“印太”区域互联互通显得更具信心,中国途经印度洋的军事及各类商业船只也面临被监控、拦截、封锁的风险。

泉州海丝文化景观分类体系及其营造策略

泉州海丝文化景观是泉州地域文化景观的主要构成内容之一,是泉州旅游核心吸引力的重要载体。通过对泉州海丝文化景观的系统梳理,将泉州海丝文化景观细分为3个“一类”和6个“二类”,从物质系统和价值系统两方面对泉州海丝文化景观要素进行详细分析,针对性提出以“海丝”为主题的景观营造策略,以期为泉州海丝文化景观的分类保护与发展提供参考。

“一带一路”框架下中国—东盟深化蓝色伙伴关系策略探究

2023年是中国—东盟建立战略伙伴关系20周年,也是构建更为紧密的中国—东盟命运共同体提出10周年。构建蓝色伙伴关系是中国—东盟全面战略伙伴关系的应有之义,同时也是中国建设海洋强国、推进“21世纪海上丝绸之路”倡议、参与全球治理的必由之路。近年来,中国与东盟的蓝色伙伴关系在产业合作基础,合作交流领域以及合作机制等方面都取得了长足进展。但同时,双方也面临内部发展水平差异较大、南海冲突不断、生态问题凸显、高端产业拓展不足等诸多挑战。鉴于此,中方应在扎实推进“以经促政”的基础上,坚持“双轨思路”,在产业投入、海陆统筹、贸易通道建设等方面稳中求进,促进区域经济包容发展,推动中国—东盟蓝色伙伴关系不断走向深化。

面向SDGs的“海上丝绸之路”沿线国家自然资源可持续利用能力评价

围绕联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)6、14和15,构建自然资源可持续利用能力评价指标体系,包含24个目标和42个指标。引入“强可持续性”和“弱可持续性”概念,采用常数替代弹性函数和Combined Compromise Solution(CoCoSo)模型,评价2020年“海丝”沿线国家关于自然资源利用的可持续性。结果表明:1)“弱可持续性”情景下的分数普遍高于“强可持续性”情景下的分数,指标分数间的不均衡性是导致目标分数存在差异的原因。2)“海丝”沿线国家总体上在目标6.3、6.4、6.5、14.1、14.4、14.5、14.a、15.1和15.6表现不佳。3)葡萄牙、克罗地亚和意大利在任一SDG均名列前茅,苏丹、索马里和吉布提则位列倒数。4)葡萄牙、克罗地亚和希腊的综合排名最高,利比里亚、索马里和吉布提的综合排名最末。区域自然资源可持续利用能力由高到低依次是欧洲、南美洲、亚洲和非洲,其与区域经济发展水平和资源禀赋有关。5)中国应根据沿线国家在资源利用、发展水平等方面的差异,制定针对性投资与合作策略。