The cold neutron source (CNS) is a facility to increase cold neutrons by scattering thermal neutrons in liquid hydrogen or deuterium around 20 K. For extracting a stable cold neutron flux from the CNS, the liquid quan...The cold neutron source (CNS) is a facility to increase cold neutrons by scattering thermal neutrons in liquid hydrogen or deuterium around 20 K. For extracting a stable cold neutron flux from the CNS, the liquid quantity in the moderator cell should be maintained stably against disturbance of nuclear heating. The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) is now constructing the China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR: 60 MW), and designing the CARR-CNS with a two-phase thermo-siphon loop consisting of a condenser, two moderator transfer tubes and an annular cylindrical moderator cell. The mock-up tests were carried out using a full-scale loop with Freon-113, for validating the self-regulating characteristics of the loop, the void fraction less than 20% in the liquid hydrogen of the moderator cell, and the requirements for establishing the condition under which the inner shell has only vapor. The density ratio of liquid to vapor and the volumetric evaporation rate due to heat load are kept the same as those in normal operation of the CARR-CNS. The results show that the loop has the self-regulating characteristics and the in- ner shell contains only vapor, while the outer shell liquid. The local void fraction in the liquid increases with increas- ing of the loop pressure.展开更多
This paper provides a comprehensive review on the research and development in multi-scale numerical modeling and simulation of PEM fuel cells. An overview of recent progress in PEM fuel cell modeling has been provided...This paper provides a comprehensive review on the research and development in multi-scale numerical modeling and simulation of PEM fuel cells. An overview of recent progress in PEM fuel cell modeling has been provided. Fundamental transport phenomena in PEM fuel cells and the corresponding mathematical formulation of macroscale models are analyzed. Various important issues in PEM fuel cell modeling and simulation are examined in detail, including fluid flow and species transport, electron and proton transport, heat transfer and thermal management, liquid water transport and water management, transient response behaviors, and cold-start processes. Key areas for further improvements have also been discussed.展开更多
We present a pair of phase-locked lasers with a 9.2-GHz frequency difference through the injection locking of a master laser to the RF-modulation sideband of a slave diode laser. Using this laser system, a coherent po...We present a pair of phase-locked lasers with a 9.2-GHz frequency difference through the injection locking of a master laser to the RF-modulation sideband of a slave diode laser. Using this laser system, a coherent population trapping （CPT） signal with a typical linewidth of ～ 182 Hz is obtained in a cesium vapor cell filled with 30 Torr （4kPa） of neon as the buffer gas. We investigate the influence of the partial pressure of the neon buffer gas on the CPT linewidth, amplitude, and frequency shift. The results may offer some references for CPT atomic clocks and CPT atomic magnetometers.展开更多
An in-situ visualization of two-phase flow inside anode flow bed of a small liquid fed direct methanol fuel cells in normal and reduced gravity has been conducted in a drop tower.The anode flow bed con-sists of 11 par...An in-situ visualization of two-phase flow inside anode flow bed of a small liquid fed direct methanol fuel cells in normal and reduced gravity has been conducted in a drop tower.The anode flow bed con-sists of 11 parallel straight channels.The length,width and depth of single channel,which had rec-tangular cross section,are 48.0,2.5 and 2.0mm,respectively.The rib width was 2.0mm.The experi-mental results indicated that when the fuel cell orientation is vertical,two-phase flow pattern in anode channels can evolve from bubbly flow in normal gravity into slug flow in microgravity.The size of bub-bles in the reduced gravity is also bigger.In microgravity,the bubbles rising speed in vertical channels is obviously slower than that in normal gravity.When the fuel cell orientation is horizontal,the slug flow in the reduced gravity has almost the same characteristic with that in normal gravity.It implies that the effect of gravity on two-phase flow is small and the bubbles removal is governed by viscous drag.When the gas slugs or gas columns occupy channels,the performance of liquid fed direct methanol fuel cells is failing rapidly.It infers that in long-term microgravity,flow bed and operating condition should be optimized to avoid concentration polarization of fuel cells.展开更多
Based on the requirement of water management for a direct methanol fuel cell, this paper analyzes qualitatively the mechanism of occurrence and development of a two-phase countercurrent flow with corresponding transpo...Based on the requirement of water management for a direct methanol fuel cell, this paper analyzes qualitatively the mechanism of occurrence and development of a two-phase countercurrent flow with corresponding transport phenomenon in the PEM. A one-dimensional, steady state quantitative model of heat and mass transfer in internal volumetric ohmic heating porous media saturated by liquid and vapor phases is developed. The effects of capillarity, electro-osmotic drag and phase change are included. Two im-portant formulas to calculate the theoretical length of two-phase zone δ t and determine the critical criterion |?ω /γ |cr for dryout in PEM are deduced. By use of these two dimen-sionless parameters, dryout of PEM can be easily predicted. Theoretical temperature, pressure and saturation profiles within the two-phase region are obtained numerically, which can help to explore the performance of a DMFC operating in its ohmic polarization region. The simulation results can be used to determine the catalyst content of cathode catalyst layer and the corresponding optimal thickness of PEM.展开更多
All existing proton exchange membrane （PEM） fuel cell gas flow fields have been designed on the basis of single-phase gas flow distribution. The presence of liquid water in the flow causes non-uniform gas distributi...All existing proton exchange membrane （PEM） fuel cell gas flow fields have been designed on the basis of single-phase gas flow distribution. The presence of liquid water in the flow causes non-uniform gas distribution, leading to poor cell performance. This paper demonstrates that a gas flow restrictor/distributor, as is commonly used in two-phase flow to stabilize multiphase transport lines and multiphase reactors, can improve the gas flow distribution by significantly reducing gas real-distribution caused by either non-uniform water formation in parallel flow channels or flow instability associated with negative-slope pressure drop characteristic of two-phase horizontal flow systems.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10375046) and The China Institute of Atomic Energy
文摘The cold neutron source (CNS) is a facility to increase cold neutrons by scattering thermal neutrons in liquid hydrogen or deuterium around 20 K. For extracting a stable cold neutron flux from the CNS, the liquid quantity in the moderator cell should be maintained stably against disturbance of nuclear heating. The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) is now constructing the China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR: 60 MW), and designing the CARR-CNS with a two-phase thermo-siphon loop consisting of a condenser, two moderator transfer tubes and an annular cylindrical moderator cell. The mock-up tests were carried out using a full-scale loop with Freon-113, for validating the self-regulating characteristics of the loop, the void fraction less than 20% in the liquid hydrogen of the moderator cell, and the requirements for establishing the condition under which the inner shell has only vapor. The density ratio of liquid to vapor and the volumetric evaporation rate due to heat load are kept the same as those in normal operation of the CARR-CNS. The results show that the loop has the self-regulating characteristics and the in- ner shell contains only vapor, while the outer shell liquid. The local void fraction in the liquid increases with increas- ing of the loop pressure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10972197)
文摘This paper provides a comprehensive review on the research and development in multi-scale numerical modeling and simulation of PEM fuel cells. An overview of recent progress in PEM fuel cell modeling has been provided. Fundamental transport phenomena in PEM fuel cells and the corresponding mathematical formulation of macroscale models are analyzed. Various important issues in PEM fuel cell modeling and simulation are examined in detail, including fluid flow and species transport, electron and proton transport, heat transfer and thermal management, liquid water transport and water management, transient response behaviors, and cold-start processes. Key areas for further improvements have also been discussed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11274213, 61205215, 61078051, and 612279002)the National Major Scientific Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB921601)+1 种基金the Research Project for Returned Abroad Scholars from Universities of Shanxi Province,China (Grant No. 2012-015)the Project for Excellent Research Team of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61121064)
文摘We present a pair of phase-locked lasers with a 9.2-GHz frequency difference through the injection locking of a master laser to the RF-modulation sideband of a slave diode laser. Using this laser system, a coherent population trapping （CPT） signal with a typical linewidth of ～ 182 Hz is obtained in a cesium vapor cell filled with 30 Torr （4kPa） of neon as the buffer gas. We investigate the influence of the partial pressure of the neon buffer gas on the CPT linewidth, amplitude, and frequency shift. The results may offer some references for CPT atomic clocks and CPT atomic magnetometers.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 50406010)Excellent Talents Programme of Beijing Municipality(Grant No. 20081D0501500167)
文摘An in-situ visualization of two-phase flow inside anode flow bed of a small liquid fed direct methanol fuel cells in normal and reduced gravity has been conducted in a drop tower.The anode flow bed con-sists of 11 parallel straight channels.The length,width and depth of single channel,which had rec-tangular cross section,are 48.0,2.5 and 2.0mm,respectively.The rib width was 2.0mm.The experi-mental results indicated that when the fuel cell orientation is vertical,two-phase flow pattern in anode channels can evolve from bubbly flow in normal gravity into slug flow in microgravity.The size of bub-bles in the reduced gravity is also bigger.In microgravity,the bubbles rising speed in vertical channels is obviously slower than that in normal gravity.When the fuel cell orientation is horizontal,the slug flow in the reduced gravity has almost the same characteristic with that in normal gravity.It implies that the effect of gravity on two-phase flow is small and the bubbles removal is governed by viscous drag.When the gas slugs or gas columns occupy channels,the performance of liquid fed direct methanol fuel cells is failing rapidly.It infers that in long-term microgravity,flow bed and operating condition should be optimized to avoid concentration polarization of fuel cells.
文摘Based on the requirement of water management for a direct methanol fuel cell, this paper analyzes qualitatively the mechanism of occurrence and development of a two-phase countercurrent flow with corresponding transport phenomenon in the PEM. A one-dimensional, steady state quantitative model of heat and mass transfer in internal volumetric ohmic heating porous media saturated by liquid and vapor phases is developed. The effects of capillarity, electro-osmotic drag and phase change are included. Two im-portant formulas to calculate the theoretical length of two-phase zone δ t and determine the critical criterion |?ω /γ |cr for dryout in PEM are deduced. By use of these two dimen-sionless parameters, dryout of PEM can be easily predicted. Theoretical temperature, pressure and saturation profiles within the two-phase region are obtained numerically, which can help to explore the performance of a DMFC operating in its ohmic polarization region. The simulation results can be used to determine the catalyst content of cathode catalyst layer and the corresponding optimal thickness of PEM.
基金support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC) of Canada
文摘All existing proton exchange membrane （PEM） fuel cell gas flow fields have been designed on the basis of single-phase gas flow distribution. The presence of liquid water in the flow causes non-uniform gas distribution, leading to poor cell performance. This paper demonstrates that a gas flow restrictor/distributor, as is commonly used in two-phase flow to stabilize multiphase transport lines and multiphase reactors, can improve the gas flow distribution by significantly reducing gas real-distribution caused by either non-uniform water formation in parallel flow channels or flow instability associated with negative-slope pressure drop characteristic of two-phase horizontal flow systems.
