The objective of this study was to identify determinants of fertility desires in HIV positive women living in the Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, a male-dominated, patrimonial society. A cross-sectional ...The objective of this study was to identify determinants of fertility desires in HIV positive women living in the Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, a male-dominated, patrimonial society. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data in February, 2010. Two hundred and ninety one HIV-infected women participated in personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. Sixty-six percent of the respondents were in polygamous relationships. Thirty-four percent of the participants desired a child in the future. Chi-square tests revealed that variables associated with desire for a child were age, marital status, number of children, current co-habitation with a partner, duration of time with a partner, receipt of the bride price, domestic physical violence, sexual activity in the previous three months, partner’s desire for a child, and current contraceptive use. Using multiple logistic regression, a partner’s positive desire for a child was the strongest predictor, with an odds ratio of 13.04 (95% CI = 5.6 -29.91). Fertility desires were largely influenced by dominant culturally sensitive issues and the family-oriented culture. The integration of effective counseling and reproductive healthcare service into HIV clinics is recommended. Holistic, culturally-relevant and family-oriented reproductive health counseling should provide more positive outcomes for both HIV-infected women and their children.展开更多
The Popu lation Research Instit ute of the University of Tibet conduct-ed a survey in 1995 on the fertility intentions and atti-tude towards family planning anong m arried Tibetan women of childbearing age in urban an...The Popu lation Research Instit ute of the University of Tibet conduct-ed a survey in 1995 on the fertility intentions and atti-tude towards family planning anong m arried Tibetan women of childbearing age in urban and rural Tibet.Women aged 2034 made up 59.2%of the 857 women su1veyed.展开更多
Hiring bias has always been a popular topic.Especially in recent years,it has aroused great concerns from all walks of the society as the development of economy and culture.It is undeniable that women still somewhat s...Hiring bias has always been a popular topic.Especially in recent years,it has aroused great concerns from all walks of the society as the development of economy and culture.It is undeniable that women still somewhat suffer from discrimination in the employment.In China,some of the younger generation even choose to voluntarily state that they have no plans to have children in the next few years to ensure that they can avoid hiring discrimination as much as possible and thus get hired.From this phenomenon,we generate the idea to design an experiment to explore the influencing factors in hiring bias under the context of Chinese labour market.In this work,we develop a preliminary hypothesis that becoming pregnant and taking maternity leave is a significant factor of hiring bias,and try to use filed study to conduct the experiment.Basically,we propose to send resumes to real job openings of entry-level positions in real estate industry during the season of campus recruiting and measure the call-back rates.This work is a 2×2 design with male and female resumes and either with or without an additional statement saying that the applicant does not plan to have children.The predicted result is that male has a higher call-back rate than female in general,while call-back rate of female-with-statement is higher than female-without-statement,which is the same in male group.But the difference between call-back rates of with-statement and without-statement is lower than female’s.As a conclusion,gender discrimination exists during the hiring process while becoming pregnant and taking maternity leave is a significant factor.And potential gender bias does exist in employment which has already turned into discrimination against women and fertility.Through this study,we expect to gain a deeper understanding of hiring bias and find out the significant influencing factor,so that we can better improve the current situation of gender discrimination in Chinese labor market.展开更多
文摘The objective of this study was to identify determinants of fertility desires in HIV positive women living in the Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, a male-dominated, patrimonial society. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data in February, 2010. Two hundred and ninety one HIV-infected women participated in personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. Sixty-six percent of the respondents were in polygamous relationships. Thirty-four percent of the participants desired a child in the future. Chi-square tests revealed that variables associated with desire for a child were age, marital status, number of children, current co-habitation with a partner, duration of time with a partner, receipt of the bride price, domestic physical violence, sexual activity in the previous three months, partner’s desire for a child, and current contraceptive use. Using multiple logistic regression, a partner’s positive desire for a child was the strongest predictor, with an odds ratio of 13.04 (95% CI = 5.6 -29.91). Fertility desires were largely influenced by dominant culturally sensitive issues and the family-oriented culture. The integration of effective counseling and reproductive healthcare service into HIV clinics is recommended. Holistic, culturally-relevant and family-oriented reproductive health counseling should provide more positive outcomes for both HIV-infected women and their children.
文摘The Popu lation Research Instit ute of the University of Tibet conduct-ed a survey in 1995 on the fertility intentions and atti-tude towards family planning anong m arried Tibetan women of childbearing age in urban and rural Tibet.Women aged 2034 made up 59.2%of the 857 women su1veyed.
文摘Hiring bias has always been a popular topic.Especially in recent years,it has aroused great concerns from all walks of the society as the development of economy and culture.It is undeniable that women still somewhat suffer from discrimination in the employment.In China,some of the younger generation even choose to voluntarily state that they have no plans to have children in the next few years to ensure that they can avoid hiring discrimination as much as possible and thus get hired.From this phenomenon,we generate the idea to design an experiment to explore the influencing factors in hiring bias under the context of Chinese labour market.In this work,we develop a preliminary hypothesis that becoming pregnant and taking maternity leave is a significant factor of hiring bias,and try to use filed study to conduct the experiment.Basically,we propose to send resumes to real job openings of entry-level positions in real estate industry during the season of campus recruiting and measure the call-back rates.This work is a 2×2 design with male and female resumes and either with or without an additional statement saying that the applicant does not plan to have children.The predicted result is that male has a higher call-back rate than female in general,while call-back rate of female-with-statement is higher than female-without-statement,which is the same in male group.But the difference between call-back rates of with-statement and without-statement is lower than female’s.As a conclusion,gender discrimination exists during the hiring process while becoming pregnant and taking maternity leave is a significant factor.And potential gender bias does exist in employment which has already turned into discrimination against women and fertility.Through this study,we expect to gain a deeper understanding of hiring bias and find out the significant influencing factor,so that we can better improve the current situation of gender discrimination in Chinese labor market.
