The signal transduction system of microorganisms helps them adapt to changes in their complex living environment.Two-component system(TCS)is a representative signal transduction system that plays a crucial role in reg...The signal transduction system of microorganisms helps them adapt to changes in their complex living environment.Two-component system(TCS)is a representative signal transduction system that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular communication and secondary metabolism.In Gram-negative bacteria,an unorthodox TCS consist-ing of histidine kinase protein GacS(initially called LemA)and response regulatory protein GacA is widespread.It mainly regulates various physiological activities and behaviors of bacteria,such as quorum sensing,secondary metabolism,biofilm formation and motility,through the Gac/Rsm(Regulator of secondary metabolism)signaling cascade pathway.The global regulatory ability of GacS/GacA in cell physiological activities makes it a potential research entry point for developing natural products and addressing antibiotic resistance.In this review,we summarize the progress of research on GacS/GacA from various perspectives,including the reaction mechanism,related regulatory pathways,main functions and GacS/GacA-mediated applications.Hopefully,this review will facilitate further research on GacS/GacA and promote its application in regulating secondary metabolism and as a therapeutic target.展开更多
The two-component regulatory system plays an important role in the growth and virulence of bacteria. In this study, the phosphate transcriptional regulatory protein （KdpE） gene of Vibrio alginolyticus strain HY9901 ...The two-component regulatory system plays an important role in the growth and virulence of bacteria. In this study, the phosphate transcriptional regulatory protein （KdpE） gene of Vibrio alginolyticus strain HY9901 was cloned. Sequence analysis revealed that the length ofkdpE gene is 732 bp and encodes a putative protein of 243 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight （MW） of KdpE was 27.66 kD with an estimated pI of 5.01. Using SignalP 4.0 and TM- HMM Server 2.0 software, it was predicted that the KdpE protein was located in cytoplasm. It did not contain a signal peptide or a transmembranous region. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 5.0 software, indicating that the KdpE of V. alginolyticus bad high genetic relationship with Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Using SWISS-MODEL work-space, the three-dimensional structures of conserved domain REC in the KdpE was determined. These results can provide a basis for further studies on the two-component regulatory systems of V. alginolyticus.展开更多
In this study, histidine kinase gene kdpD in the two-component regulatory system of Vibrio alginolyticus strain HY9901 was cloned for bioinformatics analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that kdpD gene （GenBank access...In this study, histidine kinase gene kdpD in the two-component regulatory system of Vibrio alginolyticus strain HY9901 was cloned for bioinformatics analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that kdpD gene （GenBank accession number： KJ544668） was 1 374 bp in length, encoding a putative protein of 457 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight （MW） of KdpE was 51.60 kD with a theoretical isoelectric point （pl） of 6.02. Using SignalP 4.0, TMHMM Server 2.0 and SoftBerry-Psite software, it was predicted that KdpE protein was equally located in Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane and endoplasmie reticulum （33.3%） , which did not contain a signal peptide but contained three transmembrane domains. KdpE protein had five casein kinase 1I phosphorylation sites, five protein kinase C phosphorylation sites and one cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 5.0 software, which revealed that KdpD from V. alginolyticus had close genetic relationship with corresponding proteins from V. campbellii and V. parahaemolyticus. Using SWISS- MODEL Workspace, the three-dimensional structure of HATPase_c conserved domain in KdpD protein was constructed. These results may provide the basis for fur- ther studies on two-comoonent regulatory system KdpD/KdpE of V. alginolyticus.展开更多
T lymphocytes with dedicated suppressor function(Treg)play a crucial role in the homeostatic control of immunity in the periphery.Several Treg phenotypes have now been identified in the CD4 and CD8 T cell populations,...T lymphocytes with dedicated suppressor function(Treg)play a crucial role in the homeostatic control of immunity in the periphery.Several Treg phenotypes have now been identified in the CD4 and CD8 T cell populations, suggesting their down-regulatory function in both human and animal models of autoimmunity,transplantation and tumor immunity.Here we will focus on the CD8 Treg population and their ability to specifically inhibit a pathogenic autoimmune response.This review will detail the current advances in the knowledge of CD8 Treg in the context of antigen specificity,phenotype,MHC restriction,mechanism of action,and priming.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2005;2(1):11-19.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42176108,31870023)the Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tsqn202103029)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(201941009).
文摘The signal transduction system of microorganisms helps them adapt to changes in their complex living environment.Two-component system(TCS)is a representative signal transduction system that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular communication and secondary metabolism.In Gram-negative bacteria,an unorthodox TCS consist-ing of histidine kinase protein GacS(initially called LemA)and response regulatory protein GacA is widespread.It mainly regulates various physiological activities and behaviors of bacteria,such as quorum sensing,secondary metabolism,biofilm formation and motility,through the Gac/Rsm(Regulator of secondary metabolism)signaling cascade pathway.The global regulatory ability of GacS/GacA in cell physiological activities makes it a potential research entry point for developing natural products and addressing antibiotic resistance.In this review,we summarize the progress of research on GacS/GacA from various perspectives,including the reaction mechanism,related regulatory pathways,main functions and GacS/GacA-mediated applications.Hopefully,this review will facilitate further research on GacS/GacA and promote its application in regulating secondary metabolism and as a therapeutic target.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31402344,31572656)College Student Innovation Training Program(201510566042)+1 种基金Major Program for the Fundamental Research of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province(2014GKXM046)International Cooperation Innovation Platform Project of Universities in Guangdong Province(2013gjhz0008)
文摘The two-component regulatory system plays an important role in the growth and virulence of bacteria. In this study, the phosphate transcriptional regulatory protein （KdpE） gene of Vibrio alginolyticus strain HY9901 was cloned. Sequence analysis revealed that the length ofkdpE gene is 732 bp and encodes a putative protein of 243 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight （MW） of KdpE was 27.66 kD with an estimated pI of 5.01. Using SignalP 4.0 and TM- HMM Server 2.0 software, it was predicted that the KdpE protein was located in cytoplasm. It did not contain a signal peptide or a transmembranous region. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 5.0 software, indicating that the KdpE of V. alginolyticus bad high genetic relationship with Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Using SWISS-MODEL work-space, the three-dimensional structures of conserved domain REC in the KdpE was determined. These results can provide a basis for further studies on the two-component regulatory systems of V. alginolyticus.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31402344,31572656)"Sail in the Sea-Launch Plan"Science and Technology Innovation Project for College Students
文摘In this study, histidine kinase gene kdpD in the two-component regulatory system of Vibrio alginolyticus strain HY9901 was cloned for bioinformatics analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that kdpD gene （GenBank accession number： KJ544668） was 1 374 bp in length, encoding a putative protein of 457 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight （MW） of KdpE was 51.60 kD with a theoretical isoelectric point （pl） of 6.02. Using SignalP 4.0, TMHMM Server 2.0 and SoftBerry-Psite software, it was predicted that KdpE protein was equally located in Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane and endoplasmie reticulum （33.3%） , which did not contain a signal peptide but contained three transmembrane domains. KdpE protein had five casein kinase 1I phosphorylation sites, five protein kinase C phosphorylation sites and one cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 5.0 software, which revealed that KdpD from V. alginolyticus had close genetic relationship with corresponding proteins from V. campbellii and V. parahaemolyticus. Using SWISS- MODEL Workspace, the three-dimensional structure of HATPase_c conserved domain in KdpD protein was constructed. These results may provide the basis for fur- ther studies on two-comoonent regulatory system KdpD/KdpE of V. alginolyticus.
文摘T lymphocytes with dedicated suppressor function(Treg)play a crucial role in the homeostatic control of immunity in the periphery.Several Treg phenotypes have now been identified in the CD4 and CD8 T cell populations, suggesting their down-regulatory function in both human and animal models of autoimmunity,transplantation and tumor immunity.Here we will focus on the CD8 Treg population and their ability to specifically inhibit a pathogenic autoimmune response.This review will detail the current advances in the knowledge of CD8 Treg in the context of antigen specificity,phenotype,MHC restriction,mechanism of action,and priming.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2005;2(1):11-19.
