Abstraction and Representation:Form and Meaning in the Philosophy of Images

This article examines the complex interplay between abstraction and representation in the ontology of images.Images inhabit an in-between space as tangible artifacts that also convey intangible ideas and meanings.The analysis synthesizes perspectives from across the history of philosophy to elucidate how images bridge abstraction and representation through their form and function.It engages with ongoing epistemological and aesthetic debates concerning the dual nature of images.Plato’s theory of ideal forms is outlined as an early attempt to define abstraction.Modern semiotic theories are discussed for their insights into how images create meaning through codes and signs.Phenomenology offers an alternative approach by prioritizing the sensorial,affective impact of images.Poststructuralism problematizes representation in the context of mechanical reproduction and simulacra.While diverse,these philosophical frameworks all grapple with the issues images pose between abstract essence and concrete appearance,conceptual ideas and sensory manifestations.The article reveals the richness of images as liminal constructs that collapse dualisms in their creative interfacing of material forms and immaterial meanings.It concludes that this ontological ambiguity empowers images as mediators between imagination and perception,subjectivity and reality.

Exploring Nominalization in English Abstracts of Applied Linguistics Research Articles:A Comparative Study Between Chinese and International Journals

Researchers around the world strive to communicate new knowledge,primarily via publication,with the abstract being crucial in conveying core insights.Previous research has generally analyzed the discourse features of abstracts from a macro perspective and often employed either outdated texts,such as those over a decade old,or papers written by authors with lower English academic writing proficiency as research material.In this study,we analyzed forty abstracts from leading journals in applied linguistics,evenly split between Chinese and international journals.It revealed that the use of nominalization in abstracts by Chinese and international scholars showed similarities due to the universal academic requirement for conciseness.However,due to cultural and educational differences,each group differed in their respective language choices and nominalization usage.By analyzing the application of nominalization in different cultural contexts,the results of our study offered practical suggestions for crafting abstracts that effectively convey information,thereby,contributing to the broader academic community.

Embodied Meaning in Comprehending Abstract Chinese Counterfactuals

Embodied cognition theories propose that language comprehension triggers a sensorimotor system in the brain.However,most previous research has paid much attention to concrete and factual sentences,and little emphasis has been put on the research of abstract and counterfactual sentences.The primary challenges for embodied theories lie in elucidating the meanings of abstract and counterfactual sentences.The most prevalent explanation is that abstract and counterfactual sentences are grounded in the activation of a sensorimotor system,in exactly the same way as concrete and factual ones.The present research employed a dual-task experimental paradigm to investigate whether the embodied meaning is activated in comprehending action-related abstract Chinese counterfactual sentences through the presence or absence of action-sentence compatibility effect(ACE).Participants were instructed to read and listen to the action-related abstract Chinese factual or counterfactual sentences describing an abstract transfer word towards or away from them,and then move their fingers towards or away from them to press the buttons in the same direction as the motion cue of the transfer verb.The action-sentence compatibility effect was observed in both abstract factual and counterfactual sentences,in line with the embodied cognition theories,which indicated that the embodied meanings were activated in both action-related abstract factuals and counterfactuals.

A Comparative Analysis of Syntactic Complexity in Applied Linguistics Abstracts Written by Chinese Novice Writers and Native English Advanced Writers

The rhetorical structure of abstracts has been a widely discussed topic, as it can greatly enhance the abstract writing skills of second-language writers. This study aims to provide guidance on the syntactic features that L2 learners can employ, as well as suggest which features they should focus on in English academic writing. To achieve this, all samples were analyzed for rhetorical moves using Hyland’s five-rhetorical move model. Additionally, all sentences were evaluated for syntactic complexity, considering measures such as global, clausal and phrasal complexity. The findings reveal that expert writers exhibit a more balanced use of syntactic complexity across moves, effectively fulfilling the rhetorical objectives of abstracts. On the other hand, MA students tend to rely excessively on embedded structures and dependent clauses in an attempt to increase complexity. The implications of these findings for academic writing research, pedagogy, and assessment are thoroughly discussed.

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Hydrogen Atom Abstraction from C2H6 and C4H10 by Zirconium Oxide Clusters Anions

The reactions of anionic zirconium oxide clusters ZrxOy- with C2H6 and C4H10 are investi-gated by a time of flight mass spectrometer coupled with a laser vaporization cluster source.Hydrogen containing products Zr2O5H- and Zr3O7H- are observed after the reaction. Den-sity functional theory calculations indicate that the hydrogen abstraction is favorable in the reaction of Zr2O5- with C2H6, which supports that the observed Zr2O5H- and Zr3O7H- are due to hydrogen atom abstraction from the alkane molecules. This work shows a newpossible pathway in the reaction of zirconium oxide cluster anions with alkane molecules.

Photochemical Hydrogen Abstraction and Electron Transfer Reactions of Tetrachlorobenzoquinone with Pyrimidine Nucleobases

Pentachlorophenol, a widespread environmental pollutant that is possibly carcinogenic to humans, is metabolically oxidized to tetrachloroquinone （TCBQ） which can result in DNA damage. We have investigated the photochemical reaction dynamics of TCBQ with two pyrimidine type nucleobases （thymine and uracil） upon UVA （355 ran） excitation using the technique of nanosecond time-resolved laser flash photolysis. It has been found that 355 nm excitation populates TCBQ molecules to their triplet state 3TCBQ＊, which are highly reactive towards thymine or uracil and undergo two parallel reactions, the hydrogen abstraction and electron transfer, leading to the observed photoproducts of TCBQH. and TCBQ.- in transient absorption spectra. The concomitantly produced nucleobase radicals and radical cations are expected to induce a series of oxidative or strand cleavage damage to DNA afterwards. By characterizing the photochemical hydrogen abstraction and electron transfer reactions, our results provide potentially important molecular reaction mechanisms for understanding the carcinogenic effects of pentachlorophenol and its metabolites TCBQ.

Theoretical Study on Gas Phase Reactions of OH Hydrogen-Abstraction from Formyl Fluoride with Different Catalysts

The mechanisms and kinetics of the gas phase reactions that the hydrogen atom in formyl fluoride （FCHO） abstracted by OH in the presence of water, formic acid （FA）, or sulfuric acid （SA） are theoretically investigated at the CCSD（T）/6-311＋＋G（3df, 3pd）//MO6-2X/6- 311＋＋G（3df, 3pd） level of theory. The calculated results show that the barriers of the transition states involving catalysts are lowered to -2.89, -6.25, and -7.76 kcal/mol from 3.64 kcal/mol with respect to the separate reactants, respectively, which reflects that those catalysts play an important role in reducing the barrier of the hydrogen abstraction reaction of FCHO with OH. Additionally, using conventional transition state theory with Eckart tun- neling correction, the kinetic data demonstrate that the entrance channel X…FCHO＋OH （X=H2O, FA, or SA） is significantly more favorable than the pathway X…OH＋FCHO. More- over, the rate constants of the reactions of FCHO with OH radical with H2O, FA, or SA introduced are computed to be smaller than that of the naked OH＋FCHO reaction because the concentration of the formed X…FCHO or X…OH complex is quite low in the atmosphere.

Theoretical Study on the Excited-state Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions of Butanal

The excited-state intramolecular hydrogen abstraction reactions of butanal have been investigated using the CAS-MP2/6-311＋G^＊//CASSCF/6-31G^＊ methods. Calculated results show that the hydrogen transfer induced fluorescence quenching of the n,π^＊-excited state of covalent butanal with three paths： （1） The first path corresponds to direct S0-react reconstitution, which involves the first S1 decay by partial hydrogen atom transfer. （2） The second stepwise mechanism can be viewed as a full hydrogen atom transfer followed by a partial hydrogen atom back transfer, electron transfer （near S1/S0 or S0-TS） and finally a proton transfer to S0-react. （3） On the triplet surface, the surface crossing to the singlet state would be clearly much efficient at the T1/S0 region due to the large SOC value of 8.3 cm^-1. The S0-react decay route from T1/S0 was studied with an intrinsic reaction coordinate （IRC） calculation at the CASSCF level, resulting in the S0-React minimum.

COMPACTLY SUPPORTED NON-TENSOR PRODUCT FORM TWO-DIMENSION WAVELET FINITE ELEMENT

Some theorems of compactly supported non-tensor product form two-dimension Daubechies wavelet were analysed carefully. Compactly supported non-tensor product form two-dimension wavelet was constructed, then non-tensor product form two dimension wavelet finite element was used to solve the deflection problem of elastic thin plate. The error order was researched. A numerical example was given at last.

Two-Dimensional Euler Adaptive Mesh Method on Detonation

The adaptive mesh refinement （AMR） method is applied in the 2-D Euler multi-component elasticplastic hydrodynamics code （MEPH2Y）. It is applied on detonation. Firstly, the AMR method is described, including a conservative spatial interpolation, the time integration methodology with the adapitve time increment and an adaptive computational region method. The advantage of AMR technique is exhibited by numerical examples, including the 1-D C-J detonation and the 2-D implosion ignited from a single point. Results show that AMR can promote the computational efficiency, keeping the accuracy in interesting regions.

Topology Abstraction Service for IP VPNs: Core Network Partitioning for Resource Sharing

VPN service providers (VSP) and IP-VPN customers have traditionally maintained service demarcation boundaries between their routing and signaling entities. This has resulted in the VPNs viewing the VSP network as an opaque entity and therefore limiting any meaningful interaction between the VSP and the VPNs. A key challenge is to expose each VPN to information about available network resources through an abstraction (TA) [1] which is both accurate and fair. In [2] we proposed three decentralized schemes assuming that all the border nodes performing the abstraction have access to the entire core network topology. This assumption likely leads to over- or under-subscription. In this paper we develop centralized schemes to partition the core network capacities, and assign each partition to a specific VPN for applying the decentralized abstraction schemes presented in [2]. First, we present two schemes based on the maximum concurrent flow and the maximum multicommodity flow (MMCF) formulations. We then propose approaches to address the fairness concerns that arise when MMCF formulation is used. We present results based on extensive simulations on several topologies, and provide a comparative evaluation of the different schemes in terms of abstraction efficiency, fairness to VPNs and call performance characteristics achieved.

Research on the Automatic Pattem Abstraction and Recognition Methodology for Large-scale Database System based on Natural Language Processing

In this research paper, we research on the automatic pattern abstraction and recognition method for large-scale database system based on natural language processing. In distributed database, through the network connection between nodes, data across different nodes and even regional distribution are well recognized. In order to reduce data redundancy and model design of the database will usually contain a lot of forms we combine the NLP theory to optimize the traditional method. The experimental analysis and simulation proves the correctness of our method.

Automatic abstraction of interference fringes with image technique

ion technique of interference fringes used in phase modulation and phase scanning modulation interferometer is presented. For the measurement of amplitudes of interference fringes, fringes are fitted and their central points are determined automatically according to their distribution rules. However, for the measurement of their phases, fringes should be recognized and processed with different calculating algorithms and least square optimization methods depending on the scanning modulation mode. When this technique is used for measurement of surface roughness, the measurement uncertainty is better than 5nm and the repeatability is less than 5%.

Abstraction from Constructors and Functional Constructors and Their Applications

Structures using constructors are of ordinary use in functional programming to represent data structures of unbound size. Lack of associativity of constructors, however, hinders program analyses or efficient executions. This paper describes ideas of abstraction toward constructors, and similarly abstraction from constructing functions, which we call functional constructors. We demonstrate our ideas making program analyses easier and enable transformation to efficient execution.

The CH_3OH+Cl Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions: An ab initio Study

The two channels of the CH(3)OH+Cl hydrogen abstraction reaction, leading to the final products CH(2)OH+HCl (i) and CH(3)O+HCl (ii), have been studied by performing ab initio MP2 calculations with the triplet split-valence polarization basis sets. For each of the two channels the following simple reaction path is predicted: reactants --> transition state --> intermediate --> products. The previously reported complicated paths(2) calculated without using the IRC technique are criticized. Our calculations indicate that channel (i) is exothermic and has a negligible energy barrier while channel (ii) is endothermic and has a substantial energy barrier. These results imply that channel (i) is favorable, which is in line with experiment.

Vibration Feature Abstraction and Classification of Diesel Fault

ion and classification is put forward for periodic cyclic nonstationary vibration signal. The proposed method is applied to experimental data of an ISUZU C240 diesel engine. Experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in classification of engine faults.

Deadlock detection using abstraction refinement

This paper adopts counterexample guided abstraction refinement scheme to alleviate the state explosion problem of deadlock detection. We extend the classical labeled transition system models by qualifying transitions as certain and uncertain to make deadlock-freedom conservative, i.e. if the abstraction of a system is deadlock-free, then the system is deadlock-free. An abstraction refinement approach to deadlock detection is proposed, and the correctness of the approach is proved.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDED SOLID PARTICLES ON UNSTABILITY OF TWO-DIMENSION MIXING LAYER

By considering the effect of suspended solid particles in the ordinary equations for two-dimension inviscid incompressible mixing layer, the Rayleigh equation and the modified Rayleigh equation are obtained. And then, by solving the corresponding eigen-value equations with numerical computational method, the relation curves between perturbation frequency and spacial growth rate of the mixing layer for the varying particle loading, ratio of particle velocity to fluid velocity and Stokes number are got. Sever al important conclusions on the effect of suspended solid particles on unstability of the mixing layer are presented in the end by analyzing all the relation curves.

Modeling Abstraction Hierarchy Levels of the Cyber Attacks Using Random Process

Aspects of human behavior in cyber security allow more natural security to the user. This research focuses the appearance of anticipating cyber threats and their abstraction hierarchy levels on the mental picture levels of human. The study concerns the modeling of the behaviors of mental states of an individual under cyber attacks. The mental state of agents being not observable, we propose a non-stationary hidden Markov chain approach to model the agent mental behaviors. A renewal process based on a nonparametric estimation is also considered to investigate the spending time in a given mental state. In these approaches, the effects of the complexity of the cyber attacks are taken into account in the models.