EFFECTS OF COOLED EXTERNAL EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON DIESEL HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The effects of cooled external exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） on the combustion and emission performance of diesel fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） are studied. Homogeneous mixture is formed by injecting fuel in-cylinder in the negative valve overlap （NVO） period. So, the HCCI combustion which has low NOx and smoke emission is achieved. Cooled external EGR can delay the start of combustion effectively, which is very useful for high cetane fuel （diesel） HCCI, because these fuels can easily self-ignition, which makes the start of combustion more early. External EGR can avoid the knock combustion of HCCI at high load which means that the EGR can expand the high load limit. HCCI maintains low smoke emission at various EGR rate and various load compared with conventional diesel engine because there is no fuel-rich area in cylinder.

Experimental Study on Dimethyl Ether Combustion Process in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Mode

Experimental study on homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） combustion process was carried out on a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled with dimethyl ether（DME）. The influence of inert gas CO2 on the ignition and combustion process was investigated. The research results indicate that because of the high cetane number of DME, the stable HCCI operating range is quite narrow while the engine has a high compression ratio. The HCCI operating range can be largely extended when the inert gas is inducted into the charging air. HCCI combustion of DME presents remarkable characteristic of two-stage combustion process. As the concentration of inert gas increases, the ignition timing of the first combustion stage delays, the peak heat release rate decreases, and the combustion duration extends. Inducting inert gas into charging air cannot make the combustion and heat release of DME occur at a perfect crank angle position. Therefore,to obtain HCCI operation for the fuel with high cetane number,other methods such as reducing engine compression ratio should be adopted. Emission results show that under HCCI operation, a nearly zero NOx emission can be obtained with no smoke emissions. But the HC and CO emissions are high, and both rise with the increase of the concentration of inert gases.

Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on the Homogeneous Charge Combustion Process of n-Heptane at Different Load Conditions

Effects of exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） on homogeneous charge combustion of n-heptane was studied through simulation and experiment. Experiments were carried out in a single cylinder, four-stroke, air cooled engine and a single cylinder, two-stroke, water cooled engine. In the four-stroke engine, experiments of the effects of EGR were examined using heated N2 addition as a surrogate for external EGR and modifying engine to increase internal EGR. The ignition timing was sensitive to EGR due to thermal and chemical effects. EGR or extra air is a key factor in eliminating knock during mid-load conditions. For higher load operation the only way to avoid knock is to control reaction timing through the use of spark ignition. Experimental and modeling results from the two-stroke engine show that auto-ignition can be avoided by increasing the engine speed. The two-stroke engine experiments indicate that high levels of internal EGR can enable spark ignition at lean conditions. At higher load conditions, increasing the engine speed is an effective method to control transition from homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） operation to non-HCCI operation and successful spark ignition of a highly dilute mixture can avoid serious knock.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Mixed Additives on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion

The experimental investigation of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) process is carried out on a 4-cylinder diesel engine. One of the cylinders is modified for HCCI combustion with mixed additives. The influence of mixed additives on the HCCI combustion process is investigated. The experimental results indicate that the mixed additives are better than the single additives for HCCI fuel, causing ignition and heat release to be advanced and the peak of heat release rate to increase under the condition of different engine speeds and steady HCCI combustion. Moreover, with the increase in engine speed, the influence of mixed additives on HCCI combustion is more obvious. In addition, the mixed additives are beneficial to improve HCCI engine misfire at a high engine speed and make the engine operate stable.

Fluid inclusions and oil charge history in the reservoirs of the Yongjin oilfield in central Junggar Basin

In the Yongjin oilfield of southern Junggar Basin, many wells have been drilled to produce industrial oils. Based on the analysis of fluid inclusions in the reservoirs, in combination with the geological and thermal evolution, the charge history in this area has been studied. The results indicate that the Jurassic Formation and Cretaceous Formation reservoirs contain abundant oil and gas inclusions, and four types of fluid inclusions have been distinguished. According to the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions, the hydrocarbons charged the Cretaceous Formation for two periods, one ranges from the Late Cretaceous period to the Eogene period, and the other ranges from the Neocene period to the present. The oil filling history is correlated with the oil source correlation analysis, which is controlled by the movement of the Che-Mo plaeo uplift. Overall, oil accumulation is characterized by the superposition of two sets of source rocks for two stages in the Shawan depression.

二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料HCCI燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究混合气浓度及燃料掺混对二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料HCCI(homogeneous charge compression ignition)燃烧特性的影响,对不同过量空气系数和二甲醚掺混比下的醇醚混合燃料HCCI燃烧过程进行了模拟计算,分析了缸内温度、压力、压力升高率、放热率和燃料消耗路径随过量空气系数和二甲醚掺混比的变化关系。结果表明,随过量空气系数增大,缸内压力、温度、放热率和压力升高率峰值减小,相位推迟,过量空气系数太大时,CO的进一步氧化反应会受到阻碍,使缸内产生大量的CO残留;随二甲醚掺混比的增大,缸内压力、温度峰值增大,相位提前,压力升高率和放热率峰值减小;二甲醚HCCI燃烧放热率曲线存在3个峰值,第1个峰值出现上止点前曲轴转角30°,为二甲醚低温氧化放热,对应缸内温度为804 K,第2个峰值出现在上止点前曲轴转角15°,对应缸内温度为1193 K,为甲醛等中间产物氧化生成CO时放热,第3个峰值为CO氧化,生成CO_(2)时放热,第2和第3个放热率峰值为二甲醚的高温氧化放热阶段,与甲醇掺混燃烧时,二甲醚的低温氧化反应对混合气的燃烧起到了促进作用。

Numerical Sensitivity Studies on Effects of Ice Nucleating Processes on Electrification in Thunderstorms

This study employed numerical simulations to explore the impact of varying ice nucleation processes on the microphysics and electrification within thunderstorm clouds.A two-dimensional cumulus model,incorporating both noninductive and inductive charge separation schemes,was utilized.The findings revealed that the freezing nucleation mechanism significantly influenced the microphysical development,electrification,and charge structure of thunderstorms.Homogeneous freezing generated a large quantity of small ice crystals near the cloud tops,which were primarily responsible for the development of positive charge regions through a non-inductive charging process.Conversely,heterogeneous freezing resulted in larger ice crystals,enhancing graupel formation and leading to a more rapid and intense charge separation rate of around-15°C.Ice crystals formed heterogeneously and charged negatively during the development stage,resulting in an inverted dipole charge structure.When both immersion and homogeneous freezing processes were considered,the competition between these two distinct freezing processes resulted in reduced cloud water content and weaker electrification.Under conditions of low cloud water content at lower storm levels,graupel particles were negatively charged through non-inductive charging,causing the charge structure to quickly revert to a normal dipole structure.

水蒸气对微型氢气HCCI自由活塞发动机燃烧和NOx排放特性的研究

为了解决微型均质压燃自由活塞发动机燃烧温度和压力过高、尾气排放氮氧化物浓度高的问题,采用数值模拟的方法,建立微型均质压燃自由活塞发动机的数值模型,并通过与试验结果的对比验证模型的正确性。在此模型基础上,以水蒸气为稀释剂,研究燃料稀释和进气稀释对微型氢气均质压燃自由活塞发动机燃烧和氮氧化物排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:水蒸气的存在会延迟着火时间;在燃料稀释方式下,当稀释率由0增加至0.1时,最高燃烧温度降低145 K,最高压力降低1 MPa,氮氧化物排放浓度降低69%,但同时平均有效指示压力下降了0.11 MPa;而在进气稀释方式下,最高燃烧温度和氮氧化物排放下降的幅度较小,且最高燃烧压力呈现先增加后减少的趋势。因此,在降低燃烧温度、压力和氮氧化物排放方面,燃料稀释的效果较好,但发动机的做功能力会随燃料稀释率的增大而降低。

聚能射流成型特征及侵彻效应分析

通过试验和非线性有限元计算研究了空气介质中不同条件下的聚能射流成型特征及对均质装甲钢的侵彻效应,进行了不同药型罩锥角的聚能战斗部静爆侵彻靶板的试验,分析了炸高、药型罩锥角和厚度、起爆方式等因素对射流成型和侵彻能力的影响,并通过线性最小二乘法拟合得到了炸高与侵彻深度的函数关系。结果表明:数值计算结果与试验结果具有良好的一致性;聚能射流侵彻靶板深度随着炸高先增加后减小,在射流颈缩断裂前呈线性关系;随着药型罩锥角的增加在最佳炸高下射流侵彻深度逐渐降低,锥角取50°~60°最佳;随着药型罩厚度增加,开孔直径增加,但侵彻深度减小;相较于中心起爆,环形起爆和面起爆形成的射流侵彻深度较大。

氢气对天然气均质混合燃烧影响的机理分析

为了研究氢气参与天然气(本文以甲烷为例展开分析)燃烧过程中的机理,利用CHEMKIN中的0-D单区模型,对不同氢气摩尔体积含量的甲烷燃烧进行模拟,分析了不同氢气含量下,在不同的空燃比下的燃烧机理,结果显示随着氢气含量的升高,燃烧速率加快,缸内峰压在浓混合气时稍有下降,在较稀混合气时升高明显;对比加氢前后的化学动力学数据,得出甲烷的主要消耗路径取决于OH,加氢前的OH的产生主要依赖于HO_(2),而加氢后OH的产生途径多,且生成速率快;以含氢30%时为例,缸内温度升高明显,甲烷主要消耗路径反应速率比无氢时高出5.8×10^(4)倍。

Multi-dimensional Modeling of the Application of Catalytic Combustion to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine

The detailed surface reaction mechanism of methane on rhodium catalyst was analyzed. Comparisons between numerical simulation and experiments showed a basic agreement. The combustion process of homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） engine whose piston surface has been coated with catalyst （rhodium and platinum） was numerically investigated. A multi-dimensional model with detailed chemical kinetics was built. The effects of catalytic combustion on the ignition timing, the temperature and CO concentration fields, and HC, CO and NOx emissions of the HCCI engine were discussed. The results showed the ignition timing of the HCCI engine was advanced and the emissions of HC and CO were decreased by the catalysis.

Estimation of Residual Exhaust Gas of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Gasoline Engine Operating Under Negative Valve Overlap Strategy

To meet the requirements of the homogeneous charge compression ignition gasoline engine’s rapid cylinder exhaust gas rate and accurate control of combustion phasing,a residual exhaust gas rate model was proposed.A heat dissipation model for gas flow in the exhaust passage and exhaust pipe was established,and the exhaust gas was established.Flow through the exhaust valve was considered as an adiabatic expansion process,the exhaust temperature was used to estimate the temperature in the cylinder at the time that the valve was closed,and the cylinder exhaust gas rate was calculated.To meet the requirements of transient operating conditions,a first-order inertial link was used to correct the thermocouple temperature measurement.Addressing this delay problem and modification of the exhaust wall temperature according to different conditions effectively improved the accuracy of the model.The relative error between the calculated results of this model and the simulation results determined using GT-POWER software was within 3.5%.

生物柴油掺氨对均质压燃发动机燃烧及排放性能的影响

为提升燃料的综合燃烧品质和性能,进一步降低有害物质排放和缓解温室效应,以燃烧动力学和化学反应机制作为理论基础,采用Chemkin软件将生物柴油替代物和氨气充分融合,模拟并计算氨气掺混比例分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%的5组燃料在均质压燃发动机模式下燃烧和排放指标的数值,对比分析得到不同掺混比例对发动机燃烧和排放的影响和变化规律。结果表明:随着氨气掺混比例增加,燃料的点火滞燃期有所缩短,缸内燃烧最高温度升高,排温降低;排放方面,NOx的排放升高,CO_(2)、CO和总碳氢化合物(THC)的排放均明显降低;生物柴油掺混氨气的最佳比例为20%,此时发动机功率下降12百分点,NO的单位功率排放升高了0.003 kW^(-1),而CO_(2)和THC的单位功率排放分别降低了0.01 kW^(-1)和0.0013 kW^(-1)。综上,生物柴油掺混氨气后改善了燃烧性能,降低了排放量,具有良好的应用前景。

改变压缩比对正庚烷HCCI发动机燃烧及排放特性影响的模拟研究

为研究压缩比的改变对正庚烷均质充量压燃(HCCI)发动机的燃烧特性及排放的影响,本研究基于CHEMKIN中的ICE模型,模拟了正庚烷HCCI发动机在压缩比为11~15时的燃烧及排放特性,研究结果揭示了压缩比的改变对正庚烷HCCI燃烧及排放的主要基元反应及化学动力学的影响方式。研究结果显示,压缩比增大使低温燃烧阶段的着火时刻稍有提前,负温度系数(NTC)区持续时间缩短,高温燃烧阶段的着火时刻提前明显,缸内温度压力峰值随之变大,放热率增势减缓,整体燃烧放热持续期缩短,着火时刻不断提前,正庚烷分解速率加快。OH自由基的总反应速率加快,增大压缩比对高温蓝焰反应速率影响较大使得OH自由基到达峰值浓度时刻提前,着火延迟期缩短。此外,压缩比的变化对CO和CO_(2)的生成量影响较小,但加快了CO转化为CO_(2)的反应速率,NO的浓度显著上升,压缩比增大主要增加了热力型NO的形成。

纯氧氛围下正庚烷均质压燃燃烧特性

基于一台双缸柴油机,结合自行设计开发的纯氧进气系统进行试验,研究了不同进气氧体积分数对正庚烷均质压燃燃烧过程及稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,随着混合气中氧体积分数降低,二氧化碳体积分数增加,缸内平均比热容不断增大,使得缸内最高燃烧温度降低,其对应的峰值相位推迟,燃烧始点推迟,放热率峰值下降,热效率降低;同时发现随着二氧化碳体积分数的增加,缸内温度会随之降低,使得燃烧循环不稳定性增强。以上现象均表明较高的二氧化碳体积分数能够有效抑制纯氧氛围下正庚烷均质压燃。此外,试验发现了纯氧氛围下正庚烷均质压燃负温度系数区间持续时间大幅缩短现象。

喷射比对汽-柴油双燃料压燃发动机燃烧及微粒排放特性的影响研究

在一台车用高压共轨增压柴油机上,基于均质混合气引燃(HCII)燃烧模式,采用进气道喷射汽油、缸内两段直喷柴油的双燃料部分预混的燃烧策略,探究了喷射比对不同负荷下汽-柴油双燃料发动机的燃烧及排放的影响。结果表明:小负荷时,随着喷射比增加缸内压力和温度下降,燃烧恶化;中高负荷下较高的喷射比可以改善缸内燃烧过程,小幅度提高动力性和经济性;试验负荷下,随着喷射比的增加,NO x排放降低;双燃料发动机较原机拥有更优的微粒排放特性,且随着喷射比的增加效果更加明显。

负气门重叠对掺氢天然气HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响研究

为提高掺氢天然气均质压燃(HCCI)发动机性能,降低NOx排放,运用GT-power和Chemkin软件搭建发动机仿真模型,在不同负气门重叠(NVO)方案下,对发动机缸内燃烧以及NOx的排放进行了仿真分析。结果表明:NVO策略可以降低掺氢天然气HCCI发动机缸内温度和压力峰值,改善自燃着火特性,缓解噪声和爆震。3种方案中,单独改变进气门开启(IVO)时刻的NVO策略对发动机动力损失影响最小,同时改变IVO和EVC时刻的对称NVO策略,能最大程度的实现废气缸内稀释作用与加热效果,使缸内燃烧放热速率的缓和作用以及压力升高率的降低效果最优化,最大限度的降低NOx排放。

塔河油田奥陶系储层流体包裹体研究

塔河油田奥陶系储层经历过多次构造运动的改造,具有多期油气充注特征。对采自该油田10 口井的105 块奥陶系岩心样品的流体包裹体进行了系统分析,揭示了这种复杂的油气充注过程。对各期次流体包裹体的均一温度、盐水包裹体的盐度以及油包裹体的荧光强度等测试结果的综合分析表明,塔河油田奥陶系储层经历过5 期热流体活动,且分别对应于曾发生过的4 期油充注和1次晚期天然气充注过程。结合埋藏史分析可知,4期油充注分别发生于海西晚期、印支—燕山期、喜山早期和喜山中期,天然气充注发生于喜山晚期。根据原油物化性质和分布特征,最终确定出塔河油田奥陶系储层的主成藏期为海西晚期。

二甲醚均质压燃燃烧过程的试验研究

在一台单缸直喷柴油机上进行了二甲醚(DME)均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程的试验.研究结果表明,进气中加入30%的惰性气体CO2,发动机实现HCCI运转的负荷范围从0.05MPa扩展到0.35MPa.二甲醚在HCCI模式下表现出明显的双阶段着火特性,增加惰性气体的浓度,第一阶段着火始点滞后,燃烧放热峰值降低,燃烧持续期延长.排放测试表明,HCCI模式下发动机的NOx排放接近于零,可实现无碳烟排放,但CO和HC排放较高.

汽油均质混合气柴油引燃(HCII)燃烧特性的研究

为探索大幅度提高汽油机热效率的途径,采用了一种汽油均质混合气柴油引燃(HCII)的燃烧方式,结合发动机性能试验与可视化试验对HCII的燃烧特性进行了初步研究。研究结果表明:HCII燃烧方式的热效率显著高于汽油机,可以达到甚至超过柴油机的水平;在汽柴油质量比大于0.5时可保证无烟燃烧;随汽柴油比的增加,滞燃期增长,着火点位置由中心向周边拓展。