Promoting Sickle Cell Trait Awareness and Education: A Typology of Interventions in the United States to Inform Ongoing Efforts to Patients and Providers

Research Background: Sickle cell trait has no treatment or cure and predominantly affects people who are Black, but can affect anyone of any race or ethnicity. While commonly incorrectly considered benign by providers and the public, people with a sickle cell trait experience life-threatening outcomes that are exacerbated by extreme conditions. There is a severe lack of awareness and understanding of sickle cell trait and the associated health complications among sickle cell trait carriers and healthcare providers. Purpose/Aim: Interventions that aim to improve awareness of sickle cell trait differ in approaches and are not well documented in the literature. This typology aims to highlight current efforts to inform targeted interventions that raise awareness through consistent messaging, educate people and providers on sickle cell trait and the related health complications, and support the design and implementation of comprehensive sickle cell trait awareness initiatives. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of United States-based sickle cell trait interventions and performed a content analysis to identify the categories and characteristics of these efforts. We then organized the results into a typology according to established protocols. Results: Among 164 interventions, twenty-five (15%) met the typology inclusion criteria described above and were grouped into categories: Seven of twenty-five interventions were Educational Interventions (28%), three of twenty-five interventions (12%) were Combined Screening and Educational-Based Interventions, eight of twenty-five interventions (32%) were Policy and Guideline-Based Intervention, and six of twenty-five interventions (24%) were Sickle Cell Trait Organization-Led Interventions. Conclusions: There is a lack of consistency in messaging across interventions whether delivered by credible healthcare institutions or national organizations, which can result in lack of education and awareness and confusion around sickle cell trait. Categorizing interventions through a typology allows clarity and informs consistency in messaging, which should be at the forefront of future sickle cell trait efforts.

Typology and Agroecology of Agroecosystems in Vegetation Dynamics in the Ecotones of the Mbam and Inoubou

Agroforestry systems strongly characterize the Cameroonian agrarian landscape. Agroforests are among those structuring the ecotones of Mbam and Inoubou in the Central Cameroon region. Numerous works on agroecosystems of Central and South Cameroon, few have come out contribution of the structure of these traditional systems in the dynamics of the vegetation of these forest-savannah ecotones. The present contribution has the overall objective of demonstrating the structural efficiency of agroforests the dynamics of ecotone vegetation, but also in the conservation of biodiversity. To do this, a participatory analysis was carried out with 56 farmers distributed in the five villages of Makénéné. Botanical inventories supplemented socio-economic household surveys. The data collected was subjected to various analyzes (univariate test, analysis of variance, multivariate test, PCA, CAH). The results reveal that 55.2% of agroforests are less than 15 years old and those with an area greater than 1500 m2 predominate (33%). They are mainly young with generally small surface areas. The horizontal structure reveals that the largest diameter classes are those of [20 - 30 cm[ and [10 - 20 cm[ with a very low rate of basal area. Agroforests with trees over 10 m high are dominant in five villages of Makénéné. Two types of structural profiles characterize the agroforestry flora of the area, namely intensive pluristratified home gardens on savannah and intensive pluristratified agroforests under forest-savannah transition vegetation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Ascending Hierarchical Clustering (HAC) show three Agroforest Clusters each. The PCA distribution reveals that woody biomass (Y) is strongly correlated with tree diameter (DBH) and significantly with height (Cluster 2). The age (AAG) (Cluster 1) of these agroforests, on the other hand, remains independent of the density (DST) of these trees (Cluster 3). The agroforests in the Nyokon, Carrière and Mocksud villages are the most effective in terms of conserving woody diversity while the agroforests of the Kinding ndé and Nyokon villages are more efficient in the reforestation processes. These results could be considered as effective and quantifiable tools for the certification of numerous cash crops such as cocoa and coffee, which will make it possible to valorize this local knowledge in terms of scientific and in the development of various programs and writing of technical notes.

Skin color of Chinese women across different regions of China:An analysis based on both individual typology angle and hue angle

Skin color is considered an important beauty standard for women in China.The typical tool for skin color measurement,individual typology angle(ITA),was developed based on Caucasian skin features.The ITA effectively measures the brightness of facial skin,which is traditionally associated with beauty in Caucasian women.However,in Chinese women,whiteness is not the only determinant of skin esthetics,and other elements such as“yellowness”and“redness”are also important considerations.Thus,the hue angle system was developed based on the skin features of Chinese women,whose skin is typically on the“yellow-red”spectrum.Studies examining the skin color of Chinese women based on both the ITA and hue angle should be carried out.The skin colors of 4500 women aged 18–45 years across five different regions of China were measured using both the ITA and hue angle systems.The relationship of the“red pigment and melanin content”with the“brightness and redness of skin color”was also examined.Further,the different skin types of women across different regions were identified.Measurements based on the ITA system reveal a saddle-shaped distribution of skin brightness among Chinese women across five different regions,with skin brightness being high in the eastwest regions and low in the north-south regions.The ITA and hab values are not consistent in individual women,and thus,both need to be considered when evaluating skin color.Additionally,no correlation between the skin’s red pigment and melanin content and the skin’s ITA and hab values is identified.This study provides skin color data based on both the ITA and hue angle systems.The findings show that skin ITA/hab values cannot simply be explained by the red pigment/melanin content of the skin.Given the distribution of skin types across different regions of China,whitening ingredients causing little to no irritation should be used to formulate whitening cosmetics.

On the conceptual metaphor of color terms： A typological view

In different languages and cultures, color terms usually indicate their specific cultural concepts and metaphorical implicature. This paper makes a typological study on the universality and relativity of the Conceptual Metaphors （CM） of color terms in different languages. It attempts to explore the cognitive differences and similarities in the process of categorization and metaphorization of color terms of oriental and western peoples. It proposes that the CM system of color terms is determined by the interactivity of three factors as neurophysiologic mechanisms, general cognitive psychological mechanisms and socio-cultural selective mechanisms. The CM of color terms in different languages carry their specific cognitive characteristics and cultural values, and reflect self-similarity of the language and culture.

Values Research and Education by Yi-ological-Systemic-Typological Method in Integration Context

The study of values in the world at present almost follows Western theories and techniques. This is a matter of course in the field of science--technology, but it turns to be much more complicated in the field of social sciences and humanities, because this area is heavily dependent on particular nationalities. Furthermore, the most commonly used in the value research methodology is questionnaire, and using a questionnaire to study values is still restrictive. To overcome this disadvantage, we have developed a Yi-ologieal-Systemic-Typological method to use mostly in studying values. According to Yi-ological method, value education helps learners to recognize values among non-values, non-values among values. According to Systemic method, it helps learners see the changing of values over the time, the close relationship and interaction between values with non-values. Value education according to Typological method helps learners recognize the similarities and differences between cultures, both apart and close ones.

A Typological Investigation into L2 Chinese“Prepositional Phrase-verb”Word Order Acquisition

The study,using an interlanguage corpus,investigates how international students in China acquire“prepositional phrase-verb”word order.It found that students whose mother tongue features VO and OV word order mostly produce pre-placement structure of“prepositional phrase+verb”,which is similar to Chinese word order and hence reflects an overt influence of the target language.However,when producing post-placement structure of“verb+prepositional phrase”,VO type L1 speaking students slightly outnumber those OV type L1 speaking students,which indicates limited influence of L1 transfer.In addition,other factors such as the relator principle and the temporal iconicity principle also exert certain influence on the word order acquisition of“prepositional phrase-verb”structure.

Marking of Theta-Roles from a Typological Perspective

Theta-roles,which are semantic notions identifying roles that nouns play in the predication of events,are either phoneti-cally expressed or unexpressed.Comparison of how various languages encode nouns’theta-roles in strings of speech sounds re-veals that some do so morphologically while others do so lexically and syntactically.Meanwhile,examination of how pronouns’the-ta-roles are marked across languages indicates that theta-roles,rather than being treated equally,are ranked in terms of whether tobe morphologically encoded or not.As researches endeavor to compare languages,it is indispensable to bear in mind the dual na-ture of language:meaning and sound.

从问题分类法视角评估生成式人工智能在情报工作中的应用效能

[目的/意义]借鉴以赛亚·伯林的问题分类法,评估生成式人工智能在情报工作中的应用效能。[方法/过程]通过文献分析与批判性思考,将伯林的问题分类法映射到情报工作中,分析、评估生成式人工智能在应对事实/经验、逻辑/形式、哲学/思辨问题时相较情报工作者的优势和局限。[结果/结论]生成式人工智能应对情报工作中事实/经验、逻辑/形式类问题时相较情报工作者可能具有较大优势;应对情报工作中哲学/思辨问题时则不占有优势。基于此,讨论了生成式人工智能在我国情报工作中的应用前景,并给出相应建议。

拔尖创新人才培养的理论基础和实践思路

拔尖创新人才的培养是一个现实而又紧迫的话题,但关于什么是“拔尖创新人才”,如何选拔和培养这类人才,尚缺乏成熟的理论准备和实践引导。本文旨在对创新潜能、发展、成就的理论以及对应的识别、培养、文化支持等社会实践做一个系统概要的阐述。首先,在拔尖创新人才的界定上,本文提出了创新的五种形态和创新人才的两种不同类型。第二,在创新人才的识别问题上,本文提出了基于人才动态发展观并结合“总体筛选”和“个体考察”的人才识别模式。第三,在发展和培养问题上,本文提出兼顾成长阶段和领域具体性同时突出“探索未知”和“开放性”的培养模式。第四,在创新成就的文化支持上,本文探讨了如何在创新实践中营造兼容认知多样性和鼓励自由探索的生态环境。第五,本文进一步针对现有教育体制提出了五个实践策略上的着眼点。最后,关于教育实践的政策导向,本文提出了四个基本原则和四种认知误区。

恶意民事诉讼侵权行为与损害赔偿责任

恶意民事诉讼是指当事人没有诉权或者超出合法诉权范围,故意提起民事诉讼,意图实现侵害对方当事人或者第三人民事权益非法目的的一般侵权行为,包括恶意诉讼、滥用诉权和虚假诉讼三种类型。恶意民事诉讼是一般侵权行为,在《民法典》侵权责任编不必作特别规定,直接适用《民法典》第1165条第1款规定的侵权行为一般条款即可。《民事案件案由规定》“侵权责任纠纷”项下的第三级案由和第四级案由没有规定“恶意民事诉讼责任纠纷”案由,可以直接适用第二级案由即“侵权责任纠纷”确定案由。恶意民事诉讼侵权责任构成应当依照《民法典》第1165条第1款规定并结合恶意民事诉讼的特点认定,损害赔偿责任应当依照《民法典》第1184条、第1182条和第1183条第1款等规定的方法确定。

轻罪治理图景下前科消灭制度的本土建构

随着社会转型时期刑法立法上的犯罪化加速,轻微罪名数量开始快速扩张。轻罪化的立法主张存在其合理性,但受制于现存的前科制度,出现了轻罪轻刑但不轻罚的现象,甚至存在“株连”的情形。这种“只做加法,不做减法”的犯罪记录长期存在将会衍生诸多问题。对此,我国轻罪前科消灭制度的构建具有相当的紧迫性,但为充分回应社会公共安全保障之诉求,应当根据犯罪类型、刑罚期限以及行为人类型等条件判断能否适用前科消灭制度。在规范层面,不仅需要对既有的前科报告制度作出调整,以明确前科范围、前科消灭的影响范围以及启动程序,还需及时对其他部门法作出调整,以形成逻辑严谨、结构协调的前科消灭体系。

河北泥河湾盆地西白马营遗址1985-1986年出土的石制品

西白马营遗址位于泥河湾盆地中部,于1985年调查发现并进行了试掘;次年正式发掘并获取了石制品、骨制品、动物化石等丰富的文化遗物。铀系法测年遗址距今约1.8万年,推测为临时石器加工场所。石器技术属于中国北方的小型石片石器传统。新的田野工作和测年数据表明,遗址属旧石器时代晚期早段。我们对1985年试掘及1986年正式发掘出土的石制品进行了类型划分及技术分析,并结合最新的年代测定结果,对遗址文化面貌及属性进行了重新厘定及研究成果重要性的讨论。

开街 近代广州西关空间史笔记

西关地区是传统时代晚期广州城近郊最发达的地区,民国时期被纳入城市行政区。西关的变迁具有传统城市近代化与传统空间城市化的双重转型特征,也是民国广州通过马路街道建设实现城市空间转型的集中代表地区。文章以街道为主角,以空间权属内涵及其开发营造方式为切入点,围绕“开街”在形塑近代城市中的作用,提出了近代西关空间演变的阐释路径,显示了一种融合不同尺度,贯通形态、功能、习俗、制度与观念的空间史研究风格。文章同时也尝试对城市形态学与建筑类型学的研究方法、里坊制与街巷制问题、传统空间的公共性问题等若干宏观议题给出探索性的思考和评论。

收缩或是扩张:中国城市发展的类型化研究

城市化是驱动中国经济发展的重要引擎。但中国城市化发展呈现了地区不均衡的分化态势。全国范围内既呈现出市域人口增长与城市繁荣为主要特点的扩张现象,也发生了东北、西北、中西部甚至东部地区城市市域人口净流出和活力衰减为主要特点的收缩现象。收缩型与扩张型两类城市分别拥有不同的产业结构、生态区位、制度文化和人口吸引力等发展机理和特征。在全国人口呈现负增长和城市人口资源竞争的背景下,两类不同的城市发展趋势将持续加剧。面临收缩和扩张的城市分化趋势,中国新型城镇化必须因地制宜、因城施策,坚持精明收缩和精明增长两种原则,谋划不同的发展策略,从而构建区域协调发展的可持续发展模式。

工匠精神引领高职校园文化类型化建构的逻辑与路径

建设类型特色的高等职业院校校园文化是职业教育现代化和高质量发展的内在要求。类型化高职校园文化是建构高职教育新型价值体系,推动高职教育类型化、高质量发展的关键所在。工匠精神具有政治、教育和树人三重属性,对高职校园文化类型化建构具有强大的引领作用。要在实践中重视提升高职校园文化政治站位,努力找准高职校园文化类型化定位,始终坚守高职校园文化立德树人本位,努力建构与高职教育发展需求相适应的校园文化。

现代汉语隐性否定研究综述

隐性否定以“无显性否定形式”和“具有否定意义”为条件,学界大体从概念界定、表达形式、语用功能以及新理论视角等方面对隐性否定加以研究。对目前的隐性否定研究成果进行梳理和总结,以求明确学界在隐性否定研究领域的现状和不足,从而确定接下来的研究方向和目标。

中国新型大学研究的“三部曲”——兼评李克军等著《新型大学发展模式论》

在高等教育大众化背景下,中国新型大学的研究逐渐兴起,且主要聚焦于新建本科院校的转型发展。2015年以来,围绕中国新型大学研究产生了一批研究成果,其中,顾永安的文章《中国新型大学的新特质与新样态》,首次提出了中国新型大学的概念界定、愿景、特质、样态,对相关研究起到了奠基性价值;柳友荣等著作《新型大学型态论》,从高校内外治理体系的新视角,聚焦新型大学型态开展理论探讨与实证研究,对相关研究具有开拓性意义;李克军等著作《新型大学发展模式论》,从研究的前瞻性与预判性、研究框架体系化、研究方法多样化三个方面提供了创新性贡献。三位学者关于中国新型大学的研究逐步深入递进,不断创新升华。随着应用型本科高校进入高质量发展新阶段,中国新型大学的研究将持续拓展,以推进高质量高等教育体系建设。

不当得利法释义学的建构

不当得利法始于罗马法,集大成于德国民法,旨在调整私法上无法律上原因的财产变动,涉及整个私法关系。中国台湾地区不当得利法继受于德国,其法释义学的建构亦主要依靠学说继受。在不当得利法的体系建构上,类型化区分非常关键。当前台湾地区通说采类型说,将不当得利区分为给付型不当得利和非给付型不当得利两大类型。前者旨在调整失败法律交易的财产变动、物权行为无因性理论,与市场私法自治密切相关。后者尤其是权益侵害型不当得利旨在强化对权益的保护,有较广阔的适用领域。通过比较法学说继受、本土判例积累以及学说发展深化,建构不当得利的理论体系并使之精细化,亦是内地不当得利法发展的重要课题。

类型属性下职业教育实践的审视:演进、困境与纾解

职业教育是与普通教育具有同等重要地位的教育类型。立足类型属性审视职业教育实践的演进历程,可以划分为原始人技能代际传递的萌芽期、传统学徒制的雏形期、学校职业教育的成型期以及现代职业教育体系的赋新期。我国在现代职教体系构建中,面临着行政机制疏离产业部门、企业主体缺位教育活动、专业设置囿于学科中心、教学标准脱离职业标准的多重困境,折射出职业教育实践对类型属性的偏离。从国家、育人主体、专业及教学等层面,处理和把握好“教育与产业”“学校与企业”“专业与职业”“学习与工作”四组关系,是职业教育回归类型属性、纾解困境的关键路径。

类型化视角下非遗知识产权保护体系研究

非遗知识产权保护的类型化梳理是非遗知识产权保护体系构建的前提,类型化思维和传统概念化思维的有效互补可以化解非遗知识产权保护的规则冲突。以促进文化传承和推动区域经济发展为价值标准规划出非遗知识产权保护的具体路径,通过利益平衡原则指导下的非遗“权利主体”和惠益原则指导下的非遗“保护客体”类型化分析,解构非遗的传统类型,厘清非遗知识产权保护的内容和样态,合理重构非遗知识产权保护类型,为非遗知识产权保护提出有效配置方案,实现非遗知识产权保护的良性循环。