The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor...The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)has been of particular interest in the treatment of human malignancies.This literature commentary is intended to highlight the most recent findings associated with the widely-studied TKI agents and their clinical significance in improving the outcomes of HER2 positive BC.展开更多
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase,which is also known as Ca2 +-dependent tyrosine kinase or related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase.Pyk2 activation exerts a critical regulat...Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase,which is also known as Ca2 +-dependent tyrosine kinase or related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase.Pyk2 activation exerts a critical regulatory mechanism for various physiological processes including cytoskeleton function,regulation of cell growth and death,modulation of ion channels and multiple signaling events.However,mechanisms underlying the functional diversity of Pyk2 are not clear.A Pyk2 isoform that encodes only part of the C-terminal domain of Pyk2,named as PRNK (Pyk2-related non-kinase),acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of Pyk2-dependent signaling by displacing Pyk2 from focal adhesions.Research on functional PRNK probably provides new potential inhibitory tool targeting Pyk2 and makes it possible to explore more of Pyk2 pathological mechanism.PRNK is a promising candidate targeting Pyk2 modulation.This review focuses on the functional investigation of Pyk2 and its structure and localization,including recent research with inhibitory strategies targeting Pyk2 by the method of PRNK.展开更多
Immune system is a complex network that clears pathogens,toxic substrates,and cancer cells.Distinguishing self-antigens from non-self-antigens is critical for the immune cell-mediated response against foreign antigens...Immune system is a complex network that clears pathogens,toxic substrates,and cancer cells.Distinguishing self-antigens from non-self-antigens is critical for the immune cell-mediated response against foreign antigens.The innate immune system elicits an early-phase response to various stimuli,whereas the adaptive immune response is tailored to previously encountered antigens.During immune responses,B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells,while naïve T cells differentiate into functionally specific effector cells[T helper 1(Th1),Th2,Th17,and regulatory T cells].However,enhanced or prolonged immune responses can result in autoimmune disorders,which are characterized by lymphocytemediated immune responses against self-antigens.Signal transduction of cytokines,which regulate the inflammatory cascades,is dependent on the members of the Janus family of protein kinases.Tyrosine kinase 2(Tyk2)is associated with receptor subunits of immune-related cytokines,such as type I interferon,interleukin(IL)-6,IL-10,IL-12,and IL-23.Clinical studies on the therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of Tyk2 inhibitors in autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases are currently ongoing.This review summarizes the findings of studies examining the role of Tyk2 in immune and/or inflammatory responses using Tyk2-deficient cells and mice.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Electromagnetic radiation can influence dopamine （DA） synthesis in brain tissues or ceils, but electromagnetic frequencies, intensities, and radiation time can produce different effects. In addition, th...BACKGROUND： Electromagnetic radiation can influence dopamine （DA） synthesis in brain tissues or ceils, but electromagnetic frequencies, intensities, and radiation time can produce different effects. In addition, the signal pathway by which electromagnetic radiation influences DA synthesis remains controversial. OBJECTIVE： To determine tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） expression in PC12 cells and DA levels in cell culture media after different periods of low-frequency pulsed electric field （LF-PEF） stimulation, and to determine how LF-PEF signaling stimulates TH synthesis using inhibitors. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A parallel, controlled, cell experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, between January and October 2006. MATERIALS： PC12 cells were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Nerve growth factor was purchased from PeproTech, USA. The protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, U0126, were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： （1） Following routine culture in Dulbecco＇s modified eagle medium, primary PC12 cells were stimulated under LF-PEF （pulse frequency 50.Hz, pulse width 20 μs, peak field strength 1 V/m） for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes. （2） Inhibitors （H-89 or U0126, 1 μmol/L） were added 30 minutes before LF-PEF stimulation for 10 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） TH expression was determined by Western blot in PC12 cells at 0.5, 1,2, 3, and 4 days after LF-PEF stimulation. Similarly, DA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in media at 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after LF-PEE （2） TH expression was detected 1 day after H-89 or U0126 treatment and LF-PEE RESULTS： （1） Short-term LF-PEF stimulation （5 and 10 minutes） increased TH expression and media DA levels after short-term culture （2 days） （P 〈 0.01）, but both parameters decreased with longer culture （3 4 days） （P 〈 0.01）. Long-term LF-PEF stimulation （15, 20, or 30 minutes） decreased TH and DA synthesis, followed by a rapid increase （P 〈 0.01）. （2） H89 could completely inhibit TH expression in PC12 cells stimulated by LF-PEF for 10 minutes, while the inhibition rate of U0126 was 53.2%. CONCLUSION： Short-term LF-PEF first promotes then inhibits, while long-term LF-PEF first inhibits then promotes, TH and DA synthesis. LF-PEF stimulation regulates TH expression primarily by activating protein kinase A to regulate DA synthesis.展开更多
目的观察柴胡皂苷D对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)H460细胞增殖、凋亡的影响,并探讨可能机制。方法取对数期H460细胞,随机分为对照组,实验A、B、C组,对照组常规培养,实验A组加入柴胡皂苷D(20μmol/L),实验B组加入colivelin[Janus蛋白酪氨酸激酶2...目的观察柴胡皂苷D对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)H460细胞增殖、凋亡的影响,并探讨可能机制。方法取对数期H460细胞,随机分为对照组,实验A、B、C组,对照组常规培养,实验A组加入柴胡皂苷D(20μmol/L),实验B组加入colivelin[Janus蛋白酪氨酸激酶2(JAK2)/信号转导及转录激活子3(STAT3)通路激活剂](0.5μmol/L),实验C组加入柴胡皂苷D(20μmol/L)与colivelin(0.5μmol/L)。MTT法检测细胞增殖能力;双染法检测细胞凋亡率;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)法检测细胞白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-10(IL-10)mRNA表达量;Western blotting法检测细胞p-JAK2、JAK2、p-STAT3、STAT3蛋白表达量。结果与对照组比较,实验A组24、48、72 h MTT实验吸光度值、细胞IL-10 mRNA表达量、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3降低,细胞凋亡率、IL-2 mRNA表达量升高(P<0.05),实验B组24、48、72 h MTT实验吸光度值、细胞IL-10 mRNA表达量、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3升高,细胞凋亡率、IL-2 mRNA表达量降低(P<0.05);与实验A组比较,实验C组24、48、72 h MTT实验吸光度值、细胞IL-10 mRNA表达量、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3升高,细胞凋亡率、IL-2 mRNA表达量降低(P<0.05);与实验B组比较,联合组24、48、72 h MTT实验吸光度值、细胞IL-10 mRNA表达量、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3降低,细胞凋亡率、IL-2 mRNA表达量升高(P<0.05)。结论柴胡皂苷D可抑制NSCLC细胞增殖,促进其凋亡,其作用机制可能与抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关。展开更多
目的分析酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)治疗人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)阳性乳腺癌的研究现状、热点和发展趋势。方法在Web of Science核心合集数据库中检索TKIs治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌的相关文献,使用CiteSpace 6.1.R3软件对发文作者、国家/地区...目的分析酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)治疗人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)阳性乳腺癌的研究现状、热点和发展趋势。方法在Web of Science核心合集数据库中检索TKIs治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌的相关文献,使用CiteSpace 6.1.R3软件对发文作者、国家/地区、机构、学科领域、期刊、关键词进行可视化分析。结果共纳入732篇文献,发文量呈逐年上升趋势,以美国发文最多(中心度0.10),我国发文量排第2位(中心度0.05)。发文量和被引频次最多的作者分别是澳大利亚圣文森特大学医院的Crown和美国加州大学洛杉矶分校的Slamon;发文量最多的机构是美国得克萨斯大学安德森癌症中心,最多的期刊是美国Journal of Clinical Oncology;研究热点主要集中在HER2阳性乳腺癌治疗药物、TKIs作用受体、TKIs作用机制、HER2阳性乳腺癌脑转移、TKIs临床研究5个方面;前沿领域和发展趋势主要为TKIs与其他药物或治疗手段联用以增强靶向性并降低毒副作用。结论TKIs治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌的研究受到国内外学者的重视。我国学者和研究团队未来需要加强合作交流,可从TKIs单用及联合用药治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌的疗效及安全性方面加强与其他国家的合作。展开更多
基金Supported by the Elsa U.Pardee Foundation Grant,No.671432(to Sahu RP)NIH R21 Grant,No.ES033806(to Sahu RP).
文摘The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)has been of particular interest in the treatment of human malignancies.This literature commentary is intended to highlight the most recent findings associated with the widely-studied TKI agents and their clinical significance in improving the outcomes of HER2 positive BC.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30700822)
文摘Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase,which is also known as Ca2 +-dependent tyrosine kinase or related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase.Pyk2 activation exerts a critical regulatory mechanism for various physiological processes including cytoskeleton function,regulation of cell growth and death,modulation of ion channels and multiple signaling events.However,mechanisms underlying the functional diversity of Pyk2 are not clear.A Pyk2 isoform that encodes only part of the C-terminal domain of Pyk2,named as PRNK (Pyk2-related non-kinase),acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of Pyk2-dependent signaling by displacing Pyk2 from focal adhesions.Research on functional PRNK probably provides new potential inhibitory tool targeting Pyk2 and makes it possible to explore more of Pyk2 pathological mechanism.PRNK is a promising candidate targeting Pyk2 modulation.This review focuses on the functional investigation of Pyk2 and its structure and localization,including recent research with inhibitory strategies targeting Pyk2 by the method of PRNK.
基金Supported by Grant-in-Aid for scientific research from Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology of Japan,No.19H03364 and No.20K07010。
文摘Immune system is a complex network that clears pathogens,toxic substrates,and cancer cells.Distinguishing self-antigens from non-self-antigens is critical for the immune cell-mediated response against foreign antigens.The innate immune system elicits an early-phase response to various stimuli,whereas the adaptive immune response is tailored to previously encountered antigens.During immune responses,B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells,while naïve T cells differentiate into functionally specific effector cells[T helper 1(Th1),Th2,Th17,and regulatory T cells].However,enhanced or prolonged immune responses can result in autoimmune disorders,which are characterized by lymphocytemediated immune responses against self-antigens.Signal transduction of cytokines,which regulate the inflammatory cascades,is dependent on the members of the Janus family of protein kinases.Tyrosine kinase 2(Tyk2)is associated with receptor subunits of immune-related cytokines,such as type I interferon,interleukin(IL)-6,IL-10,IL-12,and IL-23.Clinical studies on the therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of Tyk2 inhibitors in autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases are currently ongoing.This review summarizes the findings of studies examining the role of Tyk2 in immune and/or inflammatory responses using Tyk2-deficient cells and mice.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.50677022
文摘BACKGROUND： Electromagnetic radiation can influence dopamine （DA） synthesis in brain tissues or ceils, but electromagnetic frequencies, intensities, and radiation time can produce different effects. In addition, the signal pathway by which electromagnetic radiation influences DA synthesis remains controversial. OBJECTIVE： To determine tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） expression in PC12 cells and DA levels in cell culture media after different periods of low-frequency pulsed electric field （LF-PEF） stimulation, and to determine how LF-PEF signaling stimulates TH synthesis using inhibitors. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A parallel, controlled, cell experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, between January and October 2006. MATERIALS： PC12 cells were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Nerve growth factor was purchased from PeproTech, USA. The protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, U0126, were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： （1） Following routine culture in Dulbecco＇s modified eagle medium, primary PC12 cells were stimulated under LF-PEF （pulse frequency 50.Hz, pulse width 20 μs, peak field strength 1 V/m） for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes. （2） Inhibitors （H-89 or U0126, 1 μmol/L） were added 30 minutes before LF-PEF stimulation for 10 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） TH expression was determined by Western blot in PC12 cells at 0.5, 1,2, 3, and 4 days after LF-PEF stimulation. Similarly, DA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in media at 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after LF-PEE （2） TH expression was detected 1 day after H-89 or U0126 treatment and LF-PEE RESULTS： （1） Short-term LF-PEF stimulation （5 and 10 minutes） increased TH expression and media DA levels after short-term culture （2 days） （P 〈 0.01）, but both parameters decreased with longer culture （3 4 days） （P 〈 0.01）. Long-term LF-PEF stimulation （15, 20, or 30 minutes） decreased TH and DA synthesis, followed by a rapid increase （P 〈 0.01）. （2） H89 could completely inhibit TH expression in PC12 cells stimulated by LF-PEF for 10 minutes, while the inhibition rate of U0126 was 53.2%. CONCLUSION： Short-term LF-PEF first promotes then inhibits, while long-term LF-PEF first inhibits then promotes, TH and DA synthesis. LF-PEF stimulation regulates TH expression primarily by activating protein kinase A to regulate DA synthesis.
文摘目的观察柴胡皂苷D对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)H460细胞增殖、凋亡的影响,并探讨可能机制。方法取对数期H460细胞,随机分为对照组,实验A、B、C组,对照组常规培养,实验A组加入柴胡皂苷D(20μmol/L),实验B组加入colivelin[Janus蛋白酪氨酸激酶2(JAK2)/信号转导及转录激活子3(STAT3)通路激活剂](0.5μmol/L),实验C组加入柴胡皂苷D(20μmol/L)与colivelin(0.5μmol/L)。MTT法检测细胞增殖能力;双染法检测细胞凋亡率;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)法检测细胞白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-10(IL-10)mRNA表达量;Western blotting法检测细胞p-JAK2、JAK2、p-STAT3、STAT3蛋白表达量。结果与对照组比较,实验A组24、48、72 h MTT实验吸光度值、细胞IL-10 mRNA表达量、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3降低,细胞凋亡率、IL-2 mRNA表达量升高(P<0.05),实验B组24、48、72 h MTT实验吸光度值、细胞IL-10 mRNA表达量、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3升高,细胞凋亡率、IL-2 mRNA表达量降低(P<0.05);与实验A组比较,实验C组24、48、72 h MTT实验吸光度值、细胞IL-10 mRNA表达量、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3升高,细胞凋亡率、IL-2 mRNA表达量降低(P<0.05);与实验B组比较,联合组24、48、72 h MTT实验吸光度值、细胞IL-10 mRNA表达量、p-JAK2/JAK2、p-STAT3/STAT3降低,细胞凋亡率、IL-2 mRNA表达量升高(P<0.05)。结论柴胡皂苷D可抑制NSCLC细胞增殖,促进其凋亡,其作用机制可能与抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关。
文摘目的分析酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)治疗人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)阳性乳腺癌的研究现状、热点和发展趋势。方法在Web of Science核心合集数据库中检索TKIs治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌的相关文献,使用CiteSpace 6.1.R3软件对发文作者、国家/地区、机构、学科领域、期刊、关键词进行可视化分析。结果共纳入732篇文献,发文量呈逐年上升趋势,以美国发文最多(中心度0.10),我国发文量排第2位(中心度0.05)。发文量和被引频次最多的作者分别是澳大利亚圣文森特大学医院的Crown和美国加州大学洛杉矶分校的Slamon;发文量最多的机构是美国得克萨斯大学安德森癌症中心,最多的期刊是美国Journal of Clinical Oncology;研究热点主要集中在HER2阳性乳腺癌治疗药物、TKIs作用受体、TKIs作用机制、HER2阳性乳腺癌脑转移、TKIs临床研究5个方面;前沿领域和发展趋势主要为TKIs与其他药物或治疗手段联用以增强靶向性并降低毒副作用。结论TKIs治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌的研究受到国内外学者的重视。我国学者和研究团队未来需要加强合作交流,可从TKIs单用及联合用药治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌的疗效及安全性方面加强与其他国家的合作。
