This paper delves into the intricate interplay between artificial intelligence(AI)systems and the perpetuation of Anti-Black racism within the United States medical industry.Despite the promising potential of AI to en...This paper delves into the intricate interplay between artificial intelligence(AI)systems and the perpetuation of Anti-Black racism within the United States medical industry.Despite the promising potential of AI to enhance healthcare outcomes and reduce disparities,there is a growing concern that these technologies may inadvertently/advertently exacerbate existing racial inequalities.Focusing specifically on the experiences of Black patients,this research investigates how the following AI components:medical algorithms,machine learning,and natural learning processes are contributing to the unequal distribution of medical resources,diagnosis,and health care treatment of those classified as Black.Furthermore,this review employs a multidisciplinary approach,combining insights from computer science,medical ethics,and social justice theory to analyze the mechanisms through which AI systems may encode and reinforce racial biases.By dissecting the three primary components of AI,this paper aims to present a clear understanding of how these technologies work,how they intersect,and how they may inherently perpetuate harmful stereotypes resulting in negligent outcomes for Black patients.Furthermore,this paper explores the ethical implications of deploying AI in healthcare settings and calls for increased transparency,accountability,and diversity in the development and implementation of these technologies.Finally,it is important that I prefer the following paper with a clear and concise definition of what I refer to as Anti-Black racism throughout the text.Therefore,I assert the following:Anti-Black racism refers to prejudice,discrimination,or antagonism directed against individuals or communities of African descent based on their race.It involves the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over another and the systemic and institutional practices that perpetuate inequality and disadvantage for Black people.Furthermore,I proclaim that this form of racism can be manifested in various ways,such as unequal access to opportunities,resources,education,employment,and fair treatment within social,economic,and political systems.It is also pertinent to acknowledge that Anti-Black racism is deeply rooted in historical and societal structures throughout the U.S.borders and beyond,leading to systemic disadvantages and disparities that impact the well-being and life chances of Black individuals and communities.Addressing Anti-Black racism involves recognizing and challenging both individual attitudes and systemic structures that contribute to discrimination and inequality.Efforts to combat Anti-Black racism include promoting awareness,education,advocacy for policy changes,and fostering a culture of inclusivity and equality.展开更多
The geometric characteristics of fractures within a rock mass can be inferred by the data sampling from boreholes or exposed surfaces.Recently,the universal elliptical disc(UED)model was developed to represent natural...The geometric characteristics of fractures within a rock mass can be inferred by the data sampling from boreholes or exposed surfaces.Recently,the universal elliptical disc(UED)model was developed to represent natural fractures,where the fracture is assumed to be an elliptical disc and the fracture orientation,rotation angle,length of the long axis and ratio of short-long axis lengths are considered as variables.This paper aims to estimate the fracture size-and azimuth-related parameters in the UED model based on the trace information from sampling windows.The stereological relationship between the trace length,size-and azimuth-related parameters of the UED model was established,and the formulae of the mean value and standard deviation of trace length were proposed.The proposed formulae were validated via the Monte Carlo simulations with less than 5%of error rate between the calculated and true values.With respect to the estimation of the size-and azimuth-related parameters using the trace length,an optimization method was developed based on the pre-assumed size and azimuth distribution forms.A hypothetical case study was designed to illustrate and verify the parameter estimation method,where three combinations of the sampling windows were used to estimate the parameters,and the results showed that the estimated values could agree well with the true values.Furthermore,a hypothetical three-dimensional(3D)elliptical fracture network was constructed,and the circular disc,non-UED and UED models were used to represent it.The simulated trace information from different models was compared,and the results clearly illustrated the superiority of the proposed UED model over the existing circular disc and non-UED models。展开更多
Sparse arrays of telescopes have a limited (u, v)-plane coverage. In this paper, an optimization method for designing planar arrays of an aperture synthesis telescope is proposed that is based on distributed genetic a...Sparse arrays of telescopes have a limited (u, v)-plane coverage. In this paper, an optimization method for designing planar arrays of an aperture synthesis telescope is proposed that is based on distributed genetic algorithm. This distributed genetic algorithm is implemented on a network of workstations using community communication model. Such an aperture synthesis system performs with imperfection of (u, v) components caused by deviations and(or) some missing baselines. With the maximum (u, v)-plane coverage of this rotation-optimized array, the image of the source reconstructed by inverse Fourier transform is satisfactory.展开更多
文摘This paper delves into the intricate interplay between artificial intelligence(AI)systems and the perpetuation of Anti-Black racism within the United States medical industry.Despite the promising potential of AI to enhance healthcare outcomes and reduce disparities,there is a growing concern that these technologies may inadvertently/advertently exacerbate existing racial inequalities.Focusing specifically on the experiences of Black patients,this research investigates how the following AI components:medical algorithms,machine learning,and natural learning processes are contributing to the unequal distribution of medical resources,diagnosis,and health care treatment of those classified as Black.Furthermore,this review employs a multidisciplinary approach,combining insights from computer science,medical ethics,and social justice theory to analyze the mechanisms through which AI systems may encode and reinforce racial biases.By dissecting the three primary components of AI,this paper aims to present a clear understanding of how these technologies work,how they intersect,and how they may inherently perpetuate harmful stereotypes resulting in negligent outcomes for Black patients.Furthermore,this paper explores the ethical implications of deploying AI in healthcare settings and calls for increased transparency,accountability,and diversity in the development and implementation of these technologies.Finally,it is important that I prefer the following paper with a clear and concise definition of what I refer to as Anti-Black racism throughout the text.Therefore,I assert the following:Anti-Black racism refers to prejudice,discrimination,or antagonism directed against individuals or communities of African descent based on their race.It involves the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over another and the systemic and institutional practices that perpetuate inequality and disadvantage for Black people.Furthermore,I proclaim that this form of racism can be manifested in various ways,such as unequal access to opportunities,resources,education,employment,and fair treatment within social,economic,and political systems.It is also pertinent to acknowledge that Anti-Black racism is deeply rooted in historical and societal structures throughout the U.S.borders and beyond,leading to systemic disadvantages and disparities that impact the well-being and life chances of Black individuals and communities.Addressing Anti-Black racism involves recognizing and challenging both individual attitudes and systemic structures that contribute to discrimination and inequality.Efforts to combat Anti-Black racism include promoting awareness,education,advocacy for policy changes,and fostering a culture of inclusivity and equality.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41972264)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LR22E080002)the Observation and Research Station of Geohazards in Zhejiang,Ministry of Natural Resources,China(Grant No.ZJDZGCZ-2021).
文摘The geometric characteristics of fractures within a rock mass can be inferred by the data sampling from boreholes or exposed surfaces.Recently,the universal elliptical disc(UED)model was developed to represent natural fractures,where the fracture is assumed to be an elliptical disc and the fracture orientation,rotation angle,length of the long axis and ratio of short-long axis lengths are considered as variables.This paper aims to estimate the fracture size-and azimuth-related parameters in the UED model based on the trace information from sampling windows.The stereological relationship between the trace length,size-and azimuth-related parameters of the UED model was established,and the formulae of the mean value and standard deviation of trace length were proposed.The proposed formulae were validated via the Monte Carlo simulations with less than 5%of error rate between the calculated and true values.With respect to the estimation of the size-and azimuth-related parameters using the trace length,an optimization method was developed based on the pre-assumed size and azimuth distribution forms.A hypothetical case study was designed to illustrate and verify the parameter estimation method,where three combinations of the sampling windows were used to estimate the parameters,and the results showed that the estimated values could agree well with the true values.Furthermore,a hypothetical three-dimensional(3D)elliptical fracture network was constructed,and the circular disc,non-UED and UED models were used to represent it.The simulated trace information from different models was compared,and the results clearly illustrated the superiority of the proposed UED model over the existing circular disc and non-UED models。
基金This project was supported by the High Technology Research and Development Programme of China (2002AA111040).
文摘Sparse arrays of telescopes have a limited (u, v)-plane coverage. In this paper, an optimization method for designing planar arrays of an aperture synthesis telescope is proposed that is based on distributed genetic algorithm. This distributed genetic algorithm is implemented on a network of workstations using community communication model. Such an aperture synthesis system performs with imperfection of (u, v) components caused by deviations and(or) some missing baselines. With the maximum (u, v)-plane coverage of this rotation-optimized array, the image of the source reconstructed by inverse Fourier transform is satisfactory.
