Modification of FGD gypsum in hydrothermal mixed salt solution

A novel utilization way of the sludge from wet calcium-based flue gas desulfurization （FGD） processes has been developed in this paper. This study focused on the conversion of the FGD gypsum into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate by a hydrothermal salt solution method at atmospheric pressure. Experimental study has been carried out in a batch reactor. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made by DSC/TG thermal analysis, SEM, XRD, metalloscope and chemical analysis. The experimental results showed that the modification of FGD gypsum was controlled by the dissolution and recrystallization mechanisms. With the introduction of FGD gypsum the salt solution was supersaturated, then crystal nucleus of α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate were produced in the solution. With the submicroscopic structure of FGD gypsum crystal changed, the crystal nucleus grew up into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate crystals. Thus ,the modification of FGD gypsum was fulfilled.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Ce_(1-x)Mn_xO_(2-δ) Solid Solutions

Nanocrystals of Ce1-xMnxO2-δ（x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20） were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction route.The solid solutions crystallized in a cubic fluorite structure with a particle size in the range of 11～15 nm.The incorporation of Mn ions in CeO2 resulted in a lattice volume reduction.Mn ions showed a mixed valence state of ＋2,＋3 and ＋4 in CeO2 lattice.An obvious red-shift of the absorption threshold edge was observed from the UV-visible spectrum.Compared with the bulk CeO2,Ce1-xMnxO2-δ nanocrystals exhibited a lower releasing oxygen temperature as indicated by TPR technique.

Synthesize of ZnO Nanorods on Quartz Substrates with Seed Layer via Hydrothermal Method: Influence of Solution Concentration

Vertically oriented ZnO nanorods have been synthesized by hydrothermal method on quartz substrates with a seed layer. The influence of solution concentration on the morphology, structural and optical properties was analyzed. Results indicated that with the increase of solution concentration, the diameter and uniformity of ZnO nanorods increased. And the preferred orientation is obviously which shows better crystal quality. Typically, when the solution concentration is 0.03 mol/L, the nanorods exhibit a stronger UV emission peak located around 380 nm. In the visible region, all synthesized samples demonstrate more than 80% of optical transparency.

Hydrothermal synthesis of monodisperse Zn_(x)Cd_(1-x)S spheres and their photocatalytic properties

Monodisperse ZnxCd1-xS spheres were successfully fabricated with a high yield by a facile hydrothermal route.The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry,scanning electron microscopy and UV-vis diffusion reflectance spectroscopy.The results indicate that all the prepared samples have the same hexagonal wurtzite phase and exhibit good size uniformity and regularity.Degradation of rhodamine-B（RhB） was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of ZnxCd1-xS samples.Zn0.4Cd0.6S possessed the best photocatalytic activity and exhibited high stability during the reaction.

Preparation of spherical cobalt carbonate from cobalt sulfate solution

A precursor of cobaltous dihydroxycarbonate was firstly prepared by precipitation reaction of cobalt sulfate solution and ammonium carbonate solution,and then a hydrothermal process for the precursor was conducted to obtain the spherical cobalt carbonate with low sulfur content.The experimental results show that the feeding method,final p H value of the precipitation reaction slurry and the concentration of the cobalt sulfate solution have obvious effects on the sulfur content,morphology and particle size distribution of the precursor.The sulfur content of the precursor is 0.0115 wt.%under the optimized conditions.The hydrothermal treatment with temperatures of 125-150℃can transform the precursor of cobaltous dihydroxycarbonate into spherical cobalt carbonate and decrease the sulfur content to 0.0030 wt.%in the obtained product.

Dissolubility of Hydroxyapatlte Powder under Hydrothermal Condition

The dissolubility of hydroxyapatite(HA) in the hydrothermal solution was investigated in Mo-rey-type autoclave over a temperature range of 150 to 350℃ and the pH value range of 5 to 9. It is shown that the dissolubility of HA is determined as a function of temperature and time under a constant filling ratio of autoclave , and the temperature coefficient for the solubility of HA is positive. The equilibrium time attained in the hydrothermal solution is shortened with the increase of hydroihermal temperature, and the effect of temperature on the solubility is obviously stronger than that of pH value. The solubility data suggest that HA has higher dissolubility in the HA-H2 O system under the hydrothermal condition than that under the normal temperature-pressure.

Role of Microstructure and Spectrum Features on the Catalysis Effect of Ce1-x(Nd0.5Eu0.5)xO2-δSolid Solutions

Nanosized Ce^1-x）（Nd^0.5）Eu^0.5））xO^2-δ） solid solutions（x = 0.00-0.20） were synthesized by means of hydrothermal method.Then the solid solutions were ball milled with Mg2Ni and Ni powders for 20 h to get the Mg2Ni–Ni–5 mol% Ce^1-x）（Nd^0.5）Eu^0.5））xO^2-δ） composites.The structures and spectrum characteristics of the Ce^1-x）（Nd^0.5）Eu^0.5））xO^2-δ） solid solutions catalysts were analyzed systemically.XRD results showed that the doped samples exhibited single phase of CeO2 fluorite structure.The cell parameters and cell volumes were increased with increasing the doped content.Raman spectrum revealed that the peak position of F^2g mode shift to higher wavenumbers and the peak corresponding to oxygen vacancies were observed distinctly for the doped samples.UV-Vis technique indicated that the absorption peaks of Eu^3＋ and Nd^3＋ ions appeared; the bandgap energy was decreased linearly.The electrochemical and kinetic properties of the Mg2Ni–Ni–5 mol% Ce1-x（Nd0.5Eu0.5xO2-δ composites were measured.The maximum discharge capacity was increased from 722.3 mA h/g for x = 0.00 to 819.7 mA h/g for x = 0.16,and the cycle stability S20 increased from 25.0%（x = 0.00） to 42.2%（x = 0.20）.The kinetic measurement proved that the catalytic activity of composite surfaces and the hydrogen diffusion rate were improved for the composites with doped catalysts,especially for the composites with x = 0.16 and x = 0.20.The catalysis mechanism was analyzed from the point of microstructure and spectrum features of the Ce1-x（Nd0.5Eu0.5）xO2-δ solid solutions.

Ge-rich hydrothermal solutions and abnormal enrichment of Ge in coal

AT present, the main source of germanium includes two types of ore deposits: some sulfide-rich Pb, Zn,Cu, Ag and An deposits and some coal deposits. Germanium occurs as an associated element in these oredeposits. The Lincang germanium deposit discovered recently in China occurs in a basin where there areexposed the Neogene coal-bearing clastic rocks with Indosinian Ge-rich (（1.9-5.0）×10-6) granitesas the basement in Lincang County, Yunnan Province. Germanium is mainly concentrated in the coalseams of the first coal-bearing horizon (Nth2) and in regard to its grade (normally n×100×10-6 with themaximum over 1000×10-6) and scale （the proven reserve about 800 t）, no such germanium mineralization has been reported so far in other parts of the world. What is the reason? The available studies have indicated that this germanium deposit is of epigenetic origin, whichdetermines that germanium must have been transferred into coal with the help of a kind of medium. It isnoticed that （i） organic germanium in natural waters is stable and it is never involved in its

Effects of ammonia concentration in hydrothermal treatment on structure and redox properties of cerium zirconium solid solution

Cerium zirconium solid solution is a key washcoat material for automotive three-way catalysts(TWCs).However,improving the redox ability and high temperature thermal stability of cerium zirconium solid solution is still a challenge.In this paper,the cerium zirconium solid solution was prepared by a coprecipitation-hydrothermal method,and the effects of the ammonia concentration on their structures and redox properties were investigated.The results show that when the ammonia concentration is 0.8 mol/L,the aged sample(1100℃/10 h)of cerium zirconium solid solution has the highest specific surface area of 23.01 m^(2)/g.Additionally,the increase of ammonia concentration improves the uniformity of phase compositions and increases the oxygen vacancies.When the ammonia concentration reaches 0.4 mol/L,the cerium zirconium solid solution exhibits the best redox activity,with the lowest reduction temperature of 565℃.Therefore,increasing ammonia concentration in the hydrothermal treatment is beneficial to the thermal stability and redox performance of cerium zirconium solid solution.

Effects of Temperature Raising Speed on the Growth of BN Crystals in Hydrothermal Solutions

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) and orthorhombic boron nitride (oBN) crystals have been prepared in hydrothermal solutions by reacting H3BO3+NaN3+P and H3BO3+NaN3+N2H4 respectively. The experimental results indicated that, if the temperature was increased rapidly, both the yield and perfectness of BN crystals became poor. On the contrast, the yield and perfectness of BN crystals can be improved very much by slowly increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture. The results of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) proved that the samples were composed of oBN and cBN.

NaCl溶液浓度对磷石膏制备α-半水石膏转晶行为的影响

为提高湿法磷酸工艺排放的副产品磷石膏的利用率和附加值,采用常压水热合成法在NaCl溶液中制备α-半水石膏材料,研究了NaCl溶液浓度对α-半水石膏的结晶水含量、转晶行为、矿相组成和显微形貌的影响。研究结果表明,在温度为95℃质量分数为10.0%~20.0%的NaCl溶液中,磷石膏的结晶水含量均随着反应时间的延长逐渐降低,且降至约6%后将逐渐趋于平缓。结合XRD和SEM分析认为磷石膏在95℃质量分数为10.0%~20.0%的NaCl溶液中可脱水转晶形成稳定的六方柱状α-半水石膏。同时,磷石膏的脱水转晶速率呈现先缓慢上升而后快速升高,最后逐渐趋于平缓的变化趋势,属于典型的生长-成核动力学过程。随着NaCl溶液浓度的升高,α-半水石膏的诱导成核时间和晶体生长时间逐渐加快,总转晶时间逐渐缩短。其中,磷石膏在质量分数为20.0%的NaCl溶液中水热反应0.5 h后即可完全转变为α-半水石膏,与质量分数为15.0%的NaCl溶液相比缩短了1.38 h。因此认为,NaCl溶液浓度的提高有助于加快磷石膏的脱水转晶效率,这可为实际规模化生产α-半水石膏提供指导。

湖相热液白云岩成因机理——以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组为例

[目的]湖相白云岩是一种重要的油气储层岩石类型,但成因机制研究较晚且相对薄弱。[方法]为研究湖相热液白云岩成因机理,以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组白云岩为例,采用岩心观察描述,岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、稀土元素、稳定同位素、流体包裹体等实验分析,系统研究了风城组白云岩的岩矿特征、地球化学特征。[结果]风城组白云岩主要发育在风城组二段和三段,以分散型、纹层型、条带—团块集合体型产出。白云岩形成于高盐度、强还原和受热液控制的典型碱湖环境。深部热液侵入为湖盆提供了丰富的Mg^(2+)、Fe^(2+)、HCO_(3)^(-)、CO_(3)^(2-)离子,为白云岩的形成提供了物质基础。湖相热液白云岩存在两种成因:一是热液—蒸发沉积成因,在热液侵入及干旱强蒸发作用下,高Mg/Ca、高pH值、高盐度湖盆水体提供了云化作用的介质,形成纹层状白云岩。二是埋藏—热液交代成因,深部热流沿断裂上升侵入地层,促进埋藏白云岩化,形成条带—团块状白云岩。[结论]研究结果对我国其他盆地湖相热液白云岩的研究具有重要借鉴意义。

湿法炼锌含铁溶液水热矿化沉铁行为研究

在常规湿法炼锌过程中,采用黄钾铁矾法、针铁矿法除铁工艺时存在铁渣中铁质量分数低而锌质量分数高、渣量大、无害化处理成本高等难题,为此,本文开展湿法炼锌含铁溶液水热矿化沉铁行为研究。研究结果表明:升高反应温度有利于Fe3+水解生成赤铁矿(Fe2O3),同时促进铁矾物相(MFe3(SO4)2(OH)6)向赤铁矿的转化,铁渣中铁质量分数显著升高;延长反应时间可提高Fe3+沉淀率,并使更多的黄钾铁矾(KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6)转化为赤铁矿;提高氧分压将加快Fe2+氧化成Fe3+的速率,促进赤铁矿物相的形成。在反应温度为180℃,氧分压为0.8 MPa、反应时间为3 h且控制碱金属离子浓度的优化条件下,溶液中94.29%的铁以赤铁矿(Fe2O3)形式沉淀入渣,沉铁渣中铁质量分数为57.75%、锌质量分数为0.82%。对比黄钾铁矾工艺,铁渣量减少约60%,铁渣中锌质量分数降低6.5%。采用水热矿化沉铁工艺,可在低酸条件下实现溶液中铁的矿化沉淀,得到铁质量分数满足氧化铁行业标准且可实现资源化利用的赤铁矿沉铁渣,可助力湿法炼锌行业向绿色低碳方向发展。

污泥焚烧灰中磷在超临界CO_(2)水热液中迁移转化

基于超临界CO_(2)水热液具有强酸性,且传质性能好,易于分离回收和可调控等优点,提出了超临界CO_(2)水热液浸出污泥焚烧灰(incinerated sewage sludge ash, ISSA)中磷的新方法.研究了ISSA中磷在超临界CO_(2)水热液中的迁移转化行为.考察了ISSA中磷形态及其矿物相,研究了压力、反应时间和液固比对ISSA中磷迁移转化的影响,并分析了超临界CO_(2)优秀的传质效果、反应中碳酸盐的生成以及ISSA表面反应位点的增加对ISSA中磷迁移转化速率的影响.结果表明:ISSA中磷含量高,且以非磷灰石无机磷(NAIP)为主;在压力为8.7 MPa、反应时间为60 min、液固比为20 mL/g的超临界CO_(2)水热液中,ISSA中磷的浸出率可达67.5%.该方法可替代目前酸碱顺序提取中的酸浸出工艺,在大幅缩短磷浸出时间的同时,提高了磷的浸出率,并彻底避免了重金属的浸出.该研究能够为绿色高效磷回收技术的开发提供理论依据和数据支持.

综合物探法在寻找隐伏半隐伏萤石矿中的应用

冀北地区萤石矿均为低温热液型,其与构造关系极为紧密。本次在冀北某萤石矿普查工作中,在隐伏半隐伏地区利用活性炭测氡法圈定断裂构造位置,利用激发极化法确定萤石矿化体蚀变带在地表的分布范围及其垂向分布特征。结果表明,萤石矿化体位于主断裂附近的次级断裂中,次级断裂因萤石填充堵塞氡气运移通道,氡浓度值相对较低,但活性炭测氡法对主断裂构造仍具有较好的指示作用,因此利用活性炭测氡法寻找主断裂构造位置,结合地质填图及槽探工程等手段在主断裂附近可以有效圈定萤石矿化范围;激电中梯剖面或面积测量可有效圈定矿化蚀变带在地表的分布范围,激电测深反演能够直接反映矿化体在深部的垂向分布特征。活性炭测氡法与激发极化法相组合的方法,辅以其它地质工程手段在冀北地区寻找隐伏、半隐伏低温热液型萤石矿床效果显著。

锌浸出液水热法制备纳米ZnO

纳米ZnO是一种新型的高功能精细纳米材料,用途广泛,采用水热法制备的纳米ZnO颗粒纯度高、晶形好且操作简便;含锌二次资源的锌浸出液中杂质元素较多,对后期产品纯素的影响较大,其中除铜、镉较为关键。本文以含锌二次资源的锌浸出液为原料,采用锌粉置换除铜、镉,然后以净化后的硫酸锌溶液为锌源,分别采用氨水、碳酸钠、氢氧化钠作为沉淀剂通过水热法制备纳米ZnO,并考察不同工艺参数对纳米ZnO物相和形貌的影响,结果表明:在合适条件下,锌粉置换后浸出液中铜、镉离子浓度分别为0.039 9 mg·L^(-1)、6.416 2 mg·L^(-1),可用于制备纳米ZnO;采用氨水和碳酸钠作为沉淀剂制得的产物均为ZnO和其他晶体的混合物,属于非纯相的不规则晶体;采用氢氧化钠作为沉淀剂可制得纯相纳米ZnO,最佳制备条件为锌碱摩尔比1∶2、反应时间1 h、反应温度120℃,制得的纳米ZnO呈现棱柱结构,粒径在50~100 nm之间,颗粒尺寸分布均匀。

CO_2流体对含片钠铝石砂岩改造作用的实验研究

不同温度(100℃,200℃和300℃)下CO2流体对含片钠铝石砂岩的改造作用研究显示:随着温度的升高,砂岩的溶蚀、溶解程度逐渐增强,样品中片钠铝石的稳定性逐渐减弱。同时,各温度下样品表面均有一水软铝石放射状集合体沉淀。200℃时,随着片钠铝石的溶解有自生菱铁矿生成,300℃时样品局部有绿泥石沉淀。100℃下片钠铝石的微弱溶解及200℃下菱铁矿的形成表明,在地层条件下以碳酸盐矿物形式捕获的CO2,不会由于CO2的二次注入而重新释放。

海底热液沉积物稀土元素组成及其意义

:总结了海底热液及其沉积物的稀土元素组成特征和控制因素。热水沉积物作为热液与海水混合的产物 ,其稀土元素组成及配分模式随海水混入的比例增加而发生一系列变化 ,反映了二端元流体不同混合程度的地球化学特征。Eu异常、Ce异常以及w( Y) / w( Ho)

CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩改造作用的实验

通过密闭容器中CO2-H2O-砂岩体系相互作用实验,研究了不同温度和压力下CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩成分的改造。反应后溶液中总矿化度的变化、样品质量的损失及扫描电镜(SEM)的观察结果表明:长石、方解石和石英的溶蚀强度随温度的升高而增大,CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩的溶蚀作用与温度正相关;同时通过扫描电镜观察发现,200℃和300℃时样品表面均有一种未知的铝硅酸盐矿物生成,并通过反应液的pH值及各种离子浓度的变化解释了CO2流体-砂岩相互作用过程中矿物溶解、沉淀的机制。

302铀矿床热液的混合和沸腾垂直分带模式

３０２隐伏铀矿床以其矿化垂幅大和原生垂直分带保存完整而在华南铀成矿区具有典型意义。本文提出了一个热液的混合和沸腾垂直分带模式。热液的混合是指大气降水、幔源流体以及花岗岩中残留热液的三元混合。矿前阶段发生了规模较大的热液混合作用，这导致了矿床垂直分带雏形的形成。成矿阶段发生的热液沸腾作用有利于进一步增强矿前阶段形成的矿床垂直分带程度。矿后一定程度的改造作用形成了矿床垂直分带的现代格局。