China's Foreign Policy under New Circumstances (Ⅱ)

The Iraq war and the North Korean nuclear crisis are the two big events that are attracting worldwide attention. The many debates and changes that have arisen around the globe from these two issues, with the former in particular, cannot but cause

Readjustment in U.S. Foreign Policy

At the dawn of the new century, the Republicans returned to the White House after eight years in opposition. When President George W. Bush and his foreign policy team were striving to realize their diplomatic ambition, the events of September 11 led them to readjust their foreign policy, thereby a remarkable feature can be seen in Mr. Bush’s initial diplomacy.

Major Features of the New Situation and China's Foreign Policy

Speaking of "China’s foreign policy under new circumstances," there are five features of the new circumstances in my opinion. All these five features will not fundamentally change in accordance with major events such as the Iraq war, and to a certain extent, determine that China’s basic foreign policy need not and will not make major adjustments.

Towards the East:Iran’s Foreign Policy in Ahmadinejad Era—Based on James Rosenau’s Continuity Theory

The article seeks to examine the East Look Policy(ELP)in Iran’s Foreign Policy(IFP)(2005-2013).We believe that states,due to different factors,may adopt different policies in their FP.So,the main research question is:Why did Iranian state adopt ELP in its FP in duration of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad era?With regard to the question,our hypothesis is“there are some factors in Iran’s internal environment that we called them micro-level factors and some variable in external environment that we called them macro-level variables in formation of ELP in IFP”.To prove this hypothesis,we use James Rosenau’s foreign policy theory that has been stood on two micro-and macrolevel analysis to examination of FP of any state.Regarding Rosenau’s theory,there are four factors on micro-level include:individual of policy-maker,his/her role in political system,social values,and governmental structure.In addition,in macro-level,there are some variables,such as the logic of anarchy,the action of other states(especially US),and nuclear sanctions imposed by the US and Western nations.

Regional Stability for National Survival： Iran＇s Foreign Policy Towards the Southern Caucasus and Central Asia in the Post-Soviet Era

This paper focuses on Iran＇s foreign policy towards the Caucasus and Central Asia regions in the post-Soviet Union era, using a theoretical approach which stresses the importance of historical and geographical contextualization for the analysis of foreign policy. The article＇s main argument is that Iranian foreign policy towards these regions in the last 25 years, although the result of a complex and multi-layered decision-making process, has been led by two unifying long-term objectives： regional stability and national security. In order to demonstrate this argument, the article undertakes a factual analysis focusing on the role Iran played during the main regional conflicts that have occurred since the Soviet Union＇s collapse in Central Asia and the Caucasus, as well as the diplomatic re-engagement Iran has been building with the countries of these two regions after the end of the Iran nuclear deal. Standard interpretations of Iran＇s foreign policy define it as a player with hegemonic ambitions whose foreign policy is mainly led by ideological factors. This paper assumes that foreign policy＇s analysis needs time and space contextualization. Once historical and geographical factors are taken into account----of which the most important are Iran＇s proximity to Russia and Afghanistan along with its international diplomatic isolation due to nuclear sanctions--then Iran＇s foreign policy in Central Asia and the Caucasus appears to be that of a regional power interested in maintaining the existing status quo. Stability and territorial integrity in these two regions in fact are seen by Teheran as necessary conditions for Iran＇s own territorial integrity and internal security. The paper is based on both secondary and primary sources, most of them official statements, all in the public domain.

Health Technology and U.S. Medicare Policy in the Late 20th Century

Much of the history of the American Social Welfare movement has been directed to the identification and development of entitlement programs needed to strengthen the health and economy of even the neediest members of the society. The emergence of health technologies have precipitated and supported policy advances. The Medicare Act （Title XVIII the United States Social Security Act of 1935） as such an entitlement program, was originally directed to resolving the health coverage concerns of the elderly without families or finances to afford coverage. The program entered crises periods over rising costs and continuity of funding concerns. Many have been assisted, in the U.S., in addition to the aged population, by the development of Medicare entitlements. These entitlements have emerged during periods of social need often accompanied by health technology or service delivery innovation. The program benefits more than its constituents and contributes to the health of the overall society. This paper will provide both a historical overview of the conflicts and uncertainties weathered by the Medicare Act in the later quarter of the 20th Century in the U.S. （United States of America）. The paper will also explore the implications of changes in the technology of federal and state funding mechanisms along with demographic changes that offered the greatest challenges to the continuation of the Medicare Act as a mainstay of stable health coverage to millions of needy Americans, into the 21st century.

A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis of Trump and Biden Administrations’China Policies

The theory of proximization is an effective discourse strategy to study the speaker’s ability to achieve his own legitimacy or reinforce the other’s illegitimacy,and its superiority can be maximized by means of quantitative and comparative analysis.In this study,we collected reports on Trump’s and Biden’s policies on China to build two small corpora,with a total of 11,030 words in the Trump corpus and 17,566 words in the Biden corpus.The critical discourse analysis is combined with proximization theory.With the help of BFSU Qualitative Coder 1.2,Antconc 3.5.7,and Log-Likelihood and Chi-Square Calculator 1.0,a critical cognitive score of the relevant discourse was conducted from the perspective of proximization theory.It has been found that:(1)Both Trump and Biden administrations resort to a large number of spatial proximization strategies to build ODCs converging to IDCs with China as the ODC,posing a threat to internal physical IDCs;(2)in the use of temporal proximization strategy,both administrations use primarily modal verbs and various entities to construct ODCs that extend indefinitely into the present and future,emphasizing the urgency and the threat of the effect and reinforcing the legitimacy of their actions;(3)in terms of axiological proximization strategy,the two administrations differ greatly from each other,indicating that there are still discursive biases.

A Review on the Evolution of Europe＇s Methods to Exert Influence on The Palestinian-Israeli Peace Process

This review will assist to understand the evolution of Europe＇s methods to exert influence on the Palestinian-lsraeli peace process specifically from 1973 to 2015. Moreover, it was also noted that this will be essential in recognizing the evolution of European foreign policies. This study assists to understand the evolution of approaches agreed by the Europe since 1973 until present or 2015. This study focuses on the various approaches of actors from the civil society, private sector involved in the conflict between the Palestine and Israel. Moreover, this study will assist in understanding the evolution of Europe＇s methods and policies in the peace process between Israel and Palestine. Subsequently, this study focuses on the significance of non-state actors in the peace process between Palestine and Israel. This study clearly highlights the various strategies adopted by the Europe foreign policies in the conflict between Palestine and Israel. This study also highlights to what extent European foreign policy has assisted in the peace process between Israel and Palestine. This study would be useful to understand the effectiveness of European foreign policies in the peace process.

Characteristics and Trends of the Biden Administration’s Latin American Policy

Since taking office in 2021, US President Joe Biden has rectified former President Trump’s domestic and foreign policies. However, Biden has continued the Trump administration’s idea of “excluding China and protecting the courtyard,” which permeates the entire process of policy adjustment on Latin America. The purpose is to damage and hinder China–Latin America relations and cooperation. After the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, the Biden administration intensified efforts to exclude extraterritorial forces represented by China and Russia that seek to regain control of the backyard to a greater extent. The Biden administration has made progress in easing the antagonism between the US and Latin America and repairing ally system in the western hemisphere, however, its efforts to reshape U.S.–Latin America relations have encountered many challenges.

The Belt and Road Initiatives and China＇s Middle East Energy Policy

The paper analyses the roots of the Belt and Road Initiative as well as China＇s Middle East Energy Policy in an age of great transformation. China＇s rapidly progressed economic growth leading to a dramatic increase in China＇s energy demand in recent years. The Middle East countries play a critical role in the international energy markets. Stable relations with the Middle East countries become increasingly important for Chinese energy security, and the continued development. The protection of these relations lies at the core of the Belt and Road Initiative. Within The Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese Middle East energy policy proceeds according to the energy cooperation framework known as ＂1＋2＋3＂, which seeks to build a reliable China-Arab strategic cooperative relationship based on long-term friendship. To avoid over dependence on the energy resources of the Middle East, China will also continue to search for other overseas energy sources and protect transportation channels. Despite risks and challenges associated with energy imports from the Middle East, China has cultivated strong relations with states in the region and will develop these economic ties further in the coming years.

State-Based Determinants of Inward FDI Stock in the U.S. Economy

This paper has empirical character and investigates locational determinants of the inward foreign direct investment （FDI） stock among 50 states of the United States. The analysis uses annual data for the period from 1997 to 2007. The study identifies several state-specific determinants of FDI and investigates the changes in their importance during the study period. Our results show that among the major determinants, the real per capita income, real per capita expenditure on education, FDI related employment, plus real research and development expenditure are found to have a significant positive impact on inward FDI. There is also evidence that manufacturing density and unionization exert a small positive impact on inward FDI. In addition, per capita state taxes, the share of scientists and engineers in the workforce, real capital expenditure, and unemployment rate exert a negative impact on FDI.

The Game between FDI and the Beneficial Policies of Host Country

Foreign direct investment （FDI） has great function to the growth of the economy in various countries. The beneficial policies of the foreign capitals are the main means to various countries to absorb FDI. Utilizing this means appropriately and designing beneficial policies, which can make the host country get the maximized revenue of utilizing FDI, are the key to absorb FDI effectively. In this paper, we set up a game model between the level of the host country＇s beneficial policies and the scale of FDI, and analyze what the key factors that influence the level of host country＇s beneficial policies are and how to decide the level of beneficial policies according to these key factors.

Henan Province's Preferential Policies for Foreign Investment

1.Management of Foreign-invested Enterprises The Henan Provincial Government protects the autonomy of production and management of foreign-invested enterprises, and supports their management according to international advanced scientific methods.

外资进入的碳排放效应及其对碳达峰的影响

在不断压缩外资准入“负面清单”的大背景下,进一步引进外资究竟会如何影响双碳目标的实现?为回答这一问题,使用2001—2019年省份-行业的碳排放数据,并结合《外商投资产业指导目录》以及《中西部地区外商投资优势产业目录》,构建双重差分模型研究了外资准入政策的碳排放效应、作用机制、异质性及其与碳达峰的关系。结果表明:外资准入政策显著降低了碳排放水平,且该政策主要通过促进能源结构清洁化实现碳减排;外资准入政策对东部地区碳排放无显著影响,对中部地区和北方地区碳排放具有显著的抑制作用,而对西部地区和南方地区碳排放有显著的促进作用;相较于高碳排放行业,该政策对非高碳排放行业的碳减排作用更为突出;拓展分析发现,外资进入规模与碳排放量存在着“倒U型”曲线关系,且中国绝大多数省份大多数行业尚未跨过拐点。因此,进一步放松外资准入政策、持续推进能源结构清洁化并根据地区及行业异质性制定差异化的“负面清单”等可助力双碳目标的实现。

新形势下我国对外科技援助的发展及优化思考

对外科技援助已逐渐成为我国对外援助以及科技理念推广的重要手段。近10年来,我国政府主导的对外科技援助工作逐步完善并形成体系,取得了切实的成果成效。在回顾对外科技援助的演变历程和政策举措的基础上,分析近10年来对外科技援助工作的特点,归纳总结所取得的成效经验,并据此提出对未来科技援外工作的优化建议。

冷战时期美国对东南亚区域合作的政策选择——从东约(SEATO)到东盟(ASEAN)

受冷战的影响,20世纪50-70年代的东南亚区域合作经历了由外源型向内生型的方式转换。外来因素不仅塑造了东南亚区域主义基本样式,决定了区域合作的性质,而且极大地影响了区域合作的发展进程和方向。在众多的外部因素中,域外大国,尤其是西方阵营的主导性国家——美国的外交政策发挥着关键作用。冷战时期,美国对东南亚区域合作的政策也经历了由积极介入、强力主导到施加间接影响的转变,主要体现在对东约(SEATO)和东盟(ASEAN)这两个不同性质的区域合作组织采取不同的政策。本文即选取这两个区域组织为案例,通过对史料的解读,分析冷战时期美国对东南亚不同类型的区域组织采取不同政策的原因和政策实施效果。