本文对美国环保署综合风险信息系统(Integrated Risk Information System,IRIS)的历史、主要信息内容、工作流程,以及运用情况进行了介绍。作为化学物质在长期暴露下对人体健康产生慢性影响基础毒性数据库,IRIS自创建以来,以严格的科学...本文对美国环保署综合风险信息系统(Integrated Risk Information System,IRIS)的历史、主要信息内容、工作流程,以及运用情况进行了介绍。作为化学物质在长期暴露下对人体健康产生慢性影响基础毒性数据库,IRIS自创建以来,以严格的科学标准,精准的同行评议确保了数据的质量,也得到了国内外各化学品监管机构的重视和运用,为有效监管化学物质提供了科学保证。我国在有毒化学品健康领域的研究基础薄弱,研究与监控环境中化学物质的科学基础有限,加强对IRIS及其数据的了解,对于我国针对低剂量长期暴露下化学物质的风险管控,保护人体长期慢性健康而言是至关重要的。同时,通过IRIS信息的引入,借助国际已有的技术积累和经验,对完善我国有毒化学物质风险管控也能起到事半功倍的作用。展开更多
The aim of this work was to carry out monitoring of some elements considered toxic in sediments from Lerma River. An analytical method was optimized in our laboratory for quantification of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), ma...The aim of this work was to carry out monitoring of some elements considered toxic in sediments from Lerma River. An analytical method was optimized in our laboratory for quantification of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Ten sediments were collected along the Lerma River at variable distances and at 20 cm depth. Samples were heated to 60°C to dryness, followed by separation of particle size using a 74-μ No. 200 mesh for homogeneity purposes. 0.2 g of sample underwent microwave-assisted acid digestion, followed by plate evaporation. The samples were dissolved in 10 mL with HNO3 at 5% v/v for ICP-OES analysis. A certified reference material (CRM 8704) was used to evaluate the method’s accuracy and precision. The method showed linearity, precision, accuracy, and limits of quantification and detection acceptable for protocol validation of analytical method. The average results obtained in recovery of CRM 8704 were ~90% and precision was below 7% for all elements. Levels concentration of As, Cr, Pb show high pollution in A1, A7 and A8 sites. Therefore, Co, Mn and Ni can be considered in this study as normal values. In conclusion, concentration levels of As, Cr, Pb in sediments were high according to US-EPA and NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. The presence of these heavy metals in Lerma River could be due mainly for the emitted from industries, such as pharmaceutical, automotive, metal mechanics and tannery, and urban residual water. Finally, the method developed using ICP-OES has enabled monitoring of these elements in sediments from Lerma River, with possible applications in a routine analytical laboratory.展开更多
The concentration of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （c-PAHs） present in the sediment and water of Peninsular Malaysia as well as in the cockle Anadara granosa was investigated. Samples were extracted ...The concentration of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （c-PAHs） present in the sediment and water of Peninsular Malaysia as well as in the cockle Anadara granosa was investigated. Samples were extracted and analysed with gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The concentrations of total carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （t-PAHs） were measured between 0.80±0.04 to 162.96 ±14.74 ng/g wet weight （ww） in sediment, between 21.85± 2.18 to 76.2± 10.82 ng/L in water samples and between 3.34 ±0.77 to 46.85 ± 5.50 ng/g ww in the cockle tissue. The risk assessment of probable human carcinogens in the Group B2 PAHs was calculated and assessed in accordance with the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency （US EPA）. Case I in the toxicity assessment analysed the cancer risk to consumers of Malaysian blood cockle. Case II assessed the risk of cancer from exposure to PAHs from multiple pathways. The average cancer risk of case I and case II were found to be classifiable as unsafe according to the US EPA standard. The cancer risk due to c-PAHs acquired by the ingestion of blood cockle was （8.82 ± 0.54） × 10^ 6 to （2.67 ± 0.06） × 10^-2, higher than the US EPA risk management criterion. The non-cancer risks associated with multiple pathways in Kuala Gula, Kuala Juru and Kuala Perlis were higher than the US EPA safe level, but the non-cancer risk for eating blood cockle was below the level of US EPA concern.展开更多
Urbanization may cause increased exposure levels to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and associated health risks for over half of the world＇s population living in cities, but little evidence has shown a dire...Urbanization may cause increased exposure levels to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and associated health risks for over half of the world＇s population living in cities, but little evidence has shown a direct spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution. Based on the monitored PAH concentrations in 188 topsoil （0-5 cm） samples in Shenzhen, the most rapidly developing city in China, in recent decades, we applied geographical demarcation to determine the occurrences, source apportionments, and spatial ecological risks of soil PAHs across five zones of varying urban densities. Mean concentrations of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） priority PAHs （∑16PAHs） and the 7 carcinogenic PAHs （2E7CarPAHs） both followed the order： Zone D （60%-80% constructive land density （CLD）） 〉 Zone E （80%-100% CLD） 〉 Zone C （40%-60% CLD） 〉 Zone B （20%-40% CLD） 〉 Zone A （0%-20% CLD）, suggesting that the highest PAH levels occurred in the suburban-urban center transitional zone （Zone D） rather than the urban center zone （Zone E） in Shenzhen. There were significant correlations of ∑16PAHs to TOC and sampling altitude across all samples but not within highly-urbanized regions （Zones D and E）, implying a considerable disturbance of urbanization to the soil PAH pool. Source apportionments suggested that soil PAHs of all zones were mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion, with Zone E showing the highest contribution from oil sources among different zones. Spatial ecological risk analysis showed that the contaminated area （467 km2; 23.9% of total area; toxic equivalency quotients 〉 33 ng g^-1） had a higher contribution from the highly-urbanized regions （Zones D and E） than the uncontaminated area （42.3% vs. 18.1%）. Overall, our study highlighted a strong spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.展开更多
目前检出限的估算方法大致可以分为两类:单浓度校正法和校准曲线法。分别以美国国家环境保护署(the United States Environmental Protection Agency,US EPA)方法和Hubaux-Vos方法为代表来详细说明这两类方法。为了对EPA方法和Hubaux-Vo...目前检出限的估算方法大致可以分为两类:单浓度校正法和校准曲线法。分别以美国国家环境保护署(the United States Environmental Protection Agency,US EPA)方法和Hubaux-Vos方法为代表来详细说明这两类方法。为了对EPA方法和Hubaux-Vos方法进行系统的分析比较,从这两个方法中选取适当的估算方法对离子色谱测定纯净水中的NO-3,高效液相色谱测定纯净水中的对苯二酚和原子荧光光度计测定纯净水中的As的实验数据进行了处理和分析,结果发现Hubaux-Vos方法较EPA方法严谨,但是工作量较大。展开更多
文摘本文对美国环保署综合风险信息系统(Integrated Risk Information System,IRIS)的历史、主要信息内容、工作流程,以及运用情况进行了介绍。作为化学物质在长期暴露下对人体健康产生慢性影响基础毒性数据库,IRIS自创建以来,以严格的科学标准,精准的同行评议确保了数据的质量,也得到了国内外各化学品监管机构的重视和运用,为有效监管化学物质提供了科学保证。我国在有毒化学品健康领域的研究基础薄弱,研究与监控环境中化学物质的科学基础有限,加强对IRIS及其数据的了解,对于我国针对低剂量长期暴露下化学物质的风险管控,保护人体长期慢性健康而言是至关重要的。同时,通过IRIS信息的引入,借助国际已有的技术积累和经验,对完善我国有毒化学物质风险管控也能起到事半功倍的作用。
文摘The aim of this work was to carry out monitoring of some elements considered toxic in sediments from Lerma River. An analytical method was optimized in our laboratory for quantification of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Ten sediments were collected along the Lerma River at variable distances and at 20 cm depth. Samples were heated to 60°C to dryness, followed by separation of particle size using a 74-μ No. 200 mesh for homogeneity purposes. 0.2 g of sample underwent microwave-assisted acid digestion, followed by plate evaporation. The samples were dissolved in 10 mL with HNO3 at 5% v/v for ICP-OES analysis. A certified reference material (CRM 8704) was used to evaluate the method’s accuracy and precision. The method showed linearity, precision, accuracy, and limits of quantification and detection acceptable for protocol validation of analytical method. The average results obtained in recovery of CRM 8704 were ~90% and precision was below 7% for all elements. Levels concentration of As, Cr, Pb show high pollution in A1, A7 and A8 sites. Therefore, Co, Mn and Ni can be considered in this study as normal values. In conclusion, concentration levels of As, Cr, Pb in sediments were high according to US-EPA and NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. The presence of these heavy metals in Lerma River could be due mainly for the emitted from industries, such as pharmaceutical, automotive, metal mechanics and tannery, and urban residual water. Finally, the method developed using ICP-OES has enabled monitoring of these elements in sediments from Lerma River, with possible applications in a routine analytical laboratory.
基金supported by the MOSTI Science Funding Project(No. 5450100)
文摘The concentration of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （c-PAHs） present in the sediment and water of Peninsular Malaysia as well as in the cockle Anadara granosa was investigated. Samples were extracted and analysed with gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The concentrations of total carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （t-PAHs） were measured between 0.80±0.04 to 162.96 ±14.74 ng/g wet weight （ww） in sediment, between 21.85± 2.18 to 76.2± 10.82 ng/L in water samples and between 3.34 ±0.77 to 46.85 ± 5.50 ng/g ww in the cockle tissue. The risk assessment of probable human carcinogens in the Group B2 PAHs was calculated and assessed in accordance with the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency （US EPA）. Case I in the toxicity assessment analysed the cancer risk to consumers of Malaysian blood cockle. Case II assessed the risk of cancer from exposure to PAHs from multiple pathways. The average cancer risk of case I and case II were found to be classifiable as unsafe according to the US EPA standard. The cancer risk due to c-PAHs acquired by the ingestion of blood cockle was （8.82 ± 0.54） × 10^ 6 to （2.67 ± 0.06） × 10^-2, higher than the US EPA risk management criterion. The non-cancer risks associated with multiple pathways in Kuala Gula, Kuala Juru and Kuala Perlis were higher than the US EPA safe level, but the non-cancer risk for eating blood cockle was below the level of US EPA concern.
基金supported by the "Laboratory Capacity Building Project" of Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Council, China (No. ZDSY20120614145024623)the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China (No. 41230634)
文摘Urbanization may cause increased exposure levels to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and associated health risks for over half of the world＇s population living in cities, but little evidence has shown a direct spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution. Based on the monitored PAH concentrations in 188 topsoil （0-5 cm） samples in Shenzhen, the most rapidly developing city in China, in recent decades, we applied geographical demarcation to determine the occurrences, source apportionments, and spatial ecological risks of soil PAHs across five zones of varying urban densities. Mean concentrations of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） priority PAHs （∑16PAHs） and the 7 carcinogenic PAHs （2E7CarPAHs） both followed the order： Zone D （60%-80% constructive land density （CLD）） 〉 Zone E （80%-100% CLD） 〉 Zone C （40%-60% CLD） 〉 Zone B （20%-40% CLD） 〉 Zone A （0%-20% CLD）, suggesting that the highest PAH levels occurred in the suburban-urban center transitional zone （Zone D） rather than the urban center zone （Zone E） in Shenzhen. There were significant correlations of ∑16PAHs to TOC and sampling altitude across all samples but not within highly-urbanized regions （Zones D and E）, implying a considerable disturbance of urbanization to the soil PAH pool. Source apportionments suggested that soil PAHs of all zones were mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion, with Zone E showing the highest contribution from oil sources among different zones. Spatial ecological risk analysis showed that the contaminated area （467 km2; 23.9% of total area; toxic equivalency quotients 〉 33 ng g^-1） had a higher contribution from the highly-urbanized regions （Zones D and E） than the uncontaminated area （42.3% vs. 18.1%）. Overall, our study highlighted a strong spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.
文摘目前检出限的估算方法大致可以分为两类:单浓度校正法和校准曲线法。分别以美国国家环境保护署(the United States Environmental Protection Agency,US EPA)方法和Hubaux-Vos方法为代表来详细说明这两类方法。为了对EPA方法和Hubaux-Vos方法进行系统的分析比较,从这两个方法中选取适当的估算方法对离子色谱测定纯净水中的NO-3,高效液相色谱测定纯净水中的对苯二酚和原子荧光光度计测定纯净水中的As的实验数据进行了处理和分析,结果发现Hubaux-Vos方法较EPA方法严谨,但是工作量较大。
