Experimental study on Ti+Nb bearing ultra-low carbon bake hardening sheet steel hot-rolled in the ferrite region

A Ti＋Nb bearing ultra-low carbon bake hardening sheet steel hot-rolled in the conventional austenite region and in the ferrite region with lubrication was experimentally studied. Subsequent cold rolling and continuous annealing processes were also conducted. The results show that microstructures of ultra-low carbon bake hardening hot strips at room temperature are basically irregular polygonal ferrites. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, n value, and r value of the No.2 specimen hot-rolled in the ferrite region with lubrication are 243 MPa, 364 MPa, 0.29, and 1.74, respectively, which are similar to those of the No.1 specimen hot-roiled in the conventional austenite region. The elongation rate and bake hardening value of No.2 specimen are 51% and 49.4 MPa, respectively, which are greater than those of No. 1 specimen. The No.2 specimen hot-rolled in the ferrite region with lubrication exhibits good mechanical properties and relatively excellent baking hardening performance. Therefore, the hot rolling experiment of Ti＋Nb bearing ultra-low carbon bake hardening steel in the ferrite region with lubrication is feasible and can be considered in the future industrial trial production.

Decarburization rate of RH refining for ultra low carbon steel

The decarburization behaviors of ultra low carbon steel in a 210-t RH vacuum degasser were investigated under practical operat- ing conditions. According to the apparent decarburization rate constant （Kc） calculated by the carbon content in the samples taken from the hot melt in a ladle at an interval of 1-2 min, it is observed that the total decarburization reaction period in RH can be divided into the quick decarburization period and the stagnant decarburization period, which is quite different from the traditional one with three stages. In this study, the average apparent decarburization rate constant during the quick decarburization period is 0.306 min^-1, and that of the stagnant period is 0.072 min^-1. Increasing the initial carbon content and enhancing the exhausting capacity can increase the apparent decarburization rate constant in the quick decarburization period. The decarburization reaction comes into the stagnant decarburization period when the carbon content in molten steel is less than 14× 10^-6 after 10 min of decarburization.

A Novel Ultra Low Power High Performance Atto-Ampere CMOS Current Mirror with Enhanced Bandwidth

A novel CMOS atto-ampere current mirror （AACM） is proposed which reaches the minimum yet reported current range of 0.4 aA. Operation of this circuit is based on the source voltage modulation instead of the conventionally used gate voltage modulation which interestingly prevents usage of commonly required voltage shifting in those circuits. The proposed circuit has a simple structure prohibiting large chip area consumption which consumes extremely low power of 1.5 μW. It is thus the best choice for ultra low power low voltage （ULPLV） applications. By using a very simple frequency compensation technique, its bandwidth is widened to 15.8 kHz. Simulation results in SMIC （Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation） 0.18 μm CMOS technology with Hspice are presented to demonstrate the validation of the proposed current mirror.

Effect of Mild-calcined Coal Gangue Additionon Hot Strength and Refractoriness Under Loadof Ultra Low Cement Castablesin Al_2O_3-SiO_2 System

This work explored the way to improve hot modulus q/＇ rupture （HMOR） and refractoriness under load （RUL） by adding mild-calcined coal gangue （MCG） in Al2O3 -SiO2 ultra low cement （ULC） castables, making use of the in-situ effect of the MCG during heating-up. The influence of respective additions of 5%, 10% and 1.5% of the MCG powders calcined at 700℃ was investigated on HMOR at 1400 ℃ and RUL of the castables. With increased addition of the MCG, HMOR and RUL become significantly enhanced. At 10% of the MCG addition, HMOR reaches 3 MPa, as compared to 0. 3 MPa in the case of no MCG addition. RUL of the specimens dried at 110 ℃for 24 h can be increased by some 270 ℃ with 10% of the MCG addition. RUL 0.11 the specimens preheated at 1 500℃ for 3 h maintains the growth trend with the MCG addition increasing. The microstructure of the heated castable samples was investigated by means of SEM. The in-situ formed needle-like and interlaced mullite in the matrix is contributive to the tmprovement.

Study of a GaAs MESFET Model with Ultra-Low Power Consumption

A model of enhancement mode GaAs MESFET (EFET) for low power consumption and low noise applications has been obtained by using a small signal equivalent circuit whose component values are derived from the physical parameters and the bias condition. The dependence of the RF performance and DC power consumption on physical, material and technological parameters of EFET is also studied. The optimum range of the physical parameters is given which is useful for the design of active device of ultra low power consumption MMIC.

Isothermal precipitation behavior of copper sulfide in ultra low carbon steel

Copper and sulfur are typical residual elements or impurity elements in steel.Sufficient removal of them during steelmaking process is difficult for copper and costly for sulfur.Utilization of copper and sulfur in steel, especially in steel scrap,has been an important issue for a long period for metallurgists.Copper and sulfur may combine to form copper sulfide,which may provide a prospect to avoid the detrimental effects of copper and sulfur in steel.Unfortunately the formation mechanism of copper sulfide in steel has not been completely clarified so far. In the present paper,solution treatment of samples containing copper and sulfur are firstly performed at 1623 K for 2.7×10~3 s followed by quenching into water.The samples are then isothermally heat-treated at 673 K,873 K, 1073 K,1273 K and 1373K for different time followed by quenching into water again.The size,morphology, constituent and crystallography of sulfide precipitates in these samples are investigated by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and TEM equipped with EDS.Fine copper sulfides(less than 100 nm) are observed to coexist with silicon oxide in samples even isothermally heat-treated at 1 373 K for 1.44×10~4 s;Film-like copper sulfides are generally observed to co-exist with iron sulfide in all samples;Plate-like copper sulfides are observed especially in sample isothermally heat-treated at 1 073 K for 1.44×10~4 s.The formation mechanisms of these copper sulfides have been discussed.

Radiation of Ultra Low Frequency Electromagnetic Waves from Atmosphere under the Influence of Strong Shock Waves

We present preliminary results from the experimental investigation of the response of the atmosphere due to the impact of powerful shock waves. The response is evidenced as ultra low frequency electromagnetic wave radiation at frequency of 2-5 kHz and in duration of 3 7s. We hypothesize that this radiation appears due to the following process： the shock wave ionizes the neutral particles in the air and these charged and neutral particles continue their vertical motion, which forms in the trail of the shock wave. Such motion can cause the cyclotron-like radiation measured.

NP-Domino, Ultra-Low-Voltage, High-Speed, Dual-Rail, CMOS NOR Gates

In this paper, novel ultra low voltage (ULV) dual-rail NOR gates are presented which use the semi-floating-gate (SFG) structure to speed up the logic circuit. Higher speed in the lower supply voltages and robustness against the input signal delay variations are the main advantages of the proposed gates in comparison to the previously reported domino dual-rail NOR gates. The simulation results in a typical TSMC 90 nm CMOS technology show that the proposed NOR gate is more than 20 times faster than conventional dual-rail NOR gate.

A Collaborative Machine Learning Scheme for Traffic Allocation and Load Balancing for URLLC Service in 5G and Beyond

Key challenges for 5G and Beyond networks relate with the requirements for exceptionally low latency, high reliability, and extremely high data rates. The Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) use case is the trickiest to support and current research is focused on physical or MAC layer solutions, while proposals focused on the network layer using Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms running on base stations and User Equipment (UE) or Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in early stages. In this paper, we describe the operation rationale of the most recent relevant ML algorithms and techniques, and we propose and validate ML algorithms running on both cells (base stations/gNBs) and UEs or IoT devices to handle URLLC service control. One ML algorithm runs on base stations to evaluate latency demands and offload traffic in case of need, while another lightweight algorithm runs on UEs and IoT devices to rank cells with the best URLLC service in real-time to indicate the best one cell for a UE or IoT device to camp. We show that the interplay of these algorithms leads to good service control and eventually optimal load allocation, under slow load mobility. .

Effect of Calcium Treatment on Non-Metallic Inclusions in Ultra-Low Oxygen Steel Refined by High Basicity High Al_2O_3 Slag

The influence of calcium treatment on non-metallic inclusions had been studied when control technology of refining top slag in ladle furnace was used in ultra-low oxygen steelmaking. A sufficient amount aluminium was added to experimental heats for final deoxidizing during BOF tapping, and the refining top slag with strong reducibility, high basicity and high Al2O3 in ladle furnace was used to produce ultra-low oxygen steel and the transformation of nonmetallic inclusions in molten steel was compared by calcium treatment and no calcium treatment. The results show that the transformation of Al2O3--MgO - Al2O3 spinel-CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusions has been completed for aluminum deoxidation products and calcium treatment to molten steel is unnecessary when using the control technology of ladle furnace refining top slag to produce ultra-low oxygen steel, and the complex inclusions are liquid at the temperature of steelmaking and easily removable to obtain very high cleanliness steel by flotation. Further- more, the problems of nozzle clogging in casting operations do not happen and the remaining oxide inclusions in steel are the relatively lower melting point complex inclusions.

Microstructure and Property of Coarse Grain HAZ X80 Pipeline Steel

The coarse grain HAZ microstructure and property of X80 pipeline steel with different carbon content was investigated. The weld thermal simulation test was carried out on Gleeble 1500 thermal mechanical test machine. The Charpy tests were completed at --20 ℃ for evaluating the toughness of coarse grain heat affected zone （CGHAZ）. The microstructure was examined by optical microscope （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and the austenite constituent was quantified by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the ultra-low carbon can improve the toughness of CGHAZ by suppressing the formation of carbide, decreasing the martensite austenite （M-A） constituent and increasing the residual austenite in the M A.

Continuous Cooling Transformation Behavior and Kinetic Models of Transformations for an Ultra-Low Carbon Bainitic Steel

The aim was to investigate transformation behavior and transformation kinetics of an ultra-low carbon bai- nitic steel during continuous cooling. Continuous cooling transformation （CCT） curves of tested steel were measured by thermal dilatometer and metallographic structures at room temperature were observed by optical microscope. Then transformation kinetic equation of austenite to ferrite as well as austenite to bainite was established by analyzing the relationship of lnln]-l/（1--f）] and lnt in the kinetic equation on the basis of processed experimental data. Finally, the measured and calculated kinetic behaviors of the steel during continuous cooling were compared and growth pat- terns of transformed ferrite and bainite were analyzed. Results showed that calculated result was in reasonable agree- ment with the experimental data. It could be concluded that the growth modes of transformed ferrite and bainite were mainly one dimension as the Avrami exponents were between 1 and 2.

A method for observing the three-dimensional morphologies of inclusions in steel

A method for observing the three-dimensional morphologies of inclusions by deeply eroding a steel sample with a kind of organic solution composed of bromine water, acetone, and HCl （volume ratio, 45：45：10） was introduced. Four different kinds of inclusions in ultra low carbon steel were compared by metallographic observation and erosion observation. The results show that the three-dimensional morphologies of different kinds of inclusions could be observed clearly and simply after erosion. The method is useful for the observation and analysis of inclusions made by deep erosion. It also provides a new way to control and remove inclusions based on the true morphologies of inclusions.

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROCESSES ON THE TEXTURE OF HOT-ROLLED DEEP DRAWING STEEL SHEET

A hot-rolled deep drawing (HDD) steel with high r-value and uniformdistribution of {111} texture in thickness was developed by hot rolling in ferrite region withlubricating between the roller and the steel. The experimental results show that the carbon contentand finish rolling temperature have significant effects on beneficial texture {111}, and lubricatingduring hot rolling at low temperature in alpha-region makes the distribution of the textureuniform. Three basic requirements needed to meet for HDD steel were concluded by comparing differentcarbon contents and hot rolling processes.

Thermodynamic Study on BaO-CaO-CaF_2 Slags for Dephosphorization of Molten Steel

The molten steel was dephosphorized by high basic BaO-based slags (BaO-CaO-CaF_2) to achieve ultra low phosphorus level. The dephosphorization ability of the BaO-CaO-CaF_2 slags was tested. The phosphate capacity of this slag system at 1 620 ℃ varied from 10^(18.03) to 10^(19.11) with an activity coefficient of P_2O_5 ranging from 10^(-19.47) to 10^(-18.09). The effect of BaO content, initial phosphorus content and oxygen potential of molten steel on dephosphorization was discussed. The phosphorus pick-up by the BaO-based slags was studied.

Experimental Research on Oxidation Refining of Ferrosilicon

This paper explained the mechanism of carbon pickup by ultra low carbon steels during continuous casting and indicated that the major cause of carbon pickup is the contact of the molten steel with the enriched carbon layer of the powder. Forming of the enriched carbon layer is due to the existing of “carbon core”. Accordingly, the measures to reduce the carbon content and amount of the enriched carbon layer were investigated. A kind of new powder has been developed and successfully used to minimize the carbon pickup by ultra low carbon steels during continuous casting.

Morphology of single inhalable particle inside public transit biodiesel fueled bus

In an urban-transit bus, fueled by biodiesel in Toledo, Ohio, single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry （SEM/EDS）. Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm. The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters： square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, agglomerate, sphere, triangle, oblong, strip, line or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The square particles were common in the samples. Round and triangle particles are more, and pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, strip, line or sticks are less. Agglomerate particles were found in abundance. The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse. The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.

Control of Ultra Low Titanium in Ultra Low Carbon Al-Si Killed Steel

Titanium is the impurity in some special steel grades.The existence of titanium decreases the grain size,depresses the yield strength,and results in the low quality of these steels in various properties.Thus,titanium should be removed to the minimum.Based on the industrial production of ultra low carbon Al-Si killed steel,the physical-chemical behavior of titanium was investigated in vacuum degassing refining（RH）process with and without desulfurization.The influences of titanium content in hot metal,ladle slag composition,and ladle slag quantity,etc,on titanium content of refined liquid steel were discussed.The results showed that the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel is in inverse proportion to the 4/3square of aluminum content.The maximum partition ratio of titanium between top slag and liquid steel can be obtained by adjusting an optimum slag composition including contents of FeOxand Al2O3and the slag basicity,and the suitable range of them should be controlled higher than 6%,less than 20%,and within 1.5to 3.0,respectively.Moreover,desulfurization refining by RH decreases the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel significantly.To ensure the titanium content stably less than 15×10-6 in a 300tladle,the titanium content in hot metal must be less than 500×10-6 and the thickness of basic oxygen furnace（BOF）slag carrying over must be less than 50mm.

Absence of magnetic order in dichloro[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]nickel^(2+)single crystal

Dichloro[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]nickel^(2+(NiCl2(dppe))is an organic compound containing C_(26)H_(24)P_(2)(dppe)molecules and Cl^(-),Ni^(2+ions.The large-size NiCl_(2)(dppe)single crystals with longest dimension of 4 mm were grown by the method of slow evaporation of organic solution.Single crystal x-ray diffraction spectrum indicates that the single crystal is of high quality.Magnetization results of the NiCl_(2)(dppe)single crystals show an anisotropic paramagnetism behavior and diamagnetic background,which come from Ni^(2+ions and benzene ring,respectively.However,according to the specific heat results with temperature down to 0.1 K and magnetic field up to 14 T,no expected field-induced quantum phase transition was observed in NiCl_(2)(dppe)single crystals.

Physical Chemistry Basis of AODIF Process

The technology of AODIF (Argon-Oxygen Decarburization Induction Furnace) for small scale smeltingof special steels is introduced. The technology gives such refining capabilities as deep decarburization to commonnon-vacuum induction furnaces with effective control of temperature and chemical reactions respectively. After thedisscussion of the phiscal chemistry basis involing decarburizaton,oxygen supply and heating features of AODIF,ithas been found that altra-low carbon steels can be produced with precise control of smelting point by the reasonable and flexiable AODIF process, which permits both gas and solid oxygen supply.