Determination of Oleuropein in Cosmetics by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry

An ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)was established to quickly and accurately determine the content of oleuropein in cosmetics.The samples were extracted with methanol-aqueous solution,and the mobile phase with methanol-formic acid solution(0.1 mol/L)=40∶60 was separated by Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18(2.1 mm×50 mm×1.8μm-Micron)column temperature 30℃,flow rate 0.3 mL/min.The MS end was detected by electrospray negative mode ionization(ESI-)and multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode.The results show a good linear relationship in the range of 0.002~5 mg/L,with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.999,5.Method recovery range from 84.2%~107.6%and the relative standard deviation RSD is 5.8%.The detection time is 5 min,the detection limit is 0.000,6 mg/L,and the limit of quantification is 0.002 mg/L.This method has the advantages of convenient operation,low quantification limit,high precision and good repeatability,and is suitable for measuring the content of oleuropein in many kinds of cosmetics.

Simultaneous Determination of Bisphenols and Alkylphenols in Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry

To establish an analytical method for determination of four bisphenols （BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS） and two alkylphenols （4-n-OP, 4-n-NP） in water by ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC/MS/MS）. The water samples were extracted and condensed with solid-phase extraction （SPE） using C18 cartridges and eluted by acetonitrile. Separation was carried out with Acquity BEH C8 column and detection were performed by UPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was calculated by using the internal standard BPA-d16 and 4-n-NP-d8. The linear correlation coefficients of these compounds in the range of 1.0-100.0μg/L were all over 0.999. The minimum detectable concentrations were 0.75-1.0 ng/L, and the recoveries ranged from 87.0% to 106.9%.

Determination of Steroid Hormone Residues in Fish Tissues Using Gel Permeation Chromatography and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A highly sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 8 steroid hormones in high-fat fish tissues using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The 8 steroid hormones were extracted from the tissues with diethyl ether.Differing from other common purification methods,the extract solutions were cleaned by gel permeation chromatography(GPC) using ethyl acetate-cyclohexane solution(1:1,v/v) as the mobile phase.The separation of target compounds was carried out by a BEH C18 column and a gradient elution consisting of acetonitrile and 0.2% aqueous formic acid(v/v).The compounds were detected under the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode and quantified with external standard method.This method was validated with respect to linearity,specificity,accuracy and precision.A linearity with correlation coefficient larger than 0.995 was achieved in the range of 0.5 to 50 ng m L^(-1).The average recoveries at the spiked levels of 1.0,5.0,and 10.0 μg kg^(–1) varied between 81.7% and 90.8%,with the relative standard deviations(n=5) ranged from 3.50% to 10.0%.The limit of quantification(LOQ) for 8 steroid hormones ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 μg kg^(-1).It was concluded that this method can be successfully applied for the determination of 8 steroid hormones in complicated matrices including high-fat fish tissues.

Uncertainty Evaluation of Determination of Microcystin MC-LR in Environmental Samples by Solid Phase Extraction-Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

To assess uncertainty of determination of MC-LR in environmental samples by solid phase extraction- ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry,the sources of the uncertainty were evaluated firstly,and the expanded uncertainty was calculated finally.The results show that when MC-LR concentration in the water samples was 0.50 μg/L,the expanded uncertainty was 0.00628 μg/L(k=2).

Chemical Components of Achyranthes bidentata Leaves by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

[Objectives] To study the chemical components and relative content of Achyranthes bidentata leaves and provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of A. bidentata leaves.[Methods] The chemical components of A. bidentata leaves were rapidly analyzed using the ultra high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS).[Results] Thirty eight chemical compounds were identified in samples of A. bidentata leaves collected from Wen County of Henan Province, in which seven chemical compounds had the relative content higher than 5%, linoleic acid reached 25.7% and inokosterone A reached 13.8%.[Conclusions] A. bidentata leaves contain many kinds of chemical compounds. This study is expected to provide a certain basis for further extraction of linoleic acid and inokosterone A.

Simultaneous Determination of Ultraviolet Absorbers and Antibacterial Agents in Textiles by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

This paper reported a new analytical method for the simultaneous determination of seven benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers and seven antibacterial agents in textiles. After ultrasonic extraction for the textile samples in methanol, the solutions were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromotagraphy/orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/Orbitrap HRMS). It showed that a good chromatographic separation for these target compounds was achieved by a Hypersil GOLD column (100 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.9 μm) with a gradient elution of methanol and 0.1% aqueous formic acid solution (containing 0.5 mmol/L ammonium acetate). Triclosan and 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl phenol (PCMX) were detected by the orbitrap HRMS in an electrospray ionization (ESI) negative mode while the other twelve target compounds were detected by orbitrap HRMS in ESI positive mode. Full scan experiment was performed over the range from m/z 100 to m/z 500. These target compounds were routinely detected with mass accuracy below 2 × 10-6 (2 ppm) at the optimized conditions. The results showed that the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range from 0.1 to 0.3 μg/kg. The blank samples were spiked at three levels and their average recoveries varied from 80.5% to 96.3% while the relative standard deviation (RSD) changed from 3.2% to 9.9%. The present method was also applied for the determination of those ultraviolet absorbers and antibacterial agents in the commercial textiles.

Rapid Determination of Three Kinds of Microcystins in Environmental Water Samples by Disk SPE-Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A method of rapidly detecting three kinds of microcystins( MCs) in environmental water samples by using disk SPE- ultra high performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry( UPLC- MS / MS) was established. Firstly,environmental water samples were extracted by disk SPE column( C_(18)),and three kinds of MCs were separated by Waters BEH C_(18) chromatographic column with acetonitrile- 0. 2% formic acid solution as the mobile phase. After the gradient elution separation,the external standard method was used for quantitative and qualitative analysis under MRM of UPLC- MS / MS. The results showed that the three kinds of MCs in the range of 0. 05- 10 μg / L showed good linear relation,and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0. 999 4,while the method detection limit was 0. 04 ng / L. Under 0. 1,1,and 5 μg / L standard addition for the same environmental sample,the average recovery was 82. 8%- 108. 8%,and the relative standard deviation of determination results was2. 1%- 10. 1%( n = 6). This method is rapid,sensitive and accurate,so it can be effectively applied in the monitoring of MCs in environmental water samples.

Determination of thyreostats in bovine urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Five thyreostats(TSs),namely tapazole,thiouracil,methylthiouracil,propylthiouracil,and phenylthiouracil,were determined in bovine urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS)in positive electrospray ionization mode.Extraction and clean-up were achieved using a ChemElut cartridge with tert-butyl methyl ether,without a derivatization step.Separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC SS T3 column.The mobile phase was acetonitrile and water containing 0.2%(v/v)formic acid.The mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode.Urine samples were spiked with TS solution at levels corresponding to 5,10,15,and 20μg/L.The accuracy(internal standard corrected)ranged from 92%to 107%,with a repeatability precision(relative standard deviation,RSD)less than 15%for all five analytes.The RSDs within-laboratory reproducibility was less than 26%.The decision limits(CCα)and detection capabilities(CCβ)were obtained from a calibration curve and were in the ranges of 3.1-6.1μg/L and 4.0-7.4μg/L,respectively.The CCαand CCβvalues were below the recommended concentration,which was set at 10μg/L.The results show that the described method is suitable for the direct detection of TSs in bovine urine.This method can also be used to determine TSs in porcine urine.

Lysophosphatidylcholine Biomarkers of Lung Cancer Detected by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Centrifugal ultrafiltration after methanol extraction of whole plasma was used as an optimal condition for the preparation of blood plasma before metabonomic studies. The plasma samples from 102 lung cancer patients and 34 healthy volunteers were prepared with this approach. With ultra-performance liquid chromatography（UPLC） coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry（Q-TOF MS） analysis, the samples were investigated in order to find potential disease biomarkers. After data acquisition, orthogonal signal correction partial least squares models were built to differentiate the healthy volunteers from lung cancer patients and to identify metabolites that showed significantly different expression between the two groups. Several metabolite ions were identified as potential biomarkers according to the variable importance in the project（VIP） value in both ion modes. Five lysophosphatidylcholines were further identified as specifically lysoPC 16：0, isomer of lysoPC 16：0, lysoPC 18：0, lysoPC 18：1 and lysoPC 18：2. These results suggest that UPLC coupled with Q-TOF MS is an effective technique for the analysis of plasma metabolites in metabonomic studies.

A Validated Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Detection and Quantification of Oxidative Metabolites of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether in Rat Hepatic Microsomes

In the present study, we developed and validated an analytical method using ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) for the quantitative determination of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) metabolism by rat hepatic microsomes. BDE-47 is a brominated flame retardant that was widely used in a variety of consumer products and has subsequently been identified as a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Hydroxy-bromodiphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs) were isolated from rat hepatic microsomes by liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved by UPLC on a C18 column with gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water, each containing 0.1% formic acid, at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Detection and quantification were performed using a mass spectrometer in single ion recording mode with negative electrospray ionization. The UPLC/MS method was validated for linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision and recovery. The weighted calibration curves (1/X2) were linear over a concentration range of 5 - 250 nM with LOQ values between 5 nM and 50 nM for the individual OH-BDEs. Intra- and inter- day accuracy (%DEV) and precision (%RSD) values ranged from –11.7% to 9.5% and 5.9% to 16.5%, respectively. Recovery values of 70% to 90% were obtained for all OH-BDEs. The validated method allowed us to successfully analyze metabolite formation following incubation of BDE-47 with hepatic microsomes prepared from phenobarbital-treated rats. Results demonstrate that the UPLC/MS method has sufficient sensitivity and reproducibility to fully characterize the in vitro metabolism of BDE-47 and possibly other PBDEs.

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐。样品以少量水稀释分散后,加入乙腈提取,经PRIME HLB小柱净化,用Waters Torus DEA色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,以同位素内标法定量。在各自的线性范围内,氯酸盐、高氯酸盐的质量浓度与氯酸盐、高氯酸盐和相应同位素内标物的色谱峰面积比线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999。氯酸盐的检出限为3.0μg/kg,定量限为10μg/kg,高氯酸盐的检出限为1.5μg/kg,定量限为4.5μg/kg,平均回收率为88.9%~97.1%,相对标准偏差为2.9%~7.4%(n=6)。该方法简便、快速,适用于蔬菜中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的同时快速检测。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水体和底泥中的阿维菌素和伊维菌素

为建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)同时测定水产养殖环境(水体及底泥)中阿维菌素和伊维菌素的检测方法。先采用HLB固相萃取柱富集和净化水样,采用PSA和C18吸附剂净化底泥样品;样品中的目标物采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18色谱柱分离,以5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源(ESI)、正离子扫描和多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行测定,外标法定量。在最优实验条件下,阿维菌素和伊维菌素在7.5 min内完成色谱分离分析,目标物在1~100μg·L^(-1)范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.995。空白水样在0.05,0.50,2.5和5.0μg·L^(-1)共4个添加水平下的回收率为71.6%~88.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)在1.51%~8.81%,方法检出限(LOD)为0.02μg·L^(-1),方法定量限(LOQ)为0.05μg·L^(-1);空白底泥在1.0,10.0,50.0和100.0 ng·g^(-1)共4个添加水平下的回收率为75.3%~96.4%,RSD值(n=6)为3.45%~8.99%,LOD值为0.3 ng·g^(-1),LOQ值为1.0 ng·g^(-1)。该方法灵敏度高,重现性好,操作快速简便,适用于水产养殖环境(水体和底泥)中阿维菌素和伊维菌素的分析检测。

改良QuEChERS技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中扑草净及其代谢物残留

采用改良QuEChERS技术作为前处理方法,建立了水产品中扑草净及其代谢物残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品用乙腈提取,经增强型脂质去除吸附剂与Cleanert LipoNo组合净化,采用选择反应监测正离子模式测定,内标法定量。结果表明:扑草净及其代谢物在1.0~500 ng/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,确定系数R2大于0.992,方法检出限和定量限分别低至0.20μg/kg和0.50μg/kg,在草鱼、克氏原螯虾和中华绒螯蟹等基质的加标实验中呈现良好的准确度与精密度,平均加标回收率和相对标准偏差分别为74.4%~113.7%和3.17%~11.47%。经内标法校正,5种扑草净及其代谢物在不同水产品中的基质效应不明显。方法实现了水产品中扑草净及其代谢物的识别与定量分析,并通过检测药浴扑草净的克氏原螯虾阳性样品验证了方法的适用性。

荔枝中20种登记农药残留分析方法研究

为解决荔枝中20种登记农药多残留的同时快速检测问题,建立并优化基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测荔枝中7种杀虫剂和13种杀菌剂的分析方法。荔枝全果样品经80%乙腈水溶液提取后,用石墨化碳黑(GCB)净化,流动相为乙腈和水,梯度洗脱,采用Extend C18色谱柱进行分离。电喷雾正负离子交替模式采集,多反应监测(MRM),外标法定量。20种供试农药的质量浓度与其对应的峰面积之间呈现良好线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9990;20种农药在荔枝基质中的平均回收率为71%~106%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.9%~9.8%之间,满足残留分析的要求。该方法简便、高效,可用于荔枝样品中20种农药残留的快速检测。

基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术分析‘福红’李冷藏期间初生代谢物动态变化规律

为探究‘福红’李冷藏过程中初生代谢物组成及动态变化规律,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术分析3个冷藏阶段果肉初生代谢谱。将‘福红’李置于4℃贮藏,分别于0、30 d和60 d采集果肉样本,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术进行定性分析,采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析等方法筛选差异代谢物,并对差异代谢物进行通路富集分析。结果显示,从‘福红’李果肉中共检测出糖类、有机酸、氨基酸及其衍生物、脂质和核苷酸等573种代谢物。不同冷藏期间‘福红’李果肉代谢物差异显著,其中,30 d vs 0 d存在95种差异代谢物,60 d vs 30 d存在99种差异代谢物,60 d vs 0 d存在173种差异代谢物。通路富集分析显示,‘福红’李冷藏期间亚油酸代谢、不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成、丙酸代谢、硫代谢、嘌呤代谢、核苷酸代谢及半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢等主要代谢通路差异显著。本研究揭示了不同冷藏期间‘福红’李果肉初生代谢物变化规律,可为‘福红’李果实品质评价与采后贮藏研究提供重要理论参考。

改进的QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测饲料中的环匹阿尼酸

采用改进的QuEChERS前处理方法结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分离检测,建立了饲料中真菌毒素环匹阿尼酸(CPA)的快速分析新方法。详细优化了UPLC-MS/MS分离检测条件和影响CPA回收率的QuEChERS条件,优化后的分析方法如下:1.0 g饲料加入2 mL水和4 mL 0.5%乙酸乙腈溶液进行提取,再加入提取盐包(0.4 g氯化钠和1.6 g无水硫酸镁),离心分层后,取1 mL乙腈提取液,加入150 mg无水硫酸镁和50 mg C_(18)吸附净化,上清液进行UPLC-MS/MS分离检测;采用Waters HSS T3柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8μm),以含0.5%甲酸的2 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液和乙腈作为流动相,梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子模式下以多反应监测(MRM)扫描模式定量。CPA在2~200 ng/mL的范围内具有良好的线性,相关系数良好(r=0.999 5),方法的检出限和定量限分别为0.6和2μg/kg,饲料中CPA在10、100、500μg/kg 3个加标水平下的回收率为70.1%~78.5%,日内RSD为4.1%~5.8%,日间RSD为6.1%~7.2%。将本方法应用于实际饲料样品中CPA的分析,取得了很好的效果。本研究将改进的QuEChERS方法应用于饲料中CPA的提取净化,为饲料中CPA的风险监测、评估和限量标准制定提供了一种有效的检测技术。

艾司奥美拉唑对对乙酰氨基酚药动学与肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨质子泵抑制剂(PPI)艾司奥美拉唑(EMZ)对对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)药动学与肠道菌群生态平衡的作用。方法将14只SD大鼠随机分为2组,分别为APAP组、APAP+EMZ组,每组7只;将APAP+EMZ组大鼠置于代谢笼中饲养。APAP+EMZ组灌胃给予EMZ 3.6 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),APAP组以等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液代替,连续灌胃14 d;分别在给予EMZ前和给药14 d后收集大鼠粪便进行微生物16SrRNA测序。第15天APAP组和APAP+EMZ组灌胃EMZ后同法给予APAP 44.82 mg·kg^(-1)。超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定样品中APAP浓度。计算药动学参数并统计分析,比较APAP组和APAP+EMZ组APAP药动学参数。结果①两组APAP的达峰浓度(C max)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与APAP组比较,APAP+EMZ组C max增加120.38%。两组血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC_((0-∞)))、清除率(CL)、消除半衰期(t_(1/2))和达峰时间(t_(max))比较均差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);②使用EMZ后乳酸杆菌属、拟杆菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属和埃希杆菌属相对丰度较用药前减少,而双歧杆菌属增加。但上述菌群相对丰度在EMZ干预前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论EMZ与APAP联用时,影响β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的菌群相对丰度有一些变化,EMZ对APAP的C_(max)有影响;使用EMZ 2周不通过影响肠道菌群而改变APAP的药动学。

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法同时测定纺织品中30种芳香胺类化合物的含量

取0.1 g 5 mm×5 mm的纺织品小片,加入17 mL(70±2)℃柠檬酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 6.0),参考GB/T 17592—2011进行还原裂解、萃取、浓缩,加适量甲醇稀释,采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法同时测定30种芳香胺类化合物的含量。以ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱作固定相,不同体积比0.1%(体积分数)甲酸溶液和甲醇的混合溶液作流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源正离子(ESI+)模式电离,外标法定量。结果显示:各目标物的质量浓度在50~2000μg·L^(-1)内和峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.05~1.69μg·kg^(-1);按照标准加入法进行回收试验,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.0%~7.0%,回收率为60.3%~96.5%。方法用于两个质控样品的分析,测定值和指定值基本一致。

分散固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中双甲脒、杀虫脒及其代谢物

该研究建立了分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(dispersive solid phase extraction-ultra-performance liquid chromatography,UPLC-MS-MS)检测蜂蜜中双甲脒、杀虫脒及其代谢物残留的分析方法。蜂蜜样品2 g加入10 mL水溶液充分混匀,经1%(体积分数)氨化乙腈超声辅助提取后离心,利用N-丙基乙二胺、C18、氨基键合硅胶混合材料进行分散固相萃取净化,采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱分离,以甲醇和0.1%(体积分数)甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,多反应监测模式正离子扫描分析。6种农药及其代谢物平均回收率为84.1%~113.8%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~6.0%,检出限为0.2~0.8μg/kg,定量限为0.7~2.5μg/kg。实验结果表明该方法快速简便、灵敏度高,适用于蜂蜜中双甲脒、杀虫脒及其代谢物残留同时分析。

青少年体内35种抗生素和4种β-受体激动剂的测定及暴露现状分析

为了解我国青少年体内抗生素和β-受体激动剂的暴露水平,本研究采用同位素稀释-高通量全自动固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定某中学442名青少年(11~15岁)尿液中的7类共35种抗生素(5种大环内酯类、4种四环素类、10种喹诺酮类、3种β-内酰胺类、11种磺胺类、1种喹噁啉类和1种林可酰胺类)和4种β-受体激动剂的水平。尿样测定结果采用尿肌酐进行校正,所得到的样品检出率用于统计分析。采用皮尔森卡方检验对目标物检出率与性别、年龄和体重等级间的相关性进行分析。在调整了混杂因素后,采用Logistic回归模型来评估目标物检出率与不同组别间的相关性。分析结果发现,442名青少年中有397名青少年的尿液中检出抗生素或β-受体激动剂,总体检出率为89.8%。除喹噁啉类抗生素未被检出外,实验中共有6类27种抗生素和2种β-受体激动剂被检出,检出率为0.2%~59.0%;其中强力霉素、土霉素和阿奇霉素的检出率最高,检出率分别为59.0%、56.1%和34.6%;四环素类和大环内酯类抗生素是主要检出的两类抗生素,检出率分别为81.9%和42.3%;优先作为兽用的抗生素检出率最高(85.1%),其次为人用抗生素(41.0%),β-受体激动剂的总体检出率为2.7%。统计分析发现,四环素类抗生素在男性青少年尿液中的检出率高于女性,男性检出风险是女性的2.17倍。大环内酯类抗生素在不同年龄组间的检出率存在差异,与11岁青少年组相比,12、13岁青少年组的检出风险更高。实验发现,大环内酯类抗生素的检出率与青少年的肥胖程度呈正相关;在调整了年龄和性别因素后,肥胖青少年尿液中大环内酯类抗生素的检出风险是正常体重者的2.35倍。研究结果表明,青少年普遍暴露于低剂量的抗生素,且食物和环境中的抗生素可能是青少年体内抗生素暴露的主要来源,大环内酯类抗生素的暴露可能与青少年的肥胖风险相关。