Evaluation of ultra-fine grained tungsten under transient high heat flux by high-intensity pulsed ion beam

Pure tungsten, oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten and carbide dispersion strengthened tungsten were fabricated by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering process. In order to evaluate the properties of the tungsten alloys under transient high heat flues, four tungsten samples with different grain sizes were tested by high-intensity pulsed ion beam with a heat flux as high as 160 MW/（m^2·s^-1/2）. Compared with the commercial tungsten, the surface modification of the oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten by high-intensity pulsed ion beam is completely different. The oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten shows inferior thermal shock response due to the low melting point second phase of Ti and Y2O3, which results in the surface melting, boiling bubbles and cracking. While the carbide dispersion strengthened tungsten shows better thermal shock response than the commercial tungsten.

Surface Cracking Behaviors of Ultra-Fine Grained Tungsten Under Edge Plasma Loading in the HT-7 Tokamak

Tests of the candidate plasma facing materials（PFMs） used in experimental fusion devices are essential due to the direct influence of in-situ plasma loading.A type of ultrafine grained（UFG） tungsten sintered by resistance sintering under ultra-high pressure（RSUHP） method has been exposed in the edge plasma of the HT-7 tokamak to investigate its performance under plasma loading.Under cychc edge plasma loading,the UFG tungsten develops both macro and micro cracks.The macro cracks are attributed to the low temperature brittleness of the tungsten material itself,while the micro cracks are generated from local intense power flux deposition.

Effects of infiltration parameters on mechanical and microstructural properties of tungsten wire reinforced Cu_(47)Ti_(33)Zr_(11)Ni_6Sn_2Si_1 metallic glass matrix composites

Cu47Ti33Zr11Ni6Sn2Si1-based bulk metallic glass matrix composites reinforced with tungsten wires were fabricated by infiltration process at different temperatures （850, 900, 950 and 1000 °C） and time （10, 20 and 30 min） in a quartz or a steel tube. The mechanical tests were carried out by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the maximum strength and total strain of the composite are 1778 MPa and 2.8% fabricated in steel tube at 900 °C for 10 min, and 1582 MPa and 3.6% fabricated in quartz tube at 850 °C for 10 min, respectively.

Radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator

We investigated the radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of low-wire-number cylindrical tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator with a peak current 0.8-1.1 MA and a rising time ～ 90 ns.The arrays are made up of（8-32）×5 μm wires 6/10 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height.The highest X-ray power obtained in the experiments was about 0.37 TW with the total radiation energy ～ 13 kJ and the energy conversion efficiency ～ 9%（24×5 μm wires,6 mm in diameter）.Most of the X-ray emissions from tungsten Z-pinch plasmas were distributed in the spectral band of 100-600 eV,peaked at 250 and 375 eV.The dominant wavelengths of the wire ablation and the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability were found and analyzed through measuring the time-gated self-emission and laser interferometric images.Through analyzing the implosion trajectories obtained by an optical streak camera,the run-in velocities of the Z-pinch plasmas at the end of the implosion phase were determined to be about（1.3-2.1）×10 7 cm/s.

Tensile properties of tungsten-rhenium wires with nanofibrous structure

In this study, the mechanical properties of tungsten-rhenium wires with nanofibrous microstructure were investigated at both room temperature(RT) and 800?C. The strengthening mechanism associated to the nanofibrous microstructure was discussed. The results showed that the tungsten-rhenium wires with nanofibrous grains exhibited a very high tensile strength reaching values of 3.5 GPa and 4.4 GPa for the coarse(grains diameter of 240 nm) and fine(grains diameter of 80 nm) wires, respectively. With increasing the temperature from RT to 800?C, the tensile strength decreased slightly but still held high values(1.8 GPa and 3.8 GPa). All the fracture surfaces exhibited apparent necking and characteristics of spear-edge shaped fracture surface, indicating excellent ductility of the wires. A model of the strengthening mechanism of these tungsten-rhenium wires was proposed.

Towards an optical coupler using fine-wire:a study of the photovoltaic effect of a heterojunction formed in a single fine-wire of tungsten oxides

Nanodevices using the photovoltaic effect of a single nanowire have attracted growing interest. In this paper, we consider potential applications of the photovoltaic effect to optical signal coupling and optical power transmission, and report on the realization of a heterojunction formed between WO2 and WO3 in a fine-wire having a diameter on the micrometer scale. Using a laser beam of 514.5 nm as a signal source, the WO2-WO3 heterojunction yields a maximum output power of up to 37.4 pico watt per heterojunction. Fast responses （less than a second） of both photovoltaic voltage and current are also observed. In addition, we demonstrate that it is a simple and effective way to adapt a commercial Raman spectrometer for the combined functions of fabrication, material characterization and photovottaic measurement of an optical signal coupler and optical power transmitter based on a fine-wire. Our results show an attractive perspective of developing nanowire or fine-wire elements for coupling optical signals into and for powering a nanoelectronic or nano-optoelectronic integrated circuit that works under the condition of preventing it from directly electrically connecting with the optical coupler.

旋转电弧焊接技术研究进展

熔焊焊接时会不可避免地出现侧壁不熔、咬边、晶粒粗大等问题,导致接头性能较低。为更好地解决焊接中存在的问题,提出旋转电弧焊接技术。相对于普通焊接,旋转电弧中的旋转电弧耦合力在焊接时对熔池的搅拌破碎效应能加速焊缝中的传质传热,并细化晶粒减小焊缝残余应力,能解决焊接中常见问题,获得优质焊缝并提高焊接接头的使用寿命。主要综述了基于外加磁场、非对称钨极旋转电弧、缆式焊丝熔化极旋转电弧的研究现状,指出目前旋转电弧焊接技术还存在的问题,并对相关技术的应用前景进行展望。

Effect of combinative addition of Ti and Sr on modification of AA4043 welding wire and mechanical properties of AA6082 welded by TIG welding

To improve the mechanical properties of AA6082 weld welded by tungsten inert gas welding using AA4043 welding wire, the effect of addition of Ti and/or Sr on continuous cast and rolled AA4043 welding wire was investigated. Experimental results indicated that Ti and Sr are excellent modifiers, which improve the microstructure of the AA4043 welding wire and enhance the mechanical properties of the AA6082 weld. It was found that the combinative addition of Ti and Sr can effectively modify both the α（Al） dendrites and eutectic Si phases compared with individual addition of Ti or Sr. In addition, Ti and/or Sr also changed the microstructure of the AA6082 weld. The tensile strength of the AA6082 weld reached the maximum value when 0.08% Ti and 0.025% Sr were added simultaneously. These results indicate that the combinative addition of Ti and Sr can be an effective composite modifier.

CMOS红外光源的设计与实现

基于红外气体传感器微型化、低成本和低功耗的发展需要,设计了一种用于非色散红外(NDIR)集成气体传感器的互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)红外光源。它以非等间隔的蛇形钨(W)薄膜电阻作为加热丝,以二氧化硅(SiO_(2))和氮化硅(Si_(3)N_(4))多层复合介质薄膜为支撑形成悬空膜片式微热板,以氧化铜(CuO)和二氧化锰(MnO_(2))纳米材料复合薄膜作为辐射增强层。基于COMSOL软件进行了热电耦合仿真,证明结构设计合理性。采用标准CMOS工艺、硅(Si)的深刻蚀工艺以及静电流体动力学打印技术流片制造了该CMOS红外光源芯片。性能测试结果表明:该红外光源从室温升温至469℃的热响应时间约为41 ms,电功耗仅为138 mW,辐射区温度分布均匀,引入辐射增强层使表面比辐射率提高约35%,红外光源的辐射功率和红外光谱辐射强度测试结果表明:该涂层有效地增强了红外辐射。

00Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢四钨极耦合电弧双丝增材制造工艺

为解决现有基于GTA热源增材制造工艺存在的熔覆效率较低、焊接效率较低的突出问题,该文提出一种四钨极耦合电弧双丝增材制造工艺,并通过控制变量的试验方法研究熔覆电流、行走速度与送丝速度对单层单道沉积层成形质量的影响。结果表明,熔池面积的波动与电弧压力是四钨极热源单道沉积层出现单道沉积层不连续、咬边等缺陷的主要原因,在保证成形质量的前提下,四钨极热源最大行走速度为400 mm/min、最大送丝速度为12 m/min、熔覆效率为6.24 kg/h,沉积件微观组织由回火索氏体、逆变奥氏体及碳化物组成,沉积件冲击吸收能量达到208 J,为MAG热源的2.5倍。综上所述,四钨极耦合电弧双丝增材制造工艺可以在保证优良冲击性能的前提下显著解决GTA热源增材制造工艺存在的熔覆效率较低、焊接效率较低的问题。

电火花线切割工艺加工钼铜钨铜载体初探

钼铜钨铜材料的载体,由于孔隙率极低,在热沉制作和电子封装领域应用越来越广泛,但由于载体材料硬度高、厚度尺寸小等特点,传统机械加工方法无法对其进行有效加工。电火花线切割类非接触式特种加工方法为该类材料的顺利加工提供了解决方案。电火花线切割加工技术是一种通过在工具电极与工件之间施加电压,利用两者之间的脉冲性火花放电能量来蚀除工件表面多余的金属,从而使工件得到所需的形状、尺寸精度、表面质量的技术。分析钼铜钨铜材料特性,针对性寻求相应的线切割方案,设计相关加工实验,探究整体工艺方案和工艺参数,加工出符合技术要求的产品。这种加工方式为后续开展钼铜钨铜载体更高效、更高精度的加工提供了宝贵的参考。

STRESS ANALYSIS OF ROLL RING FOR HIGH SPEED WIRE ROLLING MILLS

This paper introduces a new method for fixing type of the tungsten carbide roll ring for high speed wire rolling mills, and analyses the stresses of the roll ring. The lifetime of roll pass is twice longer that of the old one.

Preparation of Ultrafine Tungsten Powder by Sol-Gel Method

Sol-gel method was employed for the preparation of nanoscale tungsten powder. The effects of different preparation conditions on particle size were discussed and the optimum preparation condition was found. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scan electron microscopy and so on. The results show that the intermediate is monoclinic WO3, its particle shape is approximately spherical, and the particle size distribution is narrow. The average particle size is about 60 nm. After deoxidization, WO3 turns into cubic tungsten powder with small particle size （average particle size about 120 nm） and narrow size distribution.

Understanding the Mechanism of Nanoparticle Formation in a Wire Explosion Process by Adopting the Optical Emission Technique

In the present study nano-tungsten carbide particles were generated in a wire explosion process.The plasma generated during the wire explosion process was analyzed using optical emission spectroscopy（OES）.The impact of ambient pressure on the plasma temperature,electron density and plasma lifetime was studied.Lifetime variations of the plasma produced under different experimental conditions were analyzed.The produced nanoparticles were characterized through wide angle X-ray diffraction（WAXD） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） studies. Particles produced with a negative DC charging voltage had a larger mean size when compared to a positive charging voltage.Polarity dependence on the plasma duration was observed where plasma was sustained for a longer duration with a negative DC charging voltage.

钨材强韧化研究进展

光伏产业属于我国战略性新兴产业,晶体硅太阳能电池是光伏行业中一类非常重要的电池。相对高碳钢丝基体,在高强韧性钨丝基体负载金刚石能更好地满足晶体硅太阳能电池关键材料——超薄单晶硅片高效、高质量切割的需求。提高强韧性是提高钨丝拉拔合格品率、实现超细钨丝高质量拉丝成材和钨丝金刚线高效切割超薄单晶硅片的基础,热机械压力加工、合金化、晶粒度和晶粒形貌调控等是实现钨材强韧化的主要路径。本文综述了钨材的各种强韧化路径的实施方案与实施效果,旨在为第二代高强韧性超细光伏钨丝的研发提供有效参考,主要包括钨材强韧性的热机械压力加工提升策略、固溶强化和第2相强化策略以及细晶强化策略。

基于结构光视觉的GTAW送丝位置实时传感技术研究

核电反应堆冷却剂管道(主管道)是连接反应堆压力壳与蒸汽发生器之间的主要承压设备,被称为核电的“主动脉”.主管道焊接通常采用钨极氩弧焊(gas tungsten arc welding,GTAW)工艺,通过轨道小车进行全位置焊接.然而,受限于坡口的一致性以及设备的稳定性,焊丝与熔池之间的相对位置(简称为送丝位置)在焊接过程中不可避免地出现偏移,破坏了熔池稳定,进而对焊接质量造成严重影响.此外,焊接过程中的高亮弧光以及高温也进一步加大了送丝位置传感的难度.针对以上问题,本文基于结构光视觉传感法,通过分析送丝位置对熔池形貌的影响机制,研究熔池形貌与结构光反射图样之间的对应关系,获得一种能够有效判断主管道GTAW焊接过程中送丝位置的传感方法.试验结果表明,结构光视觉传感技术能够利用熔池表面的镜面特性,将熔池表面的振动状态放大.当送丝位置位于熔池前端时,在熔池前端出现凹陷,并且反映为反射图样右端位置的点阵集中.当送丝位置位于熔池内部时,根据焊丝熔化状态又分为大电流和小电流两种情况:当电流较小时,焊丝在熔池与电弧热量的共同作用下熔化,使得熔池内部出现凹陷,并反映为反射图样中部的点阵集中;当电流较大时,焊丝在电弧热量的作用下熔化,滴入熔池并引起熔池振荡.因此,基于结构光视觉技术能够有效地获取焊丝与熔池的相对位置关系.

双钨极TIG电弧增材熔敷道成形特性研究

双钨极TIG电弧具有低电弧压力特性,能够在大电流下避免驼峰、咬边等缺陷,提高熔敷效率。为将其应用于增材制造,采用单丝输送和双丝输送两种模式,针对200 A以上的大电流双钨极TIG电弧,研究熔敷电流、送丝速度、行走速度对熔敷成形的影响。结果表明,在单丝输送模式下,200~350 A电流范围内,送丝速度过快会导致熔敷道铺展不良,而在350 A以上,送丝速度过快会导致插丝缺陷;采用双丝输送模式,能提高电弧熔丝热效率,有效降低插丝倾向,提高熔敷效率。最终得出200~650 A电流下的最大许用送丝速度和行走速度范围,为双钨极TIG电弧增材制造提供了成形良好的工艺窗口。双钨极TIG电弧增材在650 A熔敷电流下依然能够成形良好,熔敷效率达到5.36 kg/h。

“双碳”目标下金刚线发展机遇分析

在“碳达峰、碳中和”不断推进及光伏发电成本持续下降背景下,全球光伏装机规模有望持续增长。中国光伏行业协会预计,2022—2030年全球每年新增光伏装机量保守估计为195~315 GW,乐观估计为240~366 GW。光伏行业持续的高景气度为金刚线应用提供了巨大市场。作为可能替代品钨丝金刚线的难题是原料问题,钨丝生产的成材率还比较低,使用钨丝做金刚线母线虽然能在很大程度上解决细线化问题,但要全面取代高碳钢丝,需要解决的核心问题是成本。预计未来3~5年,金刚线仍将是硅片切割的主流耗材,两种金刚线母线高碳钢丝与钨丝会长期并存。

镁合金摆动多道增材层成形特征参数与尺寸控制规律研究

针对AZ31B镁合金多道增材成形中尺寸精确控制的问题,定义了表面平整度、波峰平均高度差和波峰平均高度来表征摆动钨极氩弧多道增材层的成形特征,采用响应曲面法建立了摆动参数与多道增材层成形特征参数之间的回归模型,分析了摆动参数对成形特征参数的影响规律,并对通过模型优化得到的摆动参数进行了实际验证。建模与实验结果发现:表面平整度在摆动参数交互作用的影响下呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势;当偏移量大于11 mm时,摆动幅度小于3 mm、停留时间小于0.3 s和行进速度大于30 cm/min都能使波峰平均高度差趋于最小;波峰平均高度受停留时间和偏移量的影响最显著。回归模型优化获得的最佳摆动参数为:摆动幅度2.56 mm、摆动频率2.5 Hz、停留时间0.3 s、行进速度30 cm/min和偏移量11.46 mm。采用该参数获得的多道增材层各成形特征参数分别为:表面平整度0.98,波峰平均高度差为0.03 mm仅占波峰平均高度的1.07%,波峰平均高度为(2.80±0.02)mm与目标值间的误差仅为0.71%,多道增材层的成形得到优化。

Multi-channel discharge characteristics cutting by ultra-fine wire-EDM

Compared with a copper wire electrode, molybdenum wire with a poor conductor is usually used as the electrode in high speed wire-cut electrical discharge machining(HSWEDM), so the resistance of an ultra-fine wire cannot be ignored. To study the differences of discharge characteristics between the ultra-fine wire and the conventional diameter wire, the continuous discharge waveform of two kinds of wire electrodes was compared. It was found that there was a multichannel discharge phenomenon in the discharge waveform cutting by ultra-fine wire. Through the establishment of a discharge equivalent circuit model and the simulation analysis of the electrostatic field, it was found that the reason why ultra-fine wire is easy to form multi-channel discharge phenomenon is that the potential difference between the wire and the workpiece increased linearly along the axis of the wire. Besides, etching products like metal particles will distort the electric field between the electrodes. Both of them make it easy to form a multi-channel discharge in machining.The results show that the distributions of the equivalent resistance and the peak current are affected by the multi-channel discharge position. Multi-channel discharge can disperse energy and increase effective discharge frequency. Compared with the 0 mm spacing, at a spacing of 100 mm, the machining efficiency increases by 8.7%, the surface roughness decreases by 37.7%, and the average recast layer thickness decreases by 46.6% under the condition of ultra-fine wire-EDM.