Coal combustion restrained by ultra-fine water mist in confined space

In order to apply ultra-fine water mist technology on spontaneous coal combustion in the goaf of a coal mine, we built a small scale compartment with ultra-fine water mist for restraining coal combustion in a confined space and then investigated the restraining efficiency and related factors. The study obtained the following results： a descending rate of heat release, an increase in 02, the production of CO2 decreased gradually, while the production of CO increased dramatically and quickly and then decreased; ultimately it tended to become stable after the discharge of an ultra-fine water mist. The technology showed that the ultra-fine water mist can effectively reduce the heat release rate of coal and the rate to generate components. We found that the restraining effect relied on the mist flux, the discharge time and other factors. A sufficient amount of mist has a better effect compared to an insufficient amount of mist. To combat coal combustion, the greater the discharge time, the better coal flames are extinguished.

Nd:YAG water mist laser treatment for giant gestational gingival tumor: A case report

BACKGROUND This case of gestational gingival tumor is huge and extremely rare in clinical practice.As the growth location of this gingival tumor is in the upper anterior tooth area,it seriously affects the pregnant woman's speech and food,causing great pain to the patient.The use of Nd:YGA water mist laser to remove the gingival tumor resulted in minimal intraoperative bleeding,minimal adverse reactions,and good postoperative healing,which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a pregnant woman,reported a large lump in her mouth on the first day of postpartum treatment.Based on medical history and clinical examination,the diagnosis was diagnosed as gestational gingival tumor.Postoperative pathological biopsy also confirmed this diagnosis.The use of Nd:YAG water mist laser to remove the tumor resulted in minimal intraoperative bleeding,clear surgical field of view,short surgical time,and good postoperative healing.CONCLUSION In comparison to traditional surgery,Nd:YAG water mist laser surgery is minimally invasive,minimizes cell damage,reduces bleeding,ensures a clear field of vision,and virtually eliminates postoperative edema,carbonization,and the risk of cross infection.It has unique advantages in oral soft tissue surgery for pregnant patients.Therefore,the clinical application of Nd:YAG water mist laser for the treatment of gestational gingival tumors is an ideal choice.

Numerical Simulation Analysis of the Transformer Fire Extinguishing Process with a High-Pressure Water Mist System under Different Conditions

To thoroughly study the extinguishing effect of a high-pressure water mist fire extinguishing system when a transformer fire occurs,a 3D experimental model of a transformer is established in this work by employing Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)software.More specifically,by setting different parameters,the process of the highpressure water mist fire extinguishing system with the presence of both diverse ambient temperatures and water mist sprinkler laying conditions is simulated.In addition,the fire extinguishing effect of the employed high-pressure water mist system with the implementation of different strategies is systematically analyzed.The extracted results show that a fire source farther away fromthe centerline leads to a lower local temperature distribution.In addition,as the ambient temperature increases,the temperature above the fire source decreases,while the temperature and the concentrationof theupperflue gas layer bothdecrease.Interestingly,after thehigh-pressurewatermist sprinkler begins to operate,both the temperature distribution above the fire source and the concentration of the flue gas decrease,which indicates that the high-pressure water mist system plays the role of cooling and dust removal.By comparing various sprinkler laying methods,it is found that the lower sprinkler height has a better effect on the temperature above the fire source,the temperature of the upper flue gas layer,and the concentration of the flue gas.Moreover,when the sprinkler is spread over thewhole transformer,the cooling effect on both the temperature above the fire source and the temperature of the upper flue gas layer is good,whereas the change in the concentration of the flue gas above the fire source is not obvious compared to the case where the sprinkler is not fully spread.

Implications of fine water mist environment on the post-detonation processes of a PE4 explosive charge in a semi-confined blast chamber

The effects of a fine water mist environment in a semi-confined blast chamber on the chemical and thermodynamic processes following detonation of a 20 g PE4 explosive charge have been investigated.The effects were quantified by the analysis of pressure profiles recorded where several parameters including arrival time of the shock at the sensors, peak overpressures, specific impulse of the positive phase, period of the negative phase and the specific impulse of the multiple reflections were quantified.The effect of the fine water mist on the arrival time, peak pressures and the specific impulse of the positive phase agrees with previous findings in literature. In this paper, the focus is on the implications of the fine water mist on the negative phase and the impulse of multiple pressure reflections. The period of the negative phase was found to have increased by 40% and with higher negative peak pressure in the mist condition compared to the atmospheric condition. The activities of the multiple pressure reflections were found to have decreased considerably, both in number and in amplitude leading to lower impulses(by about 60%) for the water mist conditions.

Suppression of methane/air explosion by water mist with potassium halide additives driven by CO2

To enhance the explosion suppression effects of water mist, various potassium halide additives were tested in a confined vessel filled with a 10% mixture of methane/air. Air and CO2(0.7 MPa) were used as driver gases. The results revealed that halide additives exhibit considerable suppression effects on explosion overpressure. A30% KI mist decreased the explosion overpressure by 27.46% compared with the suppression by pure water mist under the same conditions. When CO2 is used as the driver gas, it will dissolve in water under high pressure.The synergistic effect of a CO2 solution with an effective additive afforded significant suppression. Under the same conditions, the overpressures suppressed by a mist of 30% KI + 0.7 MPa CO2 solution decreased by 33.53% compared with those suppressed by pure water mist driven by air. The synergistic suppression effect is much better than that of a 0.7 MPa CO2 solution mist or 30% KI mist alone. The multicomponent additives can be considered when suppressing methane/air explosions with pressure-formed water mist.

Combined effects of obstacle and fine water mist on gas explosion characteristics

Combined effects of obstacles and fine water mist on a methane-air explosion of a semi-closed pipe were investigated experimentally.In this study,the diameter of the water mist,the location,and the number of obstacles was considered.The results demonstrated that 5 μm water mist present a significant suppression affected while 45 μm shows a slight promotion effected on a gas explosion of the condition without obstacles.In the presence of an obstacle,however,the inhibitory effect of 5 μm water veils of mist dropped significantly during flame propagation,and the effect of 45 μm water veils of mist changed from the enhancement of inhibition,and its inhibitory effect was significant.The inhibitory effect of 45 μm water veils of mist on gas explosion weakened firstly and then enhanced with the increasing distance between obstacle location from the ignition location as well as in several obstacles.

Performance assessment of water mist applied in gas burning suppression in underground coal mine

The main objective of the present study was introduced water mist suppressiontechnology to prevent and control gas burning which occurred during drilling at Wu20160working-face in No.10 coal mine of Pingdingshan Ltd..Based on the self-developed ex-periment platform,a series of fire suppression tests to evaluate the performance of a watermist system were conducted.The detailed measurements of the spray characteristics,i.e.,the Sauter Mean Diameter(SMD),the velocity and spray angle which are the main pa-rameters considered in the Study,were obtained by using LS-2000 Sizer.The amount ofwater consumed and the water flux density distribution over the cross section downstreamthe nozzle exit were measured by cup collector method.The operating pressure of thewater mist nozzle is set to 0.5 MPa,the droplet SMD of 104 pm,the water flux density dis-tribution from 0.71 to 8.47 L/(m^2.min),the average velocity of 2.14 m/s.The experimentalresults show that the averaged time required for extinguishment is 3.14 s,and the corre-sponding amount of water used during fire test is about 0.11 kg.The gas fire suppressionsystem reduces the temperature in combustion chamber of the experimental apparatusbelow the ignition point of the gas,which can effectively avoid the occurrence of the gasfire in coal mine.

Research on the effect of the component proportion in the new water mist additive on firefighting performance

Water mist technology provides efficient firefighting performance while there is still room for improvement. So varieties of additives have been studied in recent years both at home and abroad. The self-made additives are used to compare the firefighting performance of diesel and heptane fire in open space. By adjusting the concentration of substance in the additives and conducting the experiment under the pressure of 0.3 MPa,0.5 MPa and 0.7 MPa,extinguish time and temperature are measured in the experiment. Through the experiments using different fuels,it can be found when the fuel is heptane that has a lower ignition point and a higher evaporation rate, the water mist additive can still significantly improve the firefighting performance. According to the data based on different concentrations of fluorinated surfactants,we find that fluorinated surfactants are the main substance to improve the performances by changing physical property of water mist. Optimal proportion of the additives for firefighting performance is found by experiment results.

Water Content Effect on Oxides Yield in Gas and Liquid Phase Using DBD Arrays in Mist Spray

Electric discharge in and in contact with water can accompany ultraviolet（UV）radiation and electron impact, which can generate a large number of active species such as hydroxyl radicals（OH）, oxygen radical（O）, ozone（O_3） and hydrogen peroxide（H_2O_2）. In this paper, a nonthermal plasma processing system was established by means of dielectric barrier discharge（DBD）arrays in water mist spray. The relationship between droplet size and water content was examined,and the effects of the concentrations of oxides in both treated water and gas were investigated under different water content and discharge time. The relative intensity of UV spectra from DBD in water mist was a function of water content. The concentrations of both O_3 and nitrogen dioxide（NO_2） in DBD room decreased with increasing water content. Moreover, the concentrations of H_2O_2, O_3 and nitrogen oxides（NOx） in treated water decreased with increasing water content,and all the ones enhanced after discharge. The experimental results were further analyzed by chemical reaction equations and commented by physical principles as much as possible. At last,the water containing phenol was tested in this system for the concentration from 100 mg/L to9.8 mg/L in a period of 35 min.

A Study on Flow Structure around a Bridge Beam and Behavior of Sea Water Mist

Okinawa in the subtropical islands enclosed in the ocean has a problem that corrosion of structures progresses quickly because of high temperature, high humidity and adhesion of sea-water mists flying from sea. Author is interested in corrosion of bridge made of weatherability steel. Therefore, it needs to investigate the flow structure around bridge beams and behavior of sea-water mist (droplet). In this paper, flow visualization and PIV are attempted to understand the flow structures around bridge beams and, furthermore, numerical approach of motion of droplets is attempted to understand the collision of sea-water mists on the bridge wall.

Study on variation of smoke component concentration with water mist applying

Interaction between water mist and fire smoke is studied by experiments in an ISO 9705 room, The variation of 02, CO and CO2 concentration is disclosed, and the mathematical models of smoke component con- centration with water mist pressure and ventilation speed are established according to the experimental results. It is found in the experiment that the smoke component concentration will break when ventilation speed exceeds 1.5 kg/s. This paper provides necessary theory for water mist technology using in smoke restraining.

A Numerical Study on the Extinguishing Performances of High-Pressure Water Mist on Power-Transformer Fires for Different Flow Rates and Particle Velocities

In order to study the extinguishing performance of high-pressure-water-mist-based systems on the fires originating from power transformers the PyroSim software is used.Different particle velocities and flow rates are considered.The evolution laws of temperature around transformer,flue gas concentration and upper layer temperature of flue gas are analyzed under different boundary conditions.It is shown that the higher the particle velocity is,the lower the smoke concentration is,the better the cooling effect on the upper layer temperature of flue gas layer is,the larger the flow rate is and the better the cooling effect is.

Analysis of Water Mist Suppression with Foam Additive in Wind Generator

The study adopted a 20-foot long container to simulate the situation inside a turbine cabin. Water mist sprays were installed internally and used to perform fire extinguishing tests. Under these different scenarios, several operating factors were adjusted with the results of each adjustment subsequently measured. The operating factors studied included： operating pressures, foam concentrations, cabin opening issues, and obstacles. Each of the factors was compared with the others so as to find out which combinations would be most suitable for a water mist spray system installed inside a wind turbine cabin. The presence of obstructions hinders the direct impact of the mist spray on the fire source and in average an additional 2 to 3 minutes is required to put out the fire. This study found that the effect of the foam-water ratio is linear. Regardless of the scenario, the optimum mixture ratio is 3%. The line graph shows that the most unsuitable aqueous film-forming mixture ratio is 6%. This experiment found that the main fire extinguishing mechanism of water mist spray is the cooling of a large area via water droplets. This system is very effective in bringing down the temperature. The addition of foam in water mist spray, however, impaired the effectiveness of the cooling effect although the fire control mechanism via emulsification markedly reduced the time required to put out the fire. The increase in foam magnification will considerably enhance the fire extinguishing efficiency.

Flow Properties of Ultra-Fine Bubble Mixtures Passing through Micro-Apertures

The flow properties of fine bubble mixture flows are investigated and reported. Few previous studies have focused on ultra-fine bubble (UFB) mixtures, which contain sub-micrometer sized bubbles. In this study, UFB mixtures of water and glycerol solution are passed through micro-sized slits and capillaries, and the resultant pressure drops are evaluated in comparison with those for water and aqueous glycerol alone. The experimentally measured pressure drop for slits (≤51 μm) and capillaries (≤81 μm) is less for UFB mixtures than for water and aqueous glycerol alone. This phenomenon is considered in terms of interface behavior and attributed to the electric interaction between an electric double layer and the UFBs. Furthermore, numerical observation for slip wall conditions is conducted, and the results for UFB mixtures agree with the predicted values for slip wall conditions.

On the Effect of Mist Flow on the Heat Transfer Performances of a Three-Copper- Sphere Configuration

The cooling of a(pebble bed)spent fuel in a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor(HTGR)is adversely affected by an increase in the temperature of the used gas(air).To investigate this problem,a configuration consisting of three copper spheres arranged in tandem subjected to a forced mistflow inside a cylindrical channel is considered.The heat transfer coefficients and related variations as a function of Reynolds number are investigated accord-ingly.The experimental results show that when compared to those with only airflow,the heat transfer coefficient of the spherical elements with mistflow(j=112 kg/m2 hr,Re=55000)increases by 180%,75%,and 20%,respec-tively for thefirst,second,and third spherical element(the corresponding heat transfer enhancement ratio being 2.3,1.4,and 1.1).Additional numerical simulations reveal that the presence of stagnant zones with intense vortex formation around each spherical element contributes significantly to determine the heat transfer behavior.

国内常用脱酸工艺、特点与脱酸对象的选择

本文论述了脱酸对象的选择原则与脱酸过程中存在的风险,并结合中国国情给出了需优先脱酸的对象、脱酸过程中可能存在风险而需要谨慎处置的对象,以及不宜脱酸的对象。对国内使用较为广泛的脱酸技术进行了分析,包括同类比较与差异性分析,并以咨询的方式给出了脱酸用户所关切的信息。

森林火灾中使用细水雾进行灭火仿真方法研究

森林火灾作为一种极具危害性的自然灾害,其发生和蔓延过程通常受到气候、地形、植被、可燃物等多种复杂因素的影响,导致很难准确地对森林火灾的蔓延与灭火过程进行仿真。对森林火灾的蔓延和细水雾灭火过程进行物理建模,蔓延模型采用树形模块结构来模拟树木燃烧的热解反应,并考虑了温度、风场、质量损失率等因素对树木燃烧蔓延的影响。在使用细水雾进行灭火仿真实验时,重点关注细水雾穿透火焰区域形成水膜以及水分蒸发导致的灭火作用,从而阻止森林火灾的蔓延,成功实现了交互灭火的仿真平台,可以让用户沉浸式地体验森林火灾的蔓延过程,并通过水枪、消防车和无人机进行细水雾灭火仿真实验。该研究成果对消防仿真领域方面的应用具有重要意义。

含添加剂双流体细水雾抑制瓦斯爆炸实验研究

针对主要威胁我国煤矿安全生产的瓦斯爆炸和燃烧事故等问题,尤其是在单一煤层综放工作面低位高抽巷内易形成瓦斯积聚,在开采过程中,又会出现顶板矸石垮落、矸石和支护金属材料撞击,很容易导致瓦斯爆炸。本文探究含添加剂双流体细水雾在瓦斯爆炸抑制方面的应用效果。基于搭建的含添加剂双流体细水雾抑制管道瓦斯爆炸实验平台,对比分析了不同惰性气体与细水雾相互作用对瓦斯爆炸的抑制规律和效果,含添加剂的瓦斯抑制机理,并研究了不同添加剂浓度、不同添加剂种类对瓦斯爆炸抑制效果的影响。探究发现细水雾分别与CO_(2)、N_(2)、He和Ar四种惰性气体作用,均对瓦斯爆炸有着协同增益的效果。对比分析了有无添加剂的细水雾对瓦斯爆炸的抑制效果,添加剂的加入明显能够提升抑制效果;添加剂的浓度及添加剂的种类对抑制瓦斯爆炸有一定影响,很大程度地减少了瓦斯爆炸的危害。本文研究为防治煤矿瓦斯爆炸提供了一项具有重要意义的主动抑爆新技术。

双相流细水雾抑制锂离子电池热失控蔓延试验研究

为抑制锂离子电池热失控及其蔓延,构建氮气与细水雾(NWM)双相流系统.通过改变系统施加压强和作用时间,对比分析电池表面温度和附近烟气体积分数以及NWM的冷却功率和电池模块的热量累积,阐述NWM系统抑制锂离子电池模块热失控蔓延的机制及有效性.结果表明,在NWM冷却电池模块表面和窒息机制的协同作用下,电池模块射流火的持续时间显著降低;且NWM压强越大,作用时间越长,会使电池表面的最高温度越低,相邻电池之间TR蔓延的时间间隔越长,表明NWM抑制锂离子电池热失控蔓延的有效性显著增强.

甲烷-空气预混区外含钾细水雾抑爆特性研究

为了解含钾细水雾在综合管廊燃气泄漏场景下的抑爆能力,采用自制的爆炸试验系统,开展含添加剂细水雾位于甲烷-空气爆炸区域外的抑爆试验,分析纯水及草酸钾、碳酸钾、氯化钾3种含钾化合物细水雾对9.5%甲烷-空气爆炸超压与过火范围的影响。研究结果表明:纯水细水雾的临界抑爆雾化质量浓度区间为320~480 g/m^(3);含草酸钾条件下超压下降率随质量分数增加呈现正态累积分布函数(NormalCDF)变化,最佳抑爆质量分数为10%;当雾化质量浓度为480 g/m^(3)、雾滴D32为61.7μm、化合物质量分数为10%时,对应抑爆能力均大于纯水细水雾条件,其中,含草酸钾抑爆能力最强,其次为碳酸钾与氯化钾,峰值超压下降率较纯水细水雾条件分别提高2.32、1.88与1.53倍,过火范围分别缩减46.7%、40%与13.3%。相较于碳酸钾与氯化钾条件,爆炸气体预混区域外含草酸钾细水雾能够吸收更多的爆炸热量、消耗更多的活性自由基。