Ultrasonic tomography and its applications in oilfield

UTT （Ultrasonic Tomography Tool） is widely used in the oil industry and can be used to inspect corrosion, casing wall damage, casing breakoff, and casing distortion in the well borehole with the maximum environment temperature being 125 ℃, and the pressure being 60 MPa. UTT consists of tool head, upper centralization, electronic section, lower centralization, transmitters, and receivers. Its outer diameter is 4.6 cm and length is 320 cm. The measured casing diameter ranges from 60 mm to 254 mm. The tomography resolution is 512×512. The borehole measurement accuracy is 2 mm. It can supply 3D pipe tomography, including horizontal and vertical profile. This paper introduces its specification, measurement principle, and applications in oilfield.

High-resolution bone microstructure imaging based on ultrasonic frequency-domain full-waveform inversion

The main challenge in bone ultrasound imaging is the large acoustic impedance contrast and sound velocity differences between the bone and surrounding soft tissue. It is difficult for conventional pulse-echo modalities to give accurate ultrasound images for irregular bone boundaries and microstructures using uniform sound velocity assumption rather than getting a prior knowledge of sound speed. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposed a frequency-domain fullwaveform inversion(FDFWI) algorithm for bone quantitative imaging utilizing ultrasonic computed tomography(USCT).The forward model was calculated in the frequency domain by solving the full-wave equation. The inverse problem was solved iteratively from low to high discrete frequency components via minimizing a cost function between the modeled and measured data. A quasi-Newton method called the limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm(L-BFGS) was utilized in the optimization process. Then, bone images were obtained based on the estimation of the velocity and density. The performance of the proposed method was verified by numerical examples, from tubular bone phantom to single distal fibula model, and finally with a distal tibia-fibula pair model. Compared with the high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography(HR-p QCT), the proposed FDFWI can also clearly and accurately presented the wavelength scaled pores and trabeculae in bone images. The results proved that the FDFWI is capable of reconstructing high-resolution ultrasound bone images with sub-millimeter resolution. The parametric bone images may have the potential for the diagnosis of bone disease.

The application of laser reflective tomography in near-field measurements of ultrasonic transducers

With Laser Reflective Tomography（LRT）,the near fields of ultrasonic transducers were measured and analyzed.The principle of LRT measurement of ultrasonic field distribution was introduced and an experimental system was set up.Acoustic pressure of a multiple element piston transducer was measured by using of a laser vibrometer.Its distribution in amplitude and phase was obtained.The acoustic pressure in the same region was measured with a needle hydrophone to validate the LRT method.Furthermore,through reconstruction of acoustic fields,it indicated that LRT method is suitable for predicting the distribution on transducers＇surface and conditions of active elements.

Research on algorithms for ultrasonic reflection mode tomography

In this paper, mathematical analysis shows that the reconstruction of ultrasonic reflection mode tomography using a single transducer acting as both source and receiver far from the object can be obtained by employing filtered-backprojection algorithm which is widely used in X-ray tomography; but when the transducer is near to the object, this algorithm will result in image distortion. On the basis of mathematical analysis, we propose a new algorithm. Computer simulation demonstrates an obvious improvement in the reconstructed images employing this algorithm over the conventional filtered-backprojection method of X-ray tomography.

Onsite strength determination for early-opening decision making of high early strength concrete pavement

High early strength(HES)concrete pavements are commonly opened to traffic within the first 24 h after construction,making early-opening decisions critical for pavement quality and traffic operations.Currently,most state departments of transportation rely on compressive strength testing for early-opening decision making.However,there laboratory tests are labor intensive,costly and not always representative of field strength development.In this study,non-destructive testing(maturity and ultrasonic tomography)was explored for faster and reliable in-situ strength estimations.An experimental section constructed using HES concrete was routinely monitored using compressive testing,maturity,and ultrasonic tomography in the first 24 h after construction.The shear wave velocity,measured using ultrasonic tomography,was able to capture the strength-gain variability within a single slab and between different slabs due to the ability to monitor several locations in a short period of time.Maturity results were consistently conservative in the first 24 h of monitoring.Results show that both maturity testing and ultrasonic tomography are able to replace or add to conventional strength testing for HES concrete pavements to facilitate making the opening decision within the first 24 h.Ultrasonic tomography proved more beneficial as a result of the device's portability,increased speed of testing,and accurate estimations of HES concrete strength for the entire pavement length.