TLC Identification of Yao Medicine Pileostegia tomentellal and Extraction Technology and Content Determination of Umbelliferone

[Objectives]To establish a TLC and content determination method of Pileostegia tomentellal,with umbelliferone as the indicator component.[Methods]TLC identification was performed by silica gel G thin layer plate with n-hexane-ethyl acetate(4:3)as the developing agent,and the plate was examined by UV lamp(365 nm).The umbelliferone content was determined by HPLC:Inertsil ODS-3 C 18 column(4.60 mm×250 mm,5μm);mobile phase acetonitrile-0.2%phosphoric acid gradient elution;detection wavelength 320 nm,flow rate 1.0 mL/min,column temperature 30℃,injection volume 10μL.[Results]The chromatogram of P.tomentellal showed the same color spot in the same position as that of reference medicinal material,and the spot was clear with good specificity.Umbelliferone showed a good linear relationship when the injection volume was 2.63-131.27μg/mL(R^(2)=0.9997).The average recovery of umbelliferone in the low,middle and high adding groups of P.tomentellal was 99.57%and the RSD was 2.15%.[Conclusions]The method can effectively identify Yao medicine P.tomentellal and accurately determine the content of umbelliferone in medicinal materials,which will provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of medicinal resources of Yao medicine P.tomentellal.

Effects of Ethanol Condensation Reflux Extraction and Ultrasound-assisted Extraction on the Content of Total Flavonoids of Pueraria edulis

With Pueraria edulis from different habitats in Yunnan Province,Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region as materials,the medicinal materials of P.edulis were extracted by ethanol condensation reflux extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction,and the effects of different extraction methods the contents of total flavonoids in P.edulis from different areas were compared.The results showed that the best extraction time for P.edulis in Yunnan Province was 20 min,and that for Guangdong and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was 30 min.The yield of total flavonoids from P.edulis extracted by the condensation reflux extraction method was relatively better.The content of total flavonoids in P.edulis in Yunnan was the highest with an average content of 0.2557%,while the average content of total flavonoids in P.edulis in Guangdong was the lowest with an average content of 0.2108%.

Research on Technology Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Extraction Based on Patent Information

Objective To understand the development status of traditional Chinese medicine extraction technology,so as to provide a reference for enterprises and scientific research institutions to determine the direction of technological innovation.Besides,the government can formulate scientific and technological innovation strategies.Methods Based on patent information,statistical methods were applied to analyze the development of traditional Chinese medicine extraction technology.Then,the core technology was identified by constructing a patent citation network.Finally,the main path analysis method was applied to discover the technological evolution path.Results and Conclusion The extraction technology of traditional Chinese medicine is still in the growth stage.At present,its R&D is based on enterprises,supplemented by scientific research institutions.The core technologies are ultrasonic extraction and enzymatic extraction.The main path represented by enzymatic extraction technology reveals the evolution process of traditional Chinese medicine extraction technology.Based on this,relevant suggestions are put forward.Firstly,technological innovation cooperation should be strengthened to explore new models of achievement transformation and cooperation.Secondly,key enterprises of technology clusters should be cultivated to accelerate breakthroughs in core technologies.Thirdly,combined technologies can achieve high-efficiency enzyme-assisted extraction and open up new ways of extracting traditional Chinese medicine.Fourthly,traditional techniques should be improved to develop innovative modern techniques.

Extraction,chemical components,bioactive functions and adulteration identification of walnut oils:A review

Walnut oil is a functional wood oil known to researchers that may potentially be a large source of Chinese edible oils.There are various extraction methods for walnut oil,including traditional(pressing,solvent-and enzymeassisted extraction)and novel methods(microwave,ultrasound,supercritical CO_(2),subcritical and other extraction technologies).Walnut oil is rich in nutrients,including phytosterols,tocopherols,polyphenols,squalene and minerals.It provides many health benefits,such as antioxidant,antitumor,anti-inflammatory,antidiabetic and lipid metabolism-related functions.In addition,the authentication of walnut oil has received much research attention.The present review provides detailed research on walnut oil extraction,composition,health benefits and adulteration identification methods.The path toward further walnut oil improvement in the context of the market value of walnut oil is also discussed.

Development trend and prospect of solid phase extraction technology

Solid phase extraction is widely used in sample pretreatment,concentration and analysis processes due to high selectivity and suitability for low concentration sample system.In this review,we systematically summarized and discussed the development trends of solid phase extraction by bibliometrics method.By analyzing papers output scale,the research and development direction of solid phase extraction technology is prospected.We also give an overview on current strategies of novel solid phase extraction from the separation medium and separation technology.The paper aims to describe the global research profile and the development trends of solid phase extraction,to help researchers to accurately grasp the research trend and to provide support for scientific research institutions to formulate scientific policies and strategic plans.Furthermore,the prospect of the development and application of solid phase extraction is also discussed.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata seeds

Naturally occurring camptothecin（CPT） is an important source of chemotherapeutic agents.The extraction from Camptotheca acuminata is still the main approach to obtain CPT compared with total synthesis.In the present study,ultrasound-assisted extractions（UAE） of CPT from C.acuminata seeds with alkaline solutions were investigated and CPT yield were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.The conditions of alkaline species and concentrations,extraction time,extraction temperature and ultrasonic power were optimized.Results show that both Na3PO4 and Na2CO3 solutions gain good extraction yields,whereas Na3PO4 solution has stronger basicity and need higher concentration than Na2CO3 solution does,thus aqueous Na2CO3 is more beneficial for the extraction.The optimal condition was ultrasonically extracted with 0.5% aqueous Na2CO3 at 50°C and ultrasonic power of 400 W for 60 min.Comparing with UAE with ethanol,the extraction with 0.5% Na2CO3 solution achieves higher yield.Moreover,aqueous Na2CO3 as a solvent has various advantages including non-toxicity,inflammable,non-corrosive and low cost,which ensure this UAE method is a superior method with high utilizing prospect.

Extraction of Carotenoids and Fatty Acids from Microalgae Using Supercritical Technology

The work described here is based on a comparative study of carotenoids and fatty acids extracted from Synechococcus sp. with (1) pure supercritical CO2, (2) CO2 with 5% (v/v) ethanol as cosolvent and (3) ultrasound-assisted extraction using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The effects of extraction conditions on supercritical CO2 extraction with and within cosolvent were analyzed at different temperatures (40℃, 50℃ and 60℃) and pressures (200, 300 and 400 bars). SFE with CO2 proved to be the most selective method for the extraction of β-carotene, but under these conditions the contents of zeaxanthin and fatty acids were only comparable to or lower than those obtained with techniques that use SFE cosolvent. The SFE technique with CO2 and ethanol simultaneously extracted β-carotene and zeaxanthin and not only increased the concentrations of fatty acids obtained, but also helped to remove fatty acids (palmitoleic and linolenic acid) that were not obtained with pure CO2. Comparison of the supercritical technology with the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) shows that the former technique is the most appropriate due to the fact that ethanol is generally regarded as a safe solvent in comparison to DMF.

Study on Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids from Vitex rotundifolia

[ Objective ] This study aimed to establish the optimal extraction technology of total flavonoids from Vitex rotundifolia and provide a theoretical basis for the utilization and development of V. rotundifolia. [ Method ] With the extraction temperature, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio and ethanol concentration as various factors, the content of total flavonoids as an indicator, the extraction technology of total flavonoids from V. rotundifolia was optimized by orthogonal experiment. [ Result] The optimal combination of extraction conditions was extraction temperature 70℃, extraction time 1 h, solid-liquid ratio 1： 12, ethanol concentration 70%. [Condusion] The optimized extraction technology was simple and efficient for extracting total flavonoids from V. rotundifolia.

Optimization of Extraction Technology for Rice Bran Oil

[ Objective ] This study aimed to optimize the extraction technology for rice bran oil. [ Method ] Using rice bran as raw material, effects of ultrasonicassisted extraction technology and different organic solvents, extraction durations, solid-liquid ratios and extraction temperatures on extraction results of rice bran oil were investigated. Based on the results of single-factor experiment, L9 （34 ） orthngonal experiment with three factors at three levels was conducted to optimize the extraction technological parameters, thus obtaining the optimal technological conditions for extracting rice bran oil. [ Result] Anhydrous ethanol led to the best extraction result; after ultrasonic treatment, the extraction rate of rice bran oil from raw material was not enhanced. The optimized technological parameters were ： extraction temperature of 80 ℃, extraction duration of 20 rain and solid-liquid ratio of 1：24 （ g： ml）. Under the optimized technological conditions, the extraction rate of rice bran oil reached 19.33%. [ Conclusion] This study laid solid foundation for further investigation and development of rice bran oil.

Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Content Determination of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi at Different Altitudes

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. [Methods]The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. With the puerarin as index,the reflux extraction and single factor test were employed to investigate the effects of temperature,time,ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio on the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi,respectively. Under the optimal extraction technology,the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi at different altitudes was determined.[Results] The optimum extraction process was as follows: 70%ethanol; solid-liquid ratio of 1∶ 30; 1 h reflux extraction. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi was 11. 48%,the total flavonoids content of different kudzu parts was in the order of roots > stems > leaves,and the total flavonoids content of the sample at about an altitude of 1000 m was significantly higher than at the altitudes of 1400 m and 1700 m.[Conclusions]It was suggested that the Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi should not be cultivated as medicinal plant in too high mountains,and the stems and leaves of Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi could be used as raw materials for extracting total flavonoids.

Optimization of Enzyme-assisted Extraction Technology for Tartary Buckwheat Shell Procyanidins with Response Surface Methodology

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cellulase dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature on procyanidin extraction rate by single factor experiment, with tartary buckwheat shell as an experimental material.Main process parameters were optimized to obtain a regression model by response surface methodology. The results of variance analysis indicated that the regression model reflected the relationship between buckwheat shell procyanidin extraction rate with enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature; and the optimal process parameters were enzyme dosage of 6.5 mg/g, enzymolysis time of 1.5 h, pH at 4.7 and enzymolysis temperature at 46 ℃. Three parallel experiments were conducted under these process parameters. In practice, the highest procyanidin extraction rate was 6.78 g/100 g. The relative error between the predicted value of regression model and the actual value was 1.3%. The regression equation fitted the real situation better.

Research Progress of Extraction Technology and Application of Chemical Substances in Perilla Seed

Perilla seed is one of the traditional Chinese herbs normally used both as food and medicine for its various functional ingrediems such as protein, amino acids, ct-linolenic acid, flavones, rosmarinic acid, terpenes, polysaccharides, etc.. Pefilla seed is with physiological features in slowing down decrepitude, lower- ing blood pressure, cholesterol, inhibiting cancer cell differentiation, and improving body immune. The present paper summarized research progress at home and abroad on chemical component analysis, extraction technology and application status of perilla seed in the fields of feed, health care, food and chemical industry in recent years, in order to provide a reference basis for reasonable development of perilla seed.

Analysis of anticancer compound,indole-3-carbinol,in broccoli using a new ultrasound-assisted dispersive-filter extraction method based on poly(deep eutectic solvent)-graphene oxide nanocomposite

Indole-3-carbinol(I3C),an important anticancer compound found in broccoli,has attracted considerable attention.The rapid extraction and accurate analysis of I3C in the pharmaceutical industry in broccoli is challenging as I3C is unstable at low pH and high temperature.In this study,a rapid,accurate,and lowcost ultrasound-assisted dispersive-filter extraction(UADFE)technique based on poly(deep eutectic solvent)-graphene oxide(PDES-GO)adsorbent was developed for the isolation and analysis of I3C in broccoli for the first time.PDES-GO with multiple adsorption interactions and a fast mass transfer rate was synthesized to accelerate adsorption and desorption.UADFE was developed by combining dispersive solid-phase extraction(DSPE)and filter solid-phase extraction(FSPE)to realize rapid extraction and separation.Based on the above two strategies,the proposed PDES-GO-UADFE method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)allowed the rapid(15-16 min),accurate(84.3%-96.4%),and low-cost(adsorbent:3.00 mg)analysis of I3C in broccoli and was superior to solid-phase extraction,DSPE,and FSPE methods.The proposed method showed remarkable linearity(r=0.9998;range:0.0840-48.0 mg/g),low limit of quantification(0.0840 mg/g),and high precision(relative standard deviation<5.6%).Therefore,the PDES-GO-UADFE-HPLC method shows significant potential in the field of pharmaceutical analysis for the separation and analysis of anti-cancer compounds in complex plant samples.

Pectinmethylesterase extraction from orange solid wastes: Optimization and comparison between conventional and ultrasound-assisted treatments

During orange juice production, a half of fresh oranges weight is considered as production waste (peels, pulp, seeds, orange leaves and damaged orange fruits). An alternative for the management of these wastes is their treatment by addition of lime and a latter pressing, obtaining a press cake and a press liquor rich in sugars (10&#176;Brix) and citric acid, protein, pectin and ethanol. For non-thermal concentration of press liquor to obtain citruss molasses (65&#176;-70&#176;Brix), the removal of pectin is necessary. Traditionally, depectinization of juices has been done by using pectinmethylesterase (PME) enzymes from external sources. In this work it performed the extraction of PME enzymes from orange peels to obtain the optimum extraction conditions. Two different methods of solventextraction were compared (conventional andultrasound-assisted methods). For the conventional extraction experiments, a central composite design with three variables ([NaCl], pH and time) and five replicates of the center point was used. For ultrasound-assisted extraction, experiments were done at pH = 5.5 and [NaCl] = 1.25M), varying extraction time (1-30 min). Response variables were PME activity, protein content and a ratio between them, named PME effectiveness (ηPME). At the same experimental conditions (pH =5.5, [NaCl] = 1.25 M, t = 15 min) it was found that conventional extractions led to slightly better results in terms of ηPME than ultrasound-assisted extraction method.

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds on the Characteristics of Walnut Shells

Walnuts are one of nature’s more waste-heavy products. 67% of the nut is shell and husk, low value by-products that are rich in phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds extracted from walnut shells are potentially good natural sources of antioxidants for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, phenolic compounds were extracted using an ultrasonic bath, an ultrasonic probe and a standard shaking method. The extraction yield achieved with an ultrasonic probe was 51.2 mg GAE/g DW, two times higher than both the shaking method and the ultrasonic bath method which were 20.6 mg GAE/g DW and 25.8 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. Phenolic extraction was further improved by a size reduction of the walnut shells. The best extraction yield of 52.8 mg GAE/g DW was attained when the particle size was between 45 - 100 mesh. The ultrasonic probe treatment is the best method for extraction of phenolic compounds from walnut shells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging indicated that the ultrasonic probe treatment could better rupture the hard structure of the cells, increasing the penetration of solvents and thus the extraction yield.

Chinese Bio-oxidation Gold Extraction Technology Reaches International Advanced Level

In Liaoning, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Gansu, Sichuan, Anhui, Jilin and other provinces in China, there is a wide occurrence of metal quantity over 1000 tons of refractory gold ores, principally because of low gold recoveries and become ＂stay mine＂. Features of refi＇actory gold ores are： gold in micro-particles or a microscopic state that is wrapped in pyrite, presence of arsenopyrite and other sulfide minerals or disseminated in the crystal lattice of sulfide minerals; harmful impurity elements such as arsenic, carbon, mercury, antimony, copper with high content are closely related with the gold, and these elements affect the contact reaction between the gold and solvent extraction, making the recovery of the gold extraction process low. In the past 20 years, overseas countries have developed the application of the roasting oxidation method, hot acid （alkali） oxidation, bacterial oxidation and flash chlorination oxidation technology to solve this problem.Among these, biological oxidation has developed rapidly in the domestic market and gold enterprises abroad because of its low investment in infrastructure, low production costs, less environmental pollution, simple process and easy control, etc.

Saponins Content in Fibrous Roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Optimization of the SEP Extraction Technology

[Objectives]To explore the saponins resources in fibrous roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla and optimize the SEP technology for extracting saponins.[Methods]Saponins contents in fibrous roots and root tubers of P.heterophylla were compared;with the fibrous roots as host materials,this experiment applied Box-Behnken design to analyze the influence of steam pressure,maintenance pressure time,moisture content of host materials on the content of saponins extracts.[Results]Saponins content was higher in fibrous roots than in tuberous roots of P.heterophylla;the response surface optimization showed that SEP(steam explosion pretreatment)promoted the contents of saponins and extracts in fibrous roots,and the optimal extracting conditions were stream pressure 1.50 Mpa,maintenance pressure time 54 s,and moisture content of host materials 30%.Under this extracting conditions,the verification value of saponins content experiment was 0.441%,36.53%higher than the untreated control group.[Conclusions]This research offered a new method of exploring saponins resources from fibrous roots of P.heterophylla,and provided a reference for developing new medicinal parts of P.heterophylla.

Breakthrough in the China's Separation Technology for Extraction of Rare Earth Elements

Separation technology of rare earth elements （REEs）, as the critical step in the separation process, had long been fraught with technical difficulty. A research project conducted by Baotou Shibo Rare Earth Extraction ＆ Equipment Co. Ltd., Baotou REE Research Institute, and Baotou Steel ＆ REE Group Hi-Tech Co. Ltd （Inner Mongolia）, has successfully solved the problem using a centrifugal extractor and advanced techniques to achieve a key breakthrough.

Optimization of Extraction Technology of Auricularia auricula Polysaccharide

[Objective]This experiment aimed to study the extraction technology of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide（APS）.[Method] Polysaccharide yield was regarded as studying target.Based on the single factor experiment results,orthogonal experiment design was applied to study the effect of liquid-solid ratio,extraction time,extraction temperature on polysaccharide yield.[Result]The results showed that extraction temperature was an important factor that affects the yield of crude polysaccharide,the optimal technology condition of water extraction way was liquid-solid ratio of 1：70（g：ml）,4-hour extraction time with temperature at 100 ℃.[Conclusion] The yield of Auricularia auricular polysaccharide was 42.56% under the above mentioned condition.

Study on Extraction Technology for Polysaccharide from Blood-Supplementing Angelica Sinensis Decoction

Purpose:Optimize water-alcohol technology for extracting polysaccharide from blood-supplementing angelica sinensis decoction to improve the extraction rate.Method:Draw the standard curve of glucose reference substance and build the regression equation to calculate the polysaccharide content.Investigate the effect of water addition times,extraction duration,extraction times,ethanol concentration for ethanol precipitation and times of ethanol precipitation on the extraction rate of polysaccharide.Result Add 8 times the medicinal material quality of water,and perform 2 extractions for 120min each time;it shows that conducting 2 ethanol precipitations with 80%ethanol concentration results in the maximum polysaccharide content,indicating the best extraction condition.Conclusion:The experiment establishes an easy and convenient water-alcohol method for extracting polysaccharide from blood-supplementing angelica sinensis decoction,and lays a research foundation on pharmacodynamics of polysaccharide in blood-supplementing angelica sinensis decoction.