Background: Assessment is the systematic collection, review, and use of information about educational programs undertaken to improve teaching and learning. It ensures quality in training programmes, motivates, and dir...Background: Assessment is the systematic collection, review, and use of information about educational programs undertaken to improve teaching and learning. It ensures quality in training programmes, motivates, and directs students’ learning. Assessment is also used for verification of achievement of objectives of training, feedback to students, licencing, certification, and screening of students for advanced training. It is guided by several principles, including the aims of the assessment (why assess), who to assess, timing (when to assess), what to assess, methods (how to assess), and the criteria for determining the usefulness of the assessment. Objective: To describe the assessment methods used during clinical years of the undergraduate programme at Moi University School of Medicine (MUSOM) and determine the student’s perspectives concerning the comprehensiveness, relevance, objectivity of various assessment methods and challenges faced. Methodology: The study was carried out at MUSOM and a cross-sectional study design was employed. Ten study participants were studied using convenience sampling. Data were collected using an interview guide and was analyzed using content analysis. An informed consent was obtained from the study participants. Results: The methods used during clinical years at MUSOM for assessing knowledge and its applications include multiple-choice questions (MCQ), short answer questions (SAQ), modified essay questions (MEQ), long essay questions (LEQ), and oral exam. Whereas the methods for assessing clinical competence include long case, short cases, objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE), and logbook. Students felt that MCQs were comprehensive, objective, and relevant to the curriculum content. They reported that feedback was not provided after assessments. Conclusion: The assessment methods used at MUSOM during clinical years include MCQ, SAQ, MEQ, LEQ, Short cases, long cases, and OSCE. Students reported varied perceptions of the different assessment methods but favored MCQ and OSCE over other formats for assessing knowledge and clinical skills respectively.展开更多
Defensive medicine is widespread and practiced the world over, with serious consequences for patients, doctors, and healthcare costs. Even students and resi-dents are exposed to defensive medicine practices and taught...Defensive medicine is widespread and practiced the world over, with serious consequences for patients, doctors, and healthcare costs. Even students and resi-dents are exposed to defensive medicine practices and taught to take malpractice liability into consideration when making clinical decisions. Defensive medicine is generally thought to stem from physicians' perception that they can easily be sued by patients or their relatives who seek compensation for presumed medical errors. However, in our view the growth of defensive medicine should be seen in the context of larger changes in the conception of medicine that have taken place in the last few decades, undermining the patient–physician trust, which has traditionally been the main source of professional satisfaction for physicians. These changes include the following: time directly spent with patients has been overtaken by time devoted to electronic health records and desk work; family doctors have played a progressively less central role; clinical reasoning is being replaced by guidelines and algorithms; the public at large and a number of young physicians tend to believe that medicine is a perfect science rather than an imperfect art, as it continues to be; and modern societies do not tolerate the inevitable morbidity and mortality. To finally reduce the increasing defensive behavior of doctors around the world, the decriminalization of medical errors and the assurance that they can be dealt with in civil courts or by medical organizations in all countries could help but it would not suffice. Physicians and surgeons should be allowed to spend the time they need with their patients and should give clinical reasoning the importance it deserves. The institutions should support the doctors who have experienced adverse patient events, and the media should stop reporting with excessive evidence presumed medical errors and subject physicians to "public trials" before they are eventually judged in court.展开更多
Objective:Family medicine,epidemiology,health management and health promotion are the core disciplines of community medicine.In this paper,we discuss the development of a commu-nity posting program within the framewor...Objective:Family medicine,epidemiology,health management and health promotion are the core disciplines of community medicine.In this paper,we discuss the development of a commu-nity posting program within the framework of community medicine core disciplines at a primary health centre attached to a teaching hospital in Puducherry,India.Methods:This is a process documentation of our experience.Results:There were some shortcomings which revolved around the central theme that post-ings were conducted with department in the teaching hospital as the focal point,not the primary health centre(PHC).To address the shortcomings,we made some changes in the existing com-munity posting program in 2013.Student feedback aimed at Kirkpatrick level 1(satisfaction)evaluation revealed that they appreciated the benefits of having the posting with PHC as the focal point.Feedback recommended some further changes in the community posting which could be addressed through complete administrative control of the primary health centre as urban health and training center of the teaching hospital;and also through practice of core disciplines of com-munity medicine by faculty of community medicine.Conclusion:It is important to introduce the medical undergraduates to the core disciplines of community medicine early through community postings.Community postings should be con-ducted with primary health centre or urban health and training centre as the focal point.展开更多
This article describes and reflects on the role of teaching practices in undergraduate medical education on the basis of teaching experience in the United States of America.China in particular,but also other family me...This article describes and reflects on the role of teaching practices in undergraduate medical education on the basis of teaching experience in the United States of America.China in particular,but also other family medicine-emerging countries,continues to embark on a path of creating and embracing a family medicine-centric system.The purpose of this article is to provide a US perspective on teaching priorities and strategies for medical students,and how these fit into a larger structure of the family medicine clinical clerkship.We emphasize knowledge,clinical skills,clinical behaviors,and strategies for succeeding as a preceptor.We introduce key aspects of the University of Michigan family medicine clerkship and the highly effective structure provided by the leadership of the course directors.This organizational structure provides a framework for implementing the family medicine clerkship for teaching medical students.As China and other family medicine-emerging countries increasingly embrace the discipline,we hope these ideas will provide a meaningful reference.展开更多
Objective:By studying the status and problems of the undergraduate major setting of independent medical universities,explore the suitable mode for independent medical universities under the new medicine in China.Resul...Objective:By studying the status and problems of the undergraduate major setting of independent medical universities,explore the suitable mode for independent medical universities under the new medicine in China.Results:This paper finds that these majors are set freely,update speed is slow,the subject coverage is too large,and the school features are weakened.Conclusion:Independent medical schools should improve school-running strength from their own side,seize the opportunity of new medical construction,and achieve coordinated development according to their own ability.展开更多
Purpose:The 8-year medical education program(EYMEP)is China's path to training high-level medical talents.In retrospect,this study systematically reviewed the developmental process of China's EYMEP.The status ...Purpose:The 8-year medical education program(EYMEP)is China's path to training high-level medical talents.In retrospect,this study systematically reviewed the developmental process of China's EYMEP.The status quo and characteristics,and threats and challenges,were analyzed,along with the program’s prospects.Design/Approach/Methods:This study analyzed relevant textual materials and policy documents dating back to the time of hosting of China's EYMEP,as well as conducted various specific interviews and field trips.Findings:The exploration of China's high-level medical talent training has been conducted over a century.EYMEP can be divided into five periods:the Only Host Period,the Duplication Pilot Host Period,the Expansion Period,the Joint Exploration Period,and the In-Depth Promotion Period.Currently,there are 14 universities and institutes hosting the EYMEP approved by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.However,they differ greatly in training ideas and goals,enrollment processes,and training phases.China's EYMEP is faced with some external threats and internal challenges.In the future,China's EYMEP should consider five aspects.Originality/Value:In the new era of the reform and development of China's medical education,a systematic review of the development of EYMEP in China is of great significance to the promotion of high-level medical talent training in China.Meanwhile,the exploration course of China's highlevel medical talent training represented by the EYMEP may be an enlightenment for other countries,especially developing countries like China,in their training of high-level medical talents.展开更多
Purpose:China recently proposed a series of important policies intended to reform and improve the quality of medical education on the national level.This paper presents the findings of a national survey of China's...Purpose:China recently proposed a series of important policies intended to reform and improve the quality of medical education on the national level.This paper presents the findings of a national survey of China's medical schools conducted to review the development of undergraduate medical education over a five-year period(2013-2018).Design/Approach/Methods:The National Center for Health Professions Education Development implemented the China Medical Education College Survey.Approximately 64%of the targeted medical schools participated in the survey,constituting a representative sample of higher education institutions offering educational programs in clinical medicine in China.Findings:Following new policy orientations,medical schools showed positive developments in terms of the types of medical education programs offered,teaching and assessment methods,medical education resources,participation in accreditation,and quality of incoming students.However,the survey also revealed several worrying trends,including the coexistence of various types of education programs,significant regional differences in educational resources,dominance of traditional teaching and assessment methods,inconsistencies in quality,and an increase in graduates seeking employment in professions outside healthcare.Originality/Value:Findings of the first national survey of China's medical schools show that there is still a long way to go to ensure high quality and efficient medical education on a national level.展开更多
文摘Background: Assessment is the systematic collection, review, and use of information about educational programs undertaken to improve teaching and learning. It ensures quality in training programmes, motivates, and directs students’ learning. Assessment is also used for verification of achievement of objectives of training, feedback to students, licencing, certification, and screening of students for advanced training. It is guided by several principles, including the aims of the assessment (why assess), who to assess, timing (when to assess), what to assess, methods (how to assess), and the criteria for determining the usefulness of the assessment. Objective: To describe the assessment methods used during clinical years of the undergraduate programme at Moi University School of Medicine (MUSOM) and determine the student’s perspectives concerning the comprehensiveness, relevance, objectivity of various assessment methods and challenges faced. Methodology: The study was carried out at MUSOM and a cross-sectional study design was employed. Ten study participants were studied using convenience sampling. Data were collected using an interview guide and was analyzed using content analysis. An informed consent was obtained from the study participants. Results: The methods used during clinical years at MUSOM for assessing knowledge and its applications include multiple-choice questions (MCQ), short answer questions (SAQ), modified essay questions (MEQ), long essay questions (LEQ), and oral exam. Whereas the methods for assessing clinical competence include long case, short cases, objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE), and logbook. Students felt that MCQs were comprehensive, objective, and relevant to the curriculum content. They reported that feedback was not provided after assessments. Conclusion: The assessment methods used at MUSOM during clinical years include MCQ, SAQ, MEQ, LEQ, Short cases, long cases, and OSCE. Students reported varied perceptions of the different assessment methods but favored MCQ and OSCE over other formats for assessing knowledge and clinical skills respectively.
文摘Defensive medicine is widespread and practiced the world over, with serious consequences for patients, doctors, and healthcare costs. Even students and resi-dents are exposed to defensive medicine practices and taught to take malpractice liability into consideration when making clinical decisions. Defensive medicine is generally thought to stem from physicians' perception that they can easily be sued by patients or their relatives who seek compensation for presumed medical errors. However, in our view the growth of defensive medicine should be seen in the context of larger changes in the conception of medicine that have taken place in the last few decades, undermining the patient–physician trust, which has traditionally been the main source of professional satisfaction for physicians. These changes include the following: time directly spent with patients has been overtaken by time devoted to electronic health records and desk work; family doctors have played a progressively less central role; clinical reasoning is being replaced by guidelines and algorithms; the public at large and a number of young physicians tend to believe that medicine is a perfect science rather than an imperfect art, as it continues to be; and modern societies do not tolerate the inevitable morbidity and mortality. To finally reduce the increasing defensive behavior of doctors around the world, the decriminalization of medical errors and the assurance that they can be dealt with in civil courts or by medical organizations in all countries could help but it would not suffice. Physicians and surgeons should be allowed to spend the time they need with their patients and should give clinical reasoning the importance it deserves. The institutions should support the doctors who have experienced adverse patient events, and the media should stop reporting with excessive evidence presumed medical errors and subject physicians to "public trials" before they are eventually judged in court.
文摘Objective:Family medicine,epidemiology,health management and health promotion are the core disciplines of community medicine.In this paper,we discuss the development of a commu-nity posting program within the framework of community medicine core disciplines at a primary health centre attached to a teaching hospital in Puducherry,India.Methods:This is a process documentation of our experience.Results:There were some shortcomings which revolved around the central theme that post-ings were conducted with department in the teaching hospital as the focal point,not the primary health centre(PHC).To address the shortcomings,we made some changes in the existing com-munity posting program in 2013.Student feedback aimed at Kirkpatrick level 1(satisfaction)evaluation revealed that they appreciated the benefits of having the posting with PHC as the focal point.Feedback recommended some further changes in the community posting which could be addressed through complete administrative control of the primary health centre as urban health and training center of the teaching hospital;and also through practice of core disciplines of com-munity medicine by faculty of community medicine.Conclusion:It is important to introduce the medical undergraduates to the core disciplines of community medicine early through community postings.Community postings should be con-ducted with primary health centre or urban health and training centre as the focal point.
基金The authors received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public,commercial,or nonprofit sectors.Dr.Fetters’participation in the Beijing conference leading to this work was supported by the University of Birmingham,Program for General Practice Devlopment in China.
文摘This article describes and reflects on the role of teaching practices in undergraduate medical education on the basis of teaching experience in the United States of America.China in particular,but also other family medicine-emerging countries,continues to embark on a path of creating and embracing a family medicine-centric system.The purpose of this article is to provide a US perspective on teaching priorities and strategies for medical students,and how these fit into a larger structure of the family medicine clinical clerkship.We emphasize knowledge,clinical skills,clinical behaviors,and strategies for succeeding as a preceptor.We introduce key aspects of the University of Michigan family medicine clerkship and the highly effective structure provided by the leadership of the course directors.This organizational structure provides a framework for implementing the family medicine clerkship for teaching medical students.As China and other family medicine-emerging countries increasingly embrace the discipline,we hope these ideas will provide a meaningful reference.
文摘Objective:By studying the status and problems of the undergraduate major setting of independent medical universities,explore the suitable mode for independent medical universities under the new medicine in China.Results:This paper finds that these majors are set freely,update speed is slow,the subject coverage is too large,and the school features are weakened.Conclusion:Independent medical schools should improve school-running strength from their own side,seize the opportunity of new medical construction,and achieve coordinated development according to their own ability.
基金supported by the Key Project for Medical Education Research in 2018 of the Medical Education Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and Specialty Committee of Medical Education in China Association of Higher Education(2018A-N02095).
文摘Purpose:The 8-year medical education program(EYMEP)is China's path to training high-level medical talents.In retrospect,this study systematically reviewed the developmental process of China's EYMEP.The status quo and characteristics,and threats and challenges,were analyzed,along with the program’s prospects.Design/Approach/Methods:This study analyzed relevant textual materials and policy documents dating back to the time of hosting of China's EYMEP,as well as conducted various specific interviews and field trips.Findings:The exploration of China's high-level medical talent training has been conducted over a century.EYMEP can be divided into five periods:the Only Host Period,the Duplication Pilot Host Period,the Expansion Period,the Joint Exploration Period,and the In-Depth Promotion Period.Currently,there are 14 universities and institutes hosting the EYMEP approved by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.However,they differ greatly in training ideas and goals,enrollment processes,and training phases.China's EYMEP is faced with some external threats and internal challenges.In the future,China's EYMEP should consider five aspects.Originality/Value:In the new era of the reform and development of China's medical education,a systematic review of the development of EYMEP in China is of great significance to the promotion of high-level medical talent training in China.Meanwhile,the exploration course of China's highlevel medical talent training represented by the EYMEP may be an enlightenment for other countries,especially developing countries like China,in their training of high-level medical talents.
文摘Purpose:China recently proposed a series of important policies intended to reform and improve the quality of medical education on the national level.This paper presents the findings of a national survey of China's medical schools conducted to review the development of undergraduate medical education over a five-year period(2013-2018).Design/Approach/Methods:The National Center for Health Professions Education Development implemented the China Medical Education College Survey.Approximately 64%of the targeted medical schools participated in the survey,constituting a representative sample of higher education institutions offering educational programs in clinical medicine in China.Findings:Following new policy orientations,medical schools showed positive developments in terms of the types of medical education programs offered,teaching and assessment methods,medical education resources,participation in accreditation,and quality of incoming students.However,the survey also revealed several worrying trends,including the coexistence of various types of education programs,significant regional differences in educational resources,dominance of traditional teaching and assessment methods,inconsistencies in quality,and an increase in graduates seeking employment in professions outside healthcare.Originality/Value:Findings of the first national survey of China's medical schools show that there is still a long way to go to ensure high quality and efficient medical education on a national level.
