Hydrochemical Dynamic Characteristics and Evolution of Underground Brine in the Mahai Salt Lake of the Qaidam Basin Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The mineral rock salts present in the Mahai Salt Lake of the Qaidam basin exhibit high solubilities in water. In addition, the multicomponent underground brine exhibits a high salinity and is easily precipitated. In the natural state, brine transport in the brine layer is extremely slow, and the brine is in a relatively stable chemical equilibrium state with the rock salt media. However, during mining, both the seepage and the chemical fields fluctuate significantly, thereby disrupting the equilibrium and leading to variations in the chemical composition and dynamic characteristics of the brine. Therefore, we selected underground brine from the Mahai Salt Lake, collecting a total of 183 brine samples over three stages of mining（i.e., the early stage of underground brine extraction, the initial stage of mining, and the later stage of mining）. Using a range of analytical techniques, the chemical dynamics of the underground brine water and its evolution were systematically studied. We found that evaporation and enrichment were the main mechanisms of underground brine evolution in the Mahai Salt Lake, with cation exchange and mineral dissolution/precipitation being key factors in determining the dynamic characteristics and evolution of the brine.

Genesis of underground brine along south coast of Laizhou Bay:hydrochemical characteristics

Hydrochemistry of underground brines along south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong, China has been analyzed. Brine samples were collected from 43 wells in this area. It was considered that the brines were originated from seawater. However, whether they were formed by seawater evaporation or seawater freezing was not fully sure. We created a simple method by plotting Na/Cl vs. seawater concen-tration factor (SCF) and Ca/Mg vs. SCF to determine the brine formation geochemically. Comparison of our results to previous seawater freezing and evaporation experiments indicated that the brines were formed by seawater evaporation. The ratios of HCO3/Cl of some low salinity brines in the study area were relatively higher, indicating that the brines may have mixed with other waters after the generation. The Br/Cl ratios of the brines decreased annually in the past 20 to 30 years of exploitation, indicating down-ward permeation of the brine from which bromine was extracted.

Distribution,Origin and Development Status of Underground Brine Resource along the Coast of Laizhou Bay,Shandong Province

The underground brine resource along the coast of Laizhou Bay is the world’s rare shallow underground brine resource,which occurs in the Laizhou city in the east,and extends to the coastal area of the Binzhou city in

Redox states of underground brine system along the southern coast of the Laizhou Bay

Underground brine samples were collected along the southern coast of the Laizhou Bay, Shangdong, China in two field investigations in 2003. The brines are confined in the Quaternary sediment and underwent a series of geochemical changes. The redox states of these brines were assessed qualitatively based on the measurements of Eh and redox-sensitive species such as DO, NO NO~, Mn2＋, Fe2＋, SO4^2- in the brines. The redox condition of the underground brine is anoxic, and the redox reactions that controlled the redox potential of brines should be Fe（Ⅲ） reduction and sulfate reduction.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND GENESIS OF UNDERGROUND BRINE IN THE LITTORAL PLAIN OF LAIZHOU BAY IN THE BOHAI SEA

Quaternary underground brine in the littoral plain region of the Bohai coast is new type littoral facies evaporation ore deposit in liquid state . This model of " littorally- forming brine " is based on study of the distribution, depositional environment, forming / storing process, and genesis of underground brine in the coast of Laizhou Bay . Essential conditions for genesis of brine are arid and semiarid climate , abundant sources of ancient seawater, and geological and geomorphological environment of wide tidal beach along a coast. The process of underground brine genesis may be : seawater/tidal beach-evaporation and concentration-seeping and accumulation- brine/tidal beach - burial (evolution of the sea- land )- underground brine .Underground brine is characterized by high content of chemical elements, shallow burial depth and easy exploitation . The process of extracting salt from underground brine present in the tidal flat is incomparably superior to that of producing salt from seawater, and has

THE FORMING-STORING ENVIRONMENT AND ABUNDANCE CONDITIONS OF QUATERNARY UNDERGROUND BRINE IN THE EMBAYED COAST OF QINGDAO

The discovery of useful brine resources in the embayed coastal zone of Qingdao is an important achievement in research on potential underground brine resources stored in Quatemary littoral facies in the North China coast. The Holocene transgression in this area provided the ancient seawater sources for forming brine. In spite of the unfarorable geological conditions (narrow littoral plain. shallow and thin Quatemary sedimentary strata) Qingdao’s embayed coast has deposition basins with bay-in-bay and weir dam ideal for gathering brine. The geologic structure of the littoral Quatemary deposition basin and hydrologic condition(deficient runoff) comprise favorable environment for the formation and abundance of underground brine.The embayed coast geomorphy controls the distribution of brine in patches that form small mineral zones in some parts. The brine aquifer whiment series formed under Quatemary littoral plain sedimentary and hydrogeologic environment are usually single phreatic ones. Part of the thick deposit areas consists of phreatic and poorly confined aquifers. Near the river mouth, there can someimes be brine aquifers interbeded with saline water ones. The basement of the brine ore deposits is comprised of Mesozoic rock formations. Underground brine is scattered almost all over the littoral plain and only in the larger plain’s area is the narrow saline water belt distributed beyond the brine zone. The structural features of the brine aquifer sediment series along the Jiaozhou Bay Coast are typical of those in the North China coast. We name it"Jiaozhou Bay Type" Its features are different from those of other brine aquifer sediment series such as "Laizhou Bay Type" and"Bohai Bay Type" in the littoral plain of the Bohai Sea.

塔里木盆地深层地下卤水全效开发利用新路径

随着油气开采向深层、超深层进发,伴生地下卤水的合理处理成为油气田安全高效绿色开发必须关注的重要的问题,其对油气田的稳定生产、经济效益和区域环境保护都有着重要的影响。为此,以塔里木盆地中国天然气主产区之一的KS气田为例,在分析深层地下卤水处理面临挑战的基础上,提出了“一水分治、深度处理、分治回用”的深层油气田地下卤水电解全效利用新路径,并对其效益进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:①KS气田地下卤水体量大、矿化度较高,具有进一步全效开发利用的价值,气田所处区域太阳能资源丰富但目前尚未被全效利用,基于地下卤水电解全效利用新思路,可实现“废水”“废电”的联合应用;②分离所得的淡水一部分可应用于生态农业、碳汇林业和荒漠化回灌,另一部分可用于回注处理,具有良好的环保效益;③分离所得的淡水和浓缩液,可进一步进行电解水制氢和浓缩液电解获取有价金属,可实现可观的经济效益。结论认为,地下卤水电解全效开发利用在KS气田成功应用后,可推广复制到具有类似条件的其他油气田,为实现资源绿色循环利用、促进降本增效和低碳排放提供了新的思路和办法,有助于油气田的科学效益全面开发。

我国深层地下卤水钾、锂资源及其开发前景

我国已探明的钾、锂资源大多赋存于盐湖卤水矿床中,但经过多年生产地表盐湖资源消耗严重,海相地层寻找钾、锂的工作还未取得突破,深层地下卤水则可成为解决我国锂钾资源需求的后续储备。我国深层地下卤水主要分布在柴西、四川、湖北、江西等地,资源丰富,其中富含高品位的钾、锂、硼等元素,具有很好的经济利用价值,但是目前工作程度还不够,并由于开采技术、成本等问题,还未实现工业开采。文章对我国重点区块深层地下卤水的水化学特征、分布规律等进行了总结,结合已有的深层卤水资源量评价等数据,提出了下一步重点研究的建议区块,可为后续我国深层卤水钾、锂资源评价、综合提取工艺研究等提供科技支撑。

自贡地下卤水制备富锶功能盐工艺研究

自贡地下卤水蕴含丰富的钠、镁、锂、溴、锶等,可用于生产原盐、镁盐和溴素等工业产品,是碱工业和盐产业重要的液态矿产资源。针对自贡地下卤水富含锶的特点和食盐生产工艺现状,开发了富锶食盐。通过优选草酸作为卤水净化剂,实现卤水除钙镁的同时保留更多的锶,优化的卤水净化工艺:将5.2 mL浓度为0.7 mol/L的草酸以5 mL/min匀速滴加到45℃的100 mL卤水中,调节pH至8.0,搅拌反应30 min后加入0.3 mL质量浓度为2 g/L相对分子质量为800万的聚丙烯酰胺,静置1 h。优化工艺得到的净化卤水经高温蒸发后制得的食盐(以100 g干基计)中锶含量为37.5 mg,是现市售食盐中锶含量的20倍,锶盐其他各项指标均符合GB 2721—2015《食品安全国家标准食用盐》,新工艺实现了自贡卤水锶的综合利用,也为市民提供富锶功能盐的选择。

几种重要热液矿床成矿的岩浆作用贡献探讨

本文运用地球科学相关基础学科的基本理论知识,结合地质工作实践认识和矿床地质特征分析,对几种重要热液矿床成矿的岩浆作用贡献进行分析探讨,提出了新的认识。研究结果认为:(1)地下水是通过补给和排泄交替循环的,因此,通过简单的地下水的循环逐步转化为含矿热液成矿是难以实现的,地下水层控热液矿床成矿流体往往是经历了深部岩浆房驱动的热水循环。(2)地下卤水不是形成内生多金属矿床的矿源体,其本身不具有形成多金属矿床的成矿物质条件,产于板缘地热异常带内的热卤水中的多金属元素,是板块活动引起的强烈的岩浆-火山活动所提供,卤水起到了活化、富集和搬运金属元素的作用。(3)MVT铅锌矿床和卡林型金矿床的矿床特征本身说明它们的成矿与岩浆热液有成因关系。(4)根据变质作用和变质岩的定义,所有的变化是在固态条件下进行的,变质作用和变质岩难以形成变质热液矿床,其成因类型可归为岩浆热液矿床。(5)韧性剪切带是岩浆热力作用和构造应力作用下的塑性变形,成矿是岩浆热液在后期脆性断裂中充填交代而成。对矿床成因的正确认识,可有效的指导找矿勘查工作。岩浆成矿作用是最广泛、最强烈的成矿作用之一。

Simulated Dynamic Evaporation of Yiliping Salt Lake Brine

1 Introduction There are numerous salt lakes in western China(Zheng Mianping,et al.,2011).Yiliping playa on the western Qaidam Basin is a magnesium sulfate subtype dry salt lake with high concentrations of potassium,boron and lithium.

铁掺杂铝基锂吸附剂的制备及其在地下卤水提锂应用研究

为了提高地下盐卤中锂资源利用率,文章采用共沉淀法制备了铁掺杂改性的锂—铝层状双氢氧化物(Li-Fe-Al LDH),并通过选择醋酸纤维素粘结剂和碳酸氢钠致孔剂对改性吸附剂粉末造粒,成功制备了高比表面积的Li-Fe-Al LDH颗粒(GLDH)。结构表征结果表明:所制备的吸附剂粉末具有高纯度LDH晶体结构,而在致孔剂作用下获得颗粒化的GLDH的比表面积为44.449 m^(2)/g,内部平均孔径归为介孔(~18.34 nm),这有助于Li^(+)在吸附剂颗粒内快速扩散。然后,采用地下卤水进行吸附工艺探究,研究结果表明:在相同固液比条件下,随着温度的升高,吸附容量逐渐增加;在相同温度下,随着固液比的增加,吸附容量也逐渐增加,且在提锂过程中吸附动力学更符合伪二级动力学模型,表明卤水中Li^(+)在LDH中吸附遵循化学吸附过程。

铝基锂吸附剂分离高钠型地下卤水锂资源过程研究

铝基锂吸附剂由于其解吸条件温和,不发生溶损,是目前唯一一种成功实现工业化生产的盐湖卤水提锂吸附剂,然而其在高钠型地下卤水中的应用可行性还有待考察。使用实验室自制的H-LDHs颗粒吸附剂,系统研究了吸附液进料流速、解吸温度及解吸液中离子浓度对固定床吸附和解吸过程的影响,实验结果表明,在高钠卤水中,当进料流速从1 BV/h(1 BV/h=0.170 L/h)增加到4 BV/h时,穿透时间缩短了79%,而穿透吸附容量仅降低了17.8%。升高解吸温度可显著提高固定床的Li+解吸量,而增大解吸液中的Na+浓度会抑制Li+的解吸。此外,开发了分段循环解吸工艺,并将其用于四川某地实际地下卤水提锂过程,该工艺能够有效实现解吸工段固定床出料液中Li+的富集。

自贡地下黄卤制备高纯柠檬酸钙的工艺研究

利用卤水制盐过程中产生的碳酸钙制备高纯柠檬酸钙可实现卤水净化废物的再利用,为企业带来更大的经济效益。通过单因素实验探讨碳酸钠浓度和用量对碳酸钙产率和纯度的影响,通过正交实验探讨柠檬酸浓度、用量和反应温度对柠檬酸钙产率和纯度的影响。制备柠檬酸钙的最佳工艺条件为:碳酸钠溶液的浓度为0.2 mol/L,碳酸钠用量为卤水中钙物质的量的100%,柠檬酸浓度为2 mol/L,柠檬酸用量以碳酸钙物质的量计过量5%,反应温度为65℃。红外光谱、X射线衍射谱图和扫描电镜分析确定了最佳工艺下制得的柠檬酸钙的形貌和结构特点,产品产率为92.68%±1.09%,纯度可达97.73%,铅、砷含量及干燥质量损失符合GB 1903.14—2016《食品安全国家标准食品营养强化剂柠檬酸钙》要求。

柴达木盆地马海盐湖地下卤水地球物理探测及应用

柴达木盆地盐湖地区地下卤水资源储量丰富,含卤水层具有孔隙度较小、非均质、各向异性较强及富卤水性能差异较大等特征。为精准探测马海盐湖地下卤水富集区域,获取盐岩分布密度差异性变化区间,针对柴达木盆地马海盐湖地区特有的盐岩介质、晶间高矿化度卤水,以及孔隙储卤、裂隙与断层控卤等多种储卤模式并存的地质条件,采用了包括抽水试验和高精度重力探测法、音频大地电磁探测法、高分辨率地震探测法的多尺度、多种物探方法对结晶盐层与富卤水地层进行了探测。抽水试验的结果表明,K_(12)、K_(13)、K_(14)等井组所处的卤水富集区Ⅰ出水量为37297 m^(3)/d,T_(1)、K_(1)、K_(4)等井组所处的卤水富集区Ⅱ出水量为35736 m^(3)/d;基于抽水试验和多种地球物理探测信息集成技术,确定了两处可实现持续与稳定开采的地下卤水富集区域,并刻画其地层结构与地质构造。

莱州湾地下卤水资源利用与相图分析

介绍了莱州湾地下卤水的水质特征,简述莱州湾地下卤水的资源利用情况和典型生产利用过程;以水盐体系相图理论为指导,对莱州湾地下卤水水质的长周期变化进行分析,说明现有原盐生产中面临的困境;对莱州湾地下卤水资源利用中兑卤法生产硫酸钾的生产过程进行典型系统分析,介绍工业化中的技术特点及资源回用的工艺;对膜分离技术在卤水纳滤精制过程中的工业化应用过程进行了相图理论的解析,并从水盐体系相图的角度,对利用不同选择性纳滤膜组合进行多段纳滤生产硫酸镁的技术路线的可能性进行分析;简述了沸石离子筛提钾技术应用于地下卤水的可能性,对沸石离子筛技术提钾工艺的后端分离技术的相图利用进行分析,演示了硝酸钾产品的蒸发结晶分离的可能工艺技术路线。

山东省地下卤水型溴矿资源利用现状评价及高效开发建议

地下卤水不仅是食盐的重要来源,同时富含Br、Bi、Sr、Li、K、Ba等几十种化学元素,是一种重要的矿产资源。山东省地下卤水(盐、溴)矿主要呈条带状分布在环渤海湾沿岸黄河三角洲平原区、莱州湾南岸平原区和胶州湾西北岸,分布面积约为3003.11km^(2),推断资源量807734.3万m^(3),可采量28721.9万m^(3)/a。山东省地下卤水资源开发历史悠久,主要采用溴盐联产方式回收盐和溴两种资源,采用卤水→溴素→原盐、卤水→溴素→原盐→苦卤回收→盐化工产品等开发工艺。现阶段,地下卤水型溴矿资源开发利用企业全部位于潍坊市,共有51家生产企业。本次工作采用资料收集、统计分析、综合研究等手段对矿山企业开发利用水平进行了评价,平均采收率为77.9%,总体达到部最低三率指标要求,但有26个矿山溴矿平均采收率为75.2%,采收率偏低。通过对影响采收率水平的因素进行相关性分析,建立了入厂溴离子浓度和尾液溴离子浓度拟合方程,认为将入厂溴离子浓度控制在140g/m3,控制尾液溴离子浓度在25~30g/m^(3),有利于提升溴矿利用水平,减少资源浪费。同时提出了高效利用资源和加强监管的意见建议。

开采期停采期莱州湾地下卤水盐分来源及盐分组成变化规律

莱州湾地下卤水资源经历近20年高强度开采后显著衰退,探索其可持续开发模式日益迫切。滨海地下卤水可接受多类盐源的补给,具有可持续开发的潜力,研究地下卤水盐分主要来源及盐分组成变化规律,对规范地下卤水可持续开采模式意义重大。本文基于开采、停采期地下水位监测及地下水样品化学分析结果开展研究,认为莱州湾地下卤水主要受海水以及蒸发盐或盐岩溶解影响,离岸不同距离处地下卤水盐分组成年度变化规律虽然一致,但控制因素存在差异。开采期内补给地下卤水的盐分主要为潮间带生卤下渗的盐分,停采期内蒸发盐或盐岩溶解产生的盐分为地下卤水的主要盐分来源。地下卤水赋存区易受海水或淡水影响,以及处于开采或停采何种状态,是控制地下卤水盐分组成的主要因素。

莱州湾地下卤水形成的古地理条件分析

晚更新世以来在莱州湾南岸形成的地下卤水分布范围大,储量多,但地下卤水成因复杂。分析认为,地下卤水成矿条件受多种因素控制,莱州湾南岸的多源河流三角洲沉积演化模式为地下卤水资源的生成创造了良好的补给、运移、过滤、储存、封盖条件。在海退初期,澙湖水体由风暴潮作用下越过沙坝不断注入正常海水和位于其下部河流沉积物地下淡水共同组成,澙湖中产生的高矿化度盐水在回流渗滤作用下进入三角洲前缘,澙湖水体将长时间保持较高浓度稳定状态,在返流过程中卤水盐度会发生水平带状分异;在海退成陆时期,长期蒸发作用和季节性河流物质运输形成卤水存储,陆相沉积物掩埋了前期卤水层即成为地下卤水层;三次大规模海陆变迁,形成三个卤水层相间的分布特征。以澙湖-沙坝为卤水生成反应器,被溶解的组分在蒸发泵作用下产生分馏,在沉积物内发生离子交换作用,产生矿物蚀变,在回流渗滤作用下沿潮坪、三角洲前缘生成地下卤水。

莱州湾南岸滨海平原地下卤水水化学特征

综合运用数理统计分析方法对莱州湾南岸滨海平原地下卤水样品的水化学特征进行分析,结果表明:莱州湾南岸地下卤水水化学总体特征与海水一致,rNa/rCl,rK/rBr和rMg/rCa系数反映出当地地下卤水来源于沉积古海水,并且海水浓缩程度很高,而变质作用较弱;主成分分析中,第一主分量可以用来解释地下卤水形成时的海水浓缩程度,第二主分量反映的是在第一主分量海水浓缩强度大体一致的情况下,可逆反应CaCO3+CO2+H2OCa2++2 HCO3-的进行情况。