Experimental Study on AE Characteristics of Granite under Uniaxial Tension at Different Strain Rates

To investigate the acoustic emission(AE)characteristics of quasi-brittle materials like rock and concrete,and to further analyze their damage and failure mechanism under seismic and other dynamic loads,the uniaxial tension test of granite cylinder specimens within the strain rate range of 10^-7-10^-4 s^-1 was monitored by AE technology,and the typical AE characteristic parameters were analyzed using statistical and correlation analysis.The experimental results show that,with the increase of strain rate,the peak of AE hit rate appears earlier and increases;the proportion of AE hits with higher duration or amplitude increases significantly,the b-value shows a decreasing trend,and the distribution of AE frequency-amplitude is increasingly discrete.In addition,the obvious characteristic of double dominant frequency bands was observed in AE waveforms by using spectrum analysis,with the increase of strain rate,the percentage of A-type waveforms corresponding to low dominant frequency band increases,while that of D-type waveforms corresponding to high ones decreases accordingly,which is significance for the further study of the damage and failure mechanism of quasi-brittle materials.

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.

Finite Element Model of a Filament-Wound Composite Tube Subjected to Uniaxial Tension

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the mechanical behaviour of a filament-wound composite tube subjected to uniaxial tension by finite element analysis. Uniaxial tensile test experiments have been carried out on standard specimen and hose piece in order to verify finite element models and material properties and also to assess failure mode of composite plies. Composite reinforcement plies are modeled as linear orthotropic, while elastomer liners are described by hyperelastic material model. Results of finite element models and experiments show good agreement in the initial phase of uniaxial tension, which justifies utilized material models in the operating range. Results of finite element models show that transverse tension and shear load are dominant under tension. It is determined that principal failure mode of reinforcement plies is intra-ply yarn-matrix debonding caused by intensive shear of rubber matrix.

Study on Nonuniform Deformation of Tailor Rolled Blank During Uniaxial Tension

The deformation characteristics of tailor rolled blank （TRB） in the course of uniaxial tension were studied by means of analysis, test and simulation. The mechanical analytical model of TRB during uniaxial tension was set up, and the deformation formulae for the thinner side and for the thicker side were derived to quantify the deformation of TRB. On this basis, uniaxial tension tests on TRB and ordinary blanks （the thinner side and the thicker side of TRB） were conducted. Lagrange polynomial interpolation method was adopted to construct the stress-strain fields of unannealed and annealed TRBs for solving TRB material parameters, and then, uniaxial tension simulation on TRB was completed. Deformations and properties of unannealed TRB were compared with those of annealed TRB, and the thinner side and the thicker side were also compared. Finally, the research results were explained by metallurgical structure. The results show that nonuniform deformation happens in TRB during uniaxial tension, and the necking occurs on the thinner side. The agreement of analysis, test and simulation confirms the correctness of the analytical model and the deformation formulae. The findings of this paper can lay the foundation for the future study on TRB stamping formability and provide a way for TRB modeling.

Size Effect for Normal Strength Concrete in Uniaxial Tension

This paper presents a new size effect model for normal strength concrete subjected to uniaxial tension. The model is based on two extremes, sand cement paste in uniaxial tension and a sand-cement-paste/rock interface in uniaxial tension. Uniaxial tension tests with normal strength concrete measuring the tensile strength of normal strength concrete specimens with different geometrical shapes and different ratios of the aggregate size to the characteristic dimension of the concrete specimen show a significant size effect. The theoretical size effect law prediction agrees well with the experimental data.

Strain Rate Effect of AE Characteristics in the Whole Process of Uniaxial Tensile of Mortar

We completed the uniaxial tensile test of mortar in the range of strain rate from 10^(-6)to 10^(-4)s^(-1)in the section containing softening,and carried out acoustic emission monitoring(AE)simultaneously.A series of AE parameters and spectrum analysis methods were used to identify the damage evolution process and cracking mechanism of mortar at different strain rates.The results show that,with the increase of strain rate,the peak stress and tensile elastic modulus of mortar increase obviously,and the stress level corresponding to the starting point of AE activity increases significantly as well,which indicates that the mechanical properties and AE characteristics of mortar have obvious strain rate effect.With the increase of strain rate,the cumulative AE hit decreases gradually,while the average AE hit rate increases significantly,indicating that the increase of strain rate reduces the damage degree of internal microstructure of the specimen,but the crack propagation speed increases.In the pre-peak stress stage,the average of AE ringing count and signal energy decreases with the increase of strain rate,while the average of duration increases;in the post-peak stress stage(f_(t)-30%f_(t)),the average of the three AE parameters all increase with the increase of strain rate,indicating that the strain rate effect on the damage process of mortar is different before and after peak stress,and the damage mechanism represented by different parameters is also different.In the whole process of uniaxial tensile of mortar,with the increase of strain rate,the scatter distribution of AE frequency-amplitude becomes more discrete,and the b-value shows a decreasing trend.In addition,the average level of AE peak frequency decreases with the increase of strain rate,while that of ca8 band wavelet energy spectrum coefficient increases.It is indicated that the increase of strain rate enables the crack propagation state of mortar specimen to become unstable,and the width of macrocrack increases but the proportion decreases.

Lattice stability and the effect of Co and Re on the ideal strength of Ni:First-principles study of uniaxial tensile deformation

Using first-principles density functional calculations, lattice stability of γ-Ni under [001], [110], and [111] uniaxial tensions and the effect of alloying elements Co and Re on the uniaxial tensile behavior of γ-Ni were studied in this paper.With elastic constants and phonon spectra calculations, we examined the mechanical stability and phonon stability of Ni during the uniaxial tensions along the three characteristic directions. The results show that the mechanical stability and phonon stability of a lattice occurs before the maximum stress–strain point under the [001] and [111] tension, respectively.The effects of Co and Re on the ideal tensile strength of γ-Ni show a significant directivity： Co and Re have little effect on the stresses in [001] and [111] directions, but increases the ideal strength of the system in the weakest uniaxial tensile direction. Moreover, the strengthening effect of Re is significantly better than that of Co. By further analyzing electronic structure, it is found that the effect of alloying elements on the uniaxial tensile behavior of γ-Ni comes from their interactions with host atoms.

Design of a Biomimetic Skin for an Octopus-Inspired Robot - Part I： Characterising Octopus Skin

Octopus skin samples were tested under quasi-static and scissor cutting conditions to measure the in-plane material prop- erties and fracture toughness. Samples from all eight arms of one octopus were tested statically to investigate how properties vary from arm to arm. Another nine octopus skins were measured to study the influence of body mass on skin properties. In- fluence of specimen location on skin mechanical properties was also studied. Material properties of skin, i.e. the Young＇s modulus, ultimate stress, failure strain and fracture toughness have been plotted against the position of skin along the length of arm or body. Statistical studies were carried out to help analyzing experimental data obtained. Results of this work will be used as guidelines for the design and development of artificial skins for an octopus-inspired robot.

A DUCTILE FRACTURE CRITERION BASED ON THREEDIMENSIONAL VOID MODEL

A fracture criterion derived from a microscopic point of view is proposed and has proved to be effective in the analysis of uniaxial tension. On the one hand, a method of predicting a ductile fracture is proposed using a three-dimensional void model and the assumption of velocity discontinuity. The relationship between the void volume fraction and the critical strain to fracture, calculated with the help of the new model, shows the same tendency as that obtained from the modified Thomason model. On the other hand, the mechanical and metallographic analyses of the uniaxial tension experiment are performed using four kinds of carbon steel. The relationship between the void volume fraction and the critical strain to fracture, calculated from the new model, agrees better with the result obtained from the experiment, rather than that calculated by the modified Thomason model, which confirms the validity of the ductile fracture criterion based on the three-dimensional void model.

Heterogeneous Nature of Calcium Silicate Hydrate(C-S-H) Gel:A Molecular Dynamics Study

Structure and mechanical properties of Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) at a molecular level act as "DNA" of cement-based construction materials.In order to understand loading resistance capability of C-S-H gel,research on molecular dynamics (MD) was carried out to simulate the uniaxial tension test on C-S-H model along x,y,and z directions.Due to the structure and dynamic differences of the layered structure,the C-S-H model demonstrates heterogeneous mechanical behavior.On an XY plane,the cohesive force can reach 4 GPa,which is mainly provided by the Ca-O and Si-O ionic-covalent bonds.The good plasticity of calcium silicate sheet is attributed to the silicate branch structure formation and the recovery role of interlayer calcium atoms.However,in z direction,C-S-H layers connected by the unstable H-bonds network,have the weakest tensile strength 2.2 GPa.This results in the brittle failure mode in z direction.The relatively low tensile strength and poor plasticity in z direction provides molecular insights into the tensile weakness of cement materials at macro-level.

Mechanical Properties of All MoS_(2) Monolayer Heterostructures:Crack Propagation and Existing Notch Study

The outstanding thermal,optical,electrical and mechanical properties of molybdenum disolphide(MoS_(2))heterostructures make them exceptional candidates for an extensive area of applications.Nevertheless,despite considerable technological and academic interest,there is presently a fewinformation regarding the mechanical properties of these novel two-dimensional(2D)materials in the presence of the defects.In thismanuscript,we performed extensive molecular dynamics simulations on pre-cracked and pre-notched all-molybdenum disolphide(MoS_(2))heterostructure systems using ReaxFF force field.Therefore,we study the influence of several central-crack lengths and notch diameters on the mechanical response of 2H phase,1T phase and composite 2H/1T MoS_(2) monolayers with different concentrations of 1T phase in 2H phase,under uniaxial tensile loading at room temperature.Our ReaxFF models reveal that larger cracks and notches decrease the strength of all 2D MoS_(2) single-layer heterostructures.Additionally,for all studied crack and notch sizes,2H phase of MoS_(2) films exhibits the largest strength.Maximum tensile stress of composite 2H/1T MoS_(2) nanosheet with different concentrations are higher than those for the equivalent 1T phase,which implies that the pre-cracked composite structure is remarkably stronger than the equivalent 1T phase.The comparison of the results for cracked and notched all-MoS_(2) nanosheet heterostructures reveal that the load bearing capacity of the notched samples of monolayerMoS_(2) are higher than the cracked ones.

Experimental Study on the Degradation of Bonding Behavior between Reinforcing Bars and Concrete after Corrosion and Fatigue Damage

In marine environments,the durability of reinforced concrete structures such as bridges,which suffer from the coupled effects of corrosion and fatigue damage,is significantly reduced.Fatigue loading can result in severe dete-rioration of the bonds between reinforcing steel bars and the surrounding concrete,particularly when reinforcing bars are corroded.Uniaxial tension testing was conducted under static loading and fatigue loading conditions to investigate the bonding characteristics between corroded reinforcing bars and concrete.An electrolyte corrosion technique was used to accelerate steel corrosion.The results show that the bond strength was reduced under fati-gue loading,although the concrete did not crack.Therefore,fatigue loading has negative effects on the bond strength between corroded steel bars and concrete.The effects of corrosion cracking on bond strength become more pronounced after corrosion cracking appears along the main reinforcing bars.When the average width of cracking along main reinforcing bars exceeds 3 mm,the bonding properties deteriorate rapidly based on the effects of corrosion cracking,whereas fatigue loading exhibits no additional effects on bond strength.

Multi-scale Studies of Glass Transition and Uniaxial Tensile Properties of a Commercially Available Epoxy Adhesive Using Experimental Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

In this study, the glass transition and uniaxial tensile properties of a commercially available epoxy adhesive were investigated using experimental measurements and molecular dynamics （MD） simulation. Differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） was used to study the change of glass transition temperature （Tg） with cross-link density （CLD）. Uniaxial tensile test was performed to measure the Young＇s modulus （E）, Poisson＇s ratio （v） and yielding strength （tyv）. In MD simulation, the complicated epoxy system was simplified as the mixture of two kinds of simple molecules, with the key information well preserved and the less important details omitted. The molecular model of the cross-linked epoxy network was constructed and its mechanical properties were calculated using MD simulation. Overall, the MD simulation results agreed with experimental ones, which proved the validity of the molecular model and justified the simplification method of the industry- level epoxy system.

Molecular Dynamics Study of Tension Process of Ni-Based Superalloy

To understand the atomistic mechanisms of tension failure of Ni-based superalloy,in this study,the classical molecular dynamics(MD)simulations were used to study the uniaxial tension processes of both the Ni/Ni3 Al interface systems and the pure Ni and Ni3 Al systems.To examine the effects of interatomic potentials,we adopted embedded atom method(EAM)and reactive force field(ReaxFF)in the MD simulations.The results of EAM simulations showed that the amorphous structures and voids formed near the interface,facilitating further crack propagation within Ni matrix.The EAM potentials also predicted that dislocations were generated and annihilated alternatively,leading to the oscillation of yielding stress during the tension process.The ReaxFF simulations predicted more amorphous formation and larger tensile strength.The atomistic understanding of the defect initiation and propagation during tension process may help to develop the strengthening strategy for controlling the defect evolution under loading.

Coupled Influence of Temperature and Strain Rate on Tensile Deformation Characteristics of Hot-Extruded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

To explore the coupled effect of temperature T and strain rate ε on the deformation features of AZ31 Mg alloy, mechanical behaviors and microstructural evolutions as well as surface deformation and damage features were system- atically examined under uniaxial tension at T spanning from 298 to 523 K and ε from 10^-4 to 10^-2 s-1. The increase in T or the decrease in ε leads to the marked decrease in flow stress, the appearance of a stress quasi-plateau after an initially rapid strain hardening, and even to the occurrence of successive strain softening. Correspondingly, the plastic deformation modes of AZ31 Mg alloy transform from the predominant twinning and a limited amount of dislocation slip into the enhanced non-basal slip and the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） together with the weakened twinning. Meanwhile, the cracking modes also change from along grain boundaries （GBs） and at twin boundaries （TBs） or the end of twins into nearby GBs where the DRX has occurred. The appearance of a stress quasi-plateau, the formation of large-sized cracks nearby GBs, and the occurrence of continuous strain softening, are intimately related to the enhancement of the non-basal slip and the DRX.

Coupled elasto-plasticity damage constitutive models for concrete

The paper is to design and construct a coupled elasto-plasticity damage constitutive model for concrete.Based on the energy dissipation principle,the Hsieh-Ting-Chen four-parameter yield function is used.The model can reflect different strength characteristics of concrete in tension and compression,and reduce the limitation and lacuna of the traditional damage constitutive models for concrete.Furthermore,numerical test for concrete stress-strain relation under uniaxial tension and compression is given.Moreover,the damage process of concrete gravity dam is calculated and analyzed in seismic load.Compared with other damage constitutive models,the proposed model contains only one unknown parameter and the other parameters can be found in the Hsieh-Ting-Chen four-parameter yield function.The same damage evolution law,which is used for tension and compression,is good for determining stress-strain constitutive and damage characteristics in complex stress state.This coupled damage constitutive models can be applied in analyzing damage of concrete gravity dam and arch dam.

A Crystal Plasticity Model with Irradiation Effect for the Mechanical Behavior of FCC Metals

In this paper,a crystal plasticity model considering the irradiation effect based on the thermal activation theory is established.The evolutions of screw dislocations,edge dislocations,and stacking fault tetrahedrals(SFTs)(induced by irradiation)are included into the model.The interactions between dislocations and irradiation-induced SFTs are also considered.The constitutive model is numerically implemented on the ABAQUS platform through UMAT subroutine and applied to study the irradiation effect on the mechanical behavior of pure copper.The mechanical properties of single and polycrystalline copper are studied,and the simulation results show that the constitutive model can properly predict the mechanical behavior of irradiated pure copper.Especially for polycrystalline copper,the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data.