Research on the design method for uniform wear of shield cutters in sand-pebble strata

During shield tunneling in highly abrasive formations such as sand–pebble strata,nonuniform wear of shield cutters is inevitable due to the different cutting distances.Frequent downtimes and cutter replacements have become major obstacles to long-distance shield driving in sand–pebble strata.Based on the cutter wear characteristics in sand–pebble strata in Beijing,a design methodology for the cutterhead and cutters was established in this study to achieve uniform wear of all cutters by the principle of frictional wear.The applicability of the design method was verified through three-dimensional simulations using the engineering discrete element method.The results show that uniform wear of all cutters on the cutterhead could be achieved by installing different numbers of cutters on each trajectory radius and designing a curved spoke with a certain arch height according to the shield diameter.Under the uniform wear scheme,the cutter wear coefficient is greatly reduced,and the largest shield driving distance is increased by approximately 47%over the engineering scheme.The research results indicate that the problem of nonuniform cutter wear in shield excavation could be overcome,thereby providing guiding significance for theoretical innovation and construction of long-distance shield excavation in highly abrasive strata.

THE UNIFORM CONVERGENCE OF A DG METHOD FOR A SINGULARLY PERTURBED VOLTERRA INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The purpose of this work is to implement a discontinuous Galerkin(DG)method with a one-sided flux for a singularly perturbed Volterra integro-differential equation(VIDE)with a smooth kernel.First,the regularity property and a decomposition of the exact solution of the singularly perturbed VIDE with the initial condition are provided.Then the existence and uniqueness of the DG solution are proven.Then some appropriate projection-type interpolation operators and their corresponding approximation properties are established.Based on the decomposition of the exact solution and the approximation properties of the projection type interpolants,the DG method achieves the uniform convergence in the L2 norm with respect to the singular perturbation parameter e when the space of polynomials with degree p is used.A numerical experiment validates the theoretical results.Furthermore,an ultra-convergence order 2p+1 at the nodes for the one-sided flux,uniform with respect to the singular perturbation parameter e,is observed numerically.

A hippocampal anti-hypertensive mechanism induced by twirling reinforcing-reducing manipulation in rats

Objective:To investigate a hippocampal anti-hypertensive mechanism induced by twirling reinforcingreducing manipulation(TRRM)using proteomics in rats.Methods:Forty-two male spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,and 14 Wistar-Kyoto rats were served as control group.In the twirling reinforcing(TRF)group,needles were directly inserted into the Taichong(LR 3)point,then thumbs were moved heavily forward and lightly backward for 3 min,while needles remained inserted for 17 min.In the twirling reduction(TRD)group,the same treatment was applied as in the TRF group except that the thumb moved lightly forward and heavily backward.In the model and control groups,only the corresponding grasping and fixation were applied.All interventions were conducted for 14 days.The blood pressure(BP)of all rats was measured one day before intervention and every other day after.Then hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)staining,label-free and parallel reaction monitoring proteomic techniques were used to assess hippocampal samples from each group.Results:Systolic BPs showed a significant decrease in the TRF and TRD groups compared with the model group(P<.01).In the model group,H&E staining showed obvious pathological changes in the hippocampus,while in the TRF and TRD groups,the hippocampal morphology was only slightly altered.Labelfree proteomic analysis revealed 1163 differential protein expressions between groups.Gene Ontology enrichment analysis confirmed that the differentially expressed proteins were enriched in different biological processes,cellular components,and molecular functions.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that TRRM proteins were expressed in the serotonergic synapse pathway,renin-angiotensin system,the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,and the peroxisome pathway,which were all also related to BP regulation.Conclusion:TRRM can significantly lower the BP of SHRs.The mode of action may be through the activation of various protein pathways in the hippocampus that are related to BP regulation.

Harmonic balance simulation of the influence of component uniformity and reliability on the performance of a Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifier

A Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifier(JTWPA),which is a quantum-limited amplifier with high gain and large bandwidth,is the core device of large-scale measurement and control systems for quantum computing.A typical JTWPA consists of thousands of Josephson junctions connected in series to form a transmission line and hundreds of shunt LC resonators periodically loaded along the line for phase matching.Because the variation of these capacitors and inductors can be detrimental to their high-frequency characteristics,the fabrication of a JTWPA typically necessitates precise processing equipment.To guide the fabrication process and further improve the design for manufacturability,it is necessary to understand how each electronic component affects the amplifier.In this paper,we use the harmonic balance method to conduct a comprehensive study on the impact of nonuniformity and fabrication yield of the electronic components on the performance of a JTWPA.The results provide insightful and scientific guidance for device design and fabrication processes.

Underdetermined direction of arrival estimation with nonuniform linear motion sampling based on a small unmanned aerial vehicle platform

Uniform linear array(ULA)radars are widely used in the collision-avoidance radar systems of small unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).In practice,a ULA's multi-target direction of arrival(DOA)estimation performance suffers from significant performance degradation owing to the limited number of physical elements.To improve the underdetermined DOA estimation performance of a ULA radar mounted on a small UAV platform,we propose a nonuniform linear motion sampling underdetermined DOA estimation method.Using the motion of the UAV platform,the echo signal is sampled at different positions.Then,according to the concept of difference co-array,a virtual ULA with multiple array elements and a large aperture is synthesized to increase the degrees of freedom(DOFs).Through position analysis of the original and motion arrays,we propose a nonuniform linear motion sampling method based on ULA for determining the optimal DOFs.Under the condition of no increase in the aperture of the physical array,the proposed method obtains a high DOF with fewer sampling runs and greatly improves the underdetermined DOA estimation performance of ULA.The results of numerical simulations conducted herein verify the superior performance of the proposed method.

The Complex System Modeling Method Based on Uniform Design and Neural Network

In this paper, the method based on uniform design and neural network is proposed to model the complex system. In order to express the system characteristics all round, uniform design method is used to choose the modeling samples and obtain the overall information of the system;for the purpose of modeling the system or its characteristics, the artificial neural network is used to construct the model. Experiment indicates that this method can model the complex system effectively.

A simplified two-dimensional boundary element method with arbitrary uniform mean flow

To reduce computational costs, an improved form of the frequency domain boundary element method（BEM） is proposed for two-dimensional radiation and propagation acoustic problems in a subsonic uniform flow with arbitrary orientation. The boundary integral equation（BIE） representation solves the two-dimensional convected Helmholtz equation（CHE） and its fundamental solution, which must satisfy a new Sommerfeld radiation condition（SRC） in the physical space. In order to facilitate conventional formulations, the variables of the advanced form are expressed only in terms of the acoustic pressure as well as its normal and tangential derivatives, and their multiplication operators are based on the convected Green＇s kernel and its modified derivative. The proposed approach significantly reduces the CPU times of classical computational codes for modeling acoustic domains with arbitrary mean flow. It is validated by a comparison with the analytical solutions for the sound radiation problems of monopole,dipole and quadrupole sources in the presence of a subsonic uniform flow with arbitrary orientation.

Free vibration of non-uniform axially functionally graded beams using the asymptotic development method

The asymptotic development method is applied to analyze the free vibration of non-uniform axially functionally graded(AFG) beams, of which the governing equations are differential equations with variable coefficients. By decomposing the variable flexural stiffness and mass per unit length into reference invariant and variant parts, the perturbation theory is introduced to obtain an approximate analytical formula of the natural frequencies of the non-uniform AFG beams with different boundary conditions.Furthermore, assuming polynomial distributions of Young's modulus and the mass density, the numerical results of the AFG beams with various taper ratios are obtained and compared with the published literature results. The discussion results illustrate that the proposed method yields an effective estimate of the first three order natural frequencies for the AFG tapered beams. However, the errors increase with the increase in the mode orders especially for the cases with variable heights. In brief, the asymptotic development method is verified to be simple and efficient to analytically study the free vibration of non-uniform AFG beams, and it could be used to analyze any tapered beams with an arbitrary varying cross width.

The height-width ratio limited value for rubber bearing isolated structure computed by uniform design method

Rubber isolation is the most mature control technology in practical application, and is widely used by short rigid buildings. However, many high isolation buildings have been built around the world in recent years, which do not follow the existing criterions and codes. Many researchers began to research the special problems caused by larger height-width ratio isolation structures. The overturning effect of high height-width ratio structures with rubber bearing is firstly studied. Considering the main factors, such as the height-width ratio of structures, type of site, the designed basic acceleration of ground motion and the decouple factor in horizon, computing experiment is defined with the Uniform Design Method, which is also known as designing isolation structure. The forces of the bearing under edge of structures based on the position of the rubber bearing are calculated. The result indicates that the rubber bearings will lose its functionality under very high tension and compressing force of earthquake motion in horizon and vertical, when the height-width ratio is over a certain value. Thus, based on the calculation result of isolation structures defined in the uniform design method, regression analysis is conducted, and also the rubber edge force regression formula are gotten, which has higher correlation and smaller standard deviation. This formula can be used to roughly calculate whether the pull force occurs at the edge of the building. By the edge bearings of isolation structure minimum force formula, the height-width ratio limited value of the isolation structure is deducted when rubber bearing has minimum force of zero.

A UNIFORM HIGH-ORDER METHOD FOR A SINGULAR PERTURBATION PROBLEM IN CONSERVATIVE FORM

A uniform high-order method is. presented for the numerical solution of a singular perturbation problem in conservative form. We firest replace the original second-order problem (1.1) by two equivalent first-order problems ( 1.4), i.e., the solution of (1.1) is a linear combination of the solutions of (1.4). Then we derive a uniformly O (hm+1) accurate scheme for the first-order problems (1.4), where m is an arbitrary nonnegative integer, so we can get a uniformly O (hm+1) accurate solution of the original problem (1.1) by relation (1.3). Some illustrative numerical results are also given.

The Selection of Proper Auxiliary Parameters in the Homotopy Analysis Method. A Case Study: Uniform Solutions of Undamped Duffing Equation

The present paper is concerned with two novel approximate analytic solutions of the undamped Duffing equation. Instead of the traditional perturbation or asymptotic methods, a homotopy technique is employed, which does not require a small perturbation parameter or a large parameter for an asymptotic expansion. It is shown that proper choices of an auxiliary linear operator and also an initial approximation during the implementation of the homotopy analysis method can yield uniformly valid and accurate solutions. The obtained explicit analytical expressions for the solution predict the displacement, frequency and period of the oscillations much more accurate than the previously known asymptotic or perturbation formulas.

Measurement Method of the Thickness Uniformity for Polymer Films

Several methods for investigating the thickness uniformity of polymer thin films are presented as well as their measurement principles. A comparison of these experimental methods is given.The cylindrical lightwave reflection method is found to can obtain the thickness distribution along a certain direction.It is a simple and suitable method to evaluate the film thickness uniformity.

A Uniformly Robust Staggered DG Method for the Unsteady Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman Problem

In this paper,we propose and analyze a uniformly robust staggered DG method for the unsteady Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman problem.Our formulation is based on velocity gradient-velocity-pressure and the resulting scheme can be flexibly applied to fairly general polygonal meshes.We relax the tangential continuity for velocity,which is the key ingredi-ent in achieving the uniform robustness.We present well-posedness and error analysis for both the semi-discrete scheme and the fully discrete scheme,and the theories indicate that the error estimates for velocity are independent of pressure.Several numerical experiments are presented to confirm the theoretical findings.

Uniform Convergence for Finite Volume Element Method for Non-selfadjoint and Indefinite Elliptic Problems

In this paper, we prove the existence, uniqueness and uniform convergence of the solution of finite volume element method based on the P1 conforming element for non-selfadjoint and indefinite elliptic problems under minimal elliptic regularity assumption.

Solving Schrodinger Equation with Non-Uniform Grids by Scale Transformation Method

A new scale transformation method is used in solving the Schrodinger equation. With it, the uniform grids in the discretization in conventional metho d are changed into non-uniform grids. Consequently, in some cases, the computing quantity will be greatly reduced at keeping the required accuracy. The calcul ation of the quantized inversion layer in MOS structure is used to demonstrate t he efficiency of the new method.

Finding the buckling load of non-uniform columns using the iteration perturbation method

The aim of this study is to calculate the critical load of variable inertia columns. The example studied in this paper can be used as a paradigm for other non-uniform columns. The wavelength of equivalent vibratory system is used to calculate the critical load of the trigonometrically varied inertia column. In doing so, the equilibrium equation of the column is theoretically studied using the perturbation method. Accuracy of the calculated results is evaluated by comparing the solution with numerical results. Effect of improving the initial guess on the solution accuracy is investigated. Effects of varying parameters of the trigonometrically varied inertia and the uniformly tapered columns on their stability behavior are studied. Finally, using the so-called ＂perfectibility＂ parameter, two design goals, i.e., being lightweight and being strong, are studied for the discussed columns.

交错凸齿式宽苗带小麦精量排种器设计与试验

针对外槽轮式小麦宽苗带排种器排量不稳定和苗带内种子分布均匀性较差的问题,该研究设计了一种交错凸齿式宽苗带小麦精量排种器。通过连续充种分析和排量计算,确定凸齿高度和凸齿角度是影响排量一致性和排种均匀性的关键参数。应用离散元法对上述关键参数进行中心旋转组合仿真试验,结果表明,对排量一致性、排种均匀性影响显著性程度由大到小的因素分别依次为凸齿角、凸齿高、作业速度,且均具有交互影响。借助响应面分析,得出凸齿高5 mm、凸齿角75°时的排量一致性和排种均匀性较优,平均变异系数分别为2.27%和7.61%。对该参数组合排种器进行样机试制,并进行台架试验,台架试验结果表明,排种一致性和均匀性变异系数与仿真值误差均低于5%,说明仿真优化结果可靠、准确。田间对比试验结果表明,播量120、150和180 kg/hm~2时,交错凸齿式宽苗带小麦精量排种器的播量一致性、纵向播种均匀性和横向播种均匀性变异系数分别较外槽轮式排种器降低0.99、3.01和9.38个百分点,满足小麦宽苗带播种农艺要求。研究结果可为提高排种均匀性的小麦排种装置设计提供参考。

基于响应曲面法的木材喷涂漆雾扩散角度与均匀度优化

【目的】探究木材喷涂喷头结构参数对喷口流速v_(2)、漆雾扩散角度γ和漆雾均匀性λ的影响,求解喷头最优结构参数,提高木材喷涂效率和喷涂效果。【方法】基于雾滴碰撞、聚集和积累理论初步探究v_(2)、γ和λ的影响因素,将优化参数设为原始喷头的7项关键内部结构参数,包括内壁倒角β、三段管道内壁长度L_(1)至L_(3)和三段管道内壁直径d_(1)至d_(3),利用Design Expert设计7因素3水平3指标的BBD响应曲面试验,探究各结构参数对v_(2)、γ和λ的影响显著性。BBD试验各组结果由3部分仿真获得,采用k-ε模型进行喷头内部流场仿真、KHRT模型进行高压平口雾化仿真。应用Image J测定漆雾扩散角度,通过Python运用“雾滴撒点法”完成对每组雾化仿真结果的均匀性标定,利用多目标优化方法求解喷头最优结构参数,并通过仿真喷涂和实机喷涂验证其喷涂效果。【结果】BBD响应曲面试验结果表明,7项关键内部结构参数对指标的影响十分复杂,但3项指标v_(2)、 γ和λ回归显著(P≤0.000 1),多目标优化下的理论最优漆雾扩散角度为21.28°、最优漆雾均匀性为3.053;最优喷头的喷涂仿真试验结果表明,优化后喷口流速v_(2)由35.8 m·s^(-1)升至107 m·s^(-1),漆雾扩散角度γ由16.74°升至21.09°(与理论相差0.883%),漆雾均匀性λ由3.62升至3.03(λ越小代表越均匀,与理论相差0.751%)。在木材喷涂实机试验中,优化前后木材喷涂试样漆厚标准差由21.71μm降至17.74μm,单面喷涂时间由6.2 s降至5.5 s,单面喷头移动行程由3 255 mm降至2 887 mm。【结论】基于“雾滴撒点法”的漆雾均匀性评判标准以及基于响应曲面法和多目标的喷头结构参数优化方法可对木材喷涂喷头优化设计提供一定参考,对提高木材喷涂漆面均匀性和木材喷涂效率具有一定效果和帮助。

3D打印用砂浆的可打印性能研究

现有研究和相关技术标准多采用观测法检验3D打印材料的打印性能,缺少对可挤出性和可建造性的量化评价指标。本文基于流动度等常规工作性能指标对可打印性能的影响,提出挤出均匀性、累计形变率两个量化指标,用于评价3D打印材料的可打印性能,并在本试验条件下建立常规工作性能指标与打印质量的联系。结果表明:3D打印砂浆的挤出均匀性随流动度的增加先提高后降低,随动态屈服应力的增加而降低;累计形变率随高度保留率的增加而降低,随静态屈服应力的增加而降低。本试验参数条件下,当挤出均匀性小于3.5%、累计变形率不大于6%、动态屈服应力为200~800 Pa、静态屈服应力为1800~3300 Pa时,砂浆打印层数较高(不小于30层),可打印性能较好。