Unilateralism or Multilateralism?

Ever since the Bush administration took office, the U. S. national security strategy has given rise to much controversy. Whether the U. S. national security strategy is of unilateralism or multilateralistm is a question in dispute. Many people think it is a unilateralist strategy. According to their views, to achieve its own objective, the U. S. administration has rarely considered the interests and feelings of other coun-

Cerebral complications after unilateral biportal endoscopic surgery:A case report

BACKGROUND Unilateral biportal endoscopic(UBE)surgery has developed rapidly during the past decade.Continuous epidural space irrigation is generally considered the principal reason for cerebral complications following UBE surgery.We present a case of mental symptoms during the general anesthesia awakening period due to pneumocephalus.CASE SUMMARY A 70-year-old woman with lumbar disc herniation underwent UBE surgery stably under general anesthesia.Uncontrollable hypertension occurred immediately after transfer to the postoperative care unit,accompanied by increased heart rate and tachypnea.During the recovery process,the patient responded to external stimuli but was confused and unable to complete command actions.Neck stiff-ness and significantly increased muscle strength on the left side indicated the presence of de-cerebrate rigidity.An urgent brain computed tomography scan showed pneumocephalus compressing the brainstem.After receiving analgesia and sedation treatment,the patient was conscious three hours later and recovered rapidly.She was discharged on the fifth postoperative day and followed up for 3 months with no surgical or brain complications.CONCLUSION Cerebral complications emerging during the general anesthesia awakening period following UBE surgery are not entirely due to increased intracranial pressure.Pneumocephalus induced by dural injury may also be a potential cause.

Development of a new cerebral ischemia reperfusion model of Mongolian gerbils and standardized evaluation system

Background:The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis.However,the low incidence and unpredictability of symptoms are caused by numerous complex variant types of the circle.Additionally,the lack of an evaluation system for the cer-ebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)model of gerbils has shackled the application of this model.Methods:We created a symptom-oriented principle and detailed neurobehavioral scoring criteria.At different time points of reperfusion,we analyzed the alteration in locomotion by rotarod test and grip force score,infarct volume by triphenyltetrazo-lium chloride(TTC)staining,neuron loss using Nissl staining,and histological charac-teristics using hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)straining.Results:With a successful model rate of 56%,32 of the 57 gerbils operated by our method harbored typical features of cerebral I/R injury,and the mortality rate in the male gerbils was significantly higher than that in the female gerbils.The suc-cessfully prepared I/R gerbils demonstrated a significant reduction in motility and grip strength at 1 day after reperfusion;formed obvious infarction;exhibited typi-cal pathological features,such as tissue edema,neuronal atrophy and death,and vacuolated structures;and were partially recovered with the extension of reperfu-sion time.Conclusion:This study developed a new method for the unilateral common carotid artery ligation I/R model of gerbil and established a standardized evaluation system for this model,which could provide a new cerebral I/R model of gerbils with more practical applications.

Treatment of lumbar disc herniation with robot combined with unilateral biportal endoscopic technology:A case report

BACKGROUND This reported procedure combines the orthopedic surgical robot with the unilateral biportal endoscopy-lumbar interbody fusion(UBE-LIF),utilizing the UBE's wide viewing field and operating space to perform minimally invasive decompressive fusion of the lesioned segment,and the orthopedic surgical robot's intelligence and precision to perform percutaneous pedicle screw placement.The advancement of this procedure lies in the superposition of advantages and offsetting disadvantages of the two new technologies,and the maximum effect of treatment is achieved with maximum minimization of invasiveness and precision under the monitoring of imaging instruments to maximize the benefit of patients,and this review reports a case of multiple-segment lumbar decompression and fusion surgery for lumbar disc herniation via robot-assisted UBE for reference.CASE SUMMARY A 44-year-old patient presented to our hospital.Combining various clinical data,we diagnosed the patient with lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy,lumbar spondylolisthesis,and lumbar spinal stenosis.We developed a surgical plan of"UBE decompression+UBE-LIF+orthopedic surgery robot-assisted percutaneous pedicle screw implantation for internal fixation".The results were satisfactory.CONCLUSION We present an extremely rare case of multiple-segment lumbar decompression and fusion surgery for lumbar disc herniation via robot-assisted UBE and achieved good results.Therefore,the technique is worthy of clinical promotion.

Symmetry of upper eyelid after unilateral blepharoptosis repair with minimally invasive conjoint fascial sheath suspension technique

AIM:To investigate the symmetry of upper eyelid in patients with unilateral mild and moderate blepharoptosis who underwent unilateral minimally invasive combined fascia sheath(CFS)suspension.METHODS:A retrospective study of patients who underwent unilateral minimally invasive CFS suspension surgery between January 2018 and December 2021.Inclusion criteria included unilateral mild and moderate ptosis,good levator muscle function(>9 mm)and follow-up of at least 6mo.Pre-and post-operative symmetry was graded subjectively for marginal reflex distance 1(MRD1),tarsal platform show(TPS)and eyebrow fat span(BFS).A t-test was used to evaluate MRD1,TPS and BFS asymmetry by calculating delta values.The Bézier curve tool of the Image J software was used to extract the upper eyelid contours,where the symmetry was measured by the percentage of overlapping curvatures(POC).RESULTS:Totally 105 patients(105 eyelids)were included(mild group,n=84;moderate group,n=21).Postoperatively,all patients increased MRD1 and decreased TPS in the ptotic eye while maintaining unchanged BFS.The asymmetric delta value for MRD1 was measured to be 1.48±0.86 preoperatively,and it decreased to 0.58±0.67 postoperatively in all cases(P=0.0004).In patients with mild ptosis,the asymmetry value of TPS fell significantly from 1.15±0.62 to 0.68±0.38(P=0.0187).The symmetry of the upper eyelid contour increased in all subgroups of patients,with a POC of 59.39%±13.45%preoperatively and POC of 78.29%±13.80%postoperatively.CONCLUSION:Minimally invasive CFS suspension is proved to be an effective means of improving the symmetry of unilateral ptosis in terms of MRD1(all subgroups),POC(all subgroups)and TPS(only mild group),whereas BFS is unaffected.

Atypical presentation of a posterior fossa tumour:A case report

BACKGROUND We described a case of a patient with a meningioma in the posterior fossa presenting atypically with an isolated unilateral vocal cord palsy causing severe respiratory distress.This is of interest as the patient had no other symptomatology,especially given the size of the mass,which would typically cause a pressure effect leading to neurological and auditory symptoms.CASE SUMMARY This case report described a 48-year-old male who was married with two children and employed as a car guard.He had a medical history of asthma for the past 10 years controlled with an as-needed beta 2 agonist metered dose inhaler.He initially presented to our facility with severe respiratory distress.He reported a 1-wk history of shortness of breath and wheezing that was not relieved by his bronchodilator.He had no constitutional symptoms or impairment of hearing.On clinical examination,the patient’s chest was“silent.”Our initial assessment was status asthmaticus with type 2 respiratory failure,based on the history of asthma,a“silent chest,”and the arterial blood gas results.CONCLUSION A posterior fossa meningioma of such a large size and with extensive infiltration rarely presents with an isolated unilateral vocal cord palsy.The patient’s chief presenting feature was severe respiratory distress,which combined with his background medical history of asthma,was misleading.Clinicians should thus consider meningioma as a differential diagnosis for a unilateral vocal cord palsy even without audiology involvement.

Role of targeted neuromodulation in the treatment of congenital unilateral lower lip palsy:A clinical case report

Congenital unilateral lower lip palsy(CULLP),or congenital hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle,also known as asymmetric crying facies,is a rare condition that results in asymmetry of the lower lip during smiling,laughing,and crying.Although the etiology is unknown,weakness of the depressor labii inferioris(DLI)muscle is implicated as a contributing factor.Currently,no well-established treatment options are available.This case report describes an 18-year-old male patient diagnosed with CULLP.Physical examination revealed a symmetric face at rest,but asymmetry when smiling and opening the mouth.Following the administration of lidocaine into the affected DLI muscle,the patient’s smile and lower lip symmetry were immediately restored without any adverse effects.Subsequently,administration of botulinum toxin for neuromodulation of the DLI muscle led to a significant improvement in symmetry and oral function within 2 weeks,which was sustained at 1 month and 3 months post-treatment.No adverse effects were reported,and both patients and families expressed high satisfaction with the outcomes.This case highlights the potential use of neuromodulation as a minimally invasive and effective treatment for CULLP.

Intentionally unilateral prostatic artery embolization:Patient selection,technique and potential benefits

BACKGROUND Prostatic artery embolization(PAE)is a promising but also technically demanding interventional radiologic treatment for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia.Many technical challenges in PAE are associated with the complex anatomy of prostatic arteries(PAs)and with the systematic attempts to catheterize the PAs of both pelvic sides.Long procedure times and high radiation doses are often the result of these attempts and are considered significant disadvantages of PAE.The authors hypothesized that,in selected patients,these disadvantages could be mitigated by intentionally embolizing PAs of only one pelvic side.AIM To describe the authors’approach for intentionally unilateral PAE(IU-PAE)and its potential benefits.METHODS This was a single-center retrospective study of patients treated with IU-PAE during a period of 2 years.IU-PAE was applied in patients with opacification of more than half of the contralateral prostatic lobe after angiography of the ipsilateral PA(subgroup A),or with markedly asymmetric prostatic enlargement,with the dominant prostatic lobe occupying at least two thirds of the entire gland(subgroup B).All patients treated with IU-PAE also fulfilled at least one of the following criteria:Severe tortuosity or severe atheromatosis of the pelvic arteries,non-visualization,or visualization of a tiny(<1 mm)contralateral PA on preprocedural computed tomographic angiography.Intraprocedural contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(iCEUS)was applied to monitor prostatic infarction.IU-PAE patients were compared to a control group treated with bilateral PAE.RESULTS IU-PAE was performed in a total 13 patients(subgroup A,n=7;subgroup B,n=6).Dose-area product,fluoroscopy time and operation time in the IU-PAE group(9767.8μGy∙m^(2),30.3 minutes,64.0 minutes,respectively)were significantly shorter(45.4%,35.9%,45.8%respectively,P<0.01)compared to the control group.Clinical and imaging outcomes did not differ significantly between the IU-PAE group and the control group.In the 2 clinical failures of IU-PAE(both in subgroup A),the extent of prostatic infarction(demonstrated by iCEUS)was significantly smaller compared to the rest of the IU-PAE group.CONCLUSION In selected patients,IU-PAE is associated with comparable outcomes,but with lower radiation exposure and a shorter procedure compared to bilateral PAE.iCEUS could facilitate patient selection for IU-PAE.

Effects of unilateral superimposed high-frequency jet ventilation on porcine hemodynamics and gas exchange during one-lung flooding

BACKGROUND Superimposed high-frequency jet ventilation(SHFJV)is suitable for respiratory motion reduction and essential for effective lung tumor ablation.Fluid filling of the target lung wing one-lung flooding(OLF)is necessary for therapeutic ultrasound applications.However,whether unilateral SHFJV allows adequate hemodynamics and gas exchange is unclear.AIM To compared SHFJV with pressure-controlled ventilation(PCV)during OLF by assessing hemodynamics and gas exchange in different animal positions.METHODS SHFJV or PCV was used alternatingly to ventilate the non-flooded lungs of the 12 anesthetized pigs during OLF.The animal positions were changed from left lateral position to supine position(SP)to right lateral position(RLP)every 30 min.In each position,ventilation was maintained for 15 min in both modalities.Hemodynamic variables and arterial blood gas levels were repeatedly measured.RESULTS Unilateral SHFJV led to lower carbon dioxide removal than PCV without abnormally elevated carbon dioxide levels.SHFJV slightly decreased oxygenation in SP and RLP compared with PCV;the lowest values of PaO_(2) and PaO_(2)/FiO_(2) ratio were found in SP[13.0;interquartile range(IQR):12.6-5.6 and 32.5(IQR:31.5-38.9)kPa].Conversely,during SHFJV,the shunt fraction was higher in all animal positions(highest in the RLP:0.30).CONCLUSION In porcine model,unilateral SHFJV may provide adequate ventilation in different animal positions during OLF.Lower oxygenation and CO_(2) removal rates compared to PCV did not lead to hypoxia or hypercapnia.SHFJV can be safely used for lung tumor ablation to minimize ventilation-induced lung motion.

Study on the Design Scheme of Vehicle Flow Lines in Unilateral Agglomerative Open Service Area

In recent years,with the introduction of the strategy to strengthen the country’s transportation infrastructure and the continuous implementation of new economic development models such as integrating transportation with tourism,various open service areas integrating highway service areas with local tourism have emerged nationwide.Examples include the Yangcheng Lake service area in Jiangsu and the Lengshui service area in Chongqing.This paper focuses on the design example of the Dazu Stone Carving service area on the Chongqing section of the Yurong Expressway,comprehensively considering factors such as construction scale,terrain conditions,and local urban planning.It analyzes and studies the traffic flow design of unilateral agglomerative open service areas around two vehicle traffic conversion links:between the main expressway and the service area,and between the service area and local roads.The aim is to provide a case study reference for similar projects.

居家前庭康复对单侧前庭功能下降患者的疗效观察

目的 观察居家前庭康复对单侧前庭功能下降的疗效,探讨其可行性。方法 单侧前庭功能下降患者13例,给予居家前庭康复训练并远程指导,评估患者训练前、后眩晕残疾量表的结果,对比训练前、后眩晕残疾量表(dizziness handicapinventory,DHI)得分与DHI严重程度分级有无差异。结果 13例患者康复前DHI得分为(65.38±16.84),最小为40,最大为98,中位数为66。康复后DHI为(27.23±29.39),最小为0,最大为86,中位数为14。采用Wilcoxon检验可知康复前DHI水平明显高于康复后DHI水平(Z=-2.936,P <0.05)。康复前、后DHI分级之间存在显著差异(Z=-2.434,P <0.05),康复前重度比例61.5%明显高于康复后重度比例23.1%。结论 居家前庭康复训能使单侧前庭功能下降患者的眩晕程度下降。

Globalization Enabling High-quality Development

Rising unilateralism and protectionism is giving rise to increasing risks and uncertainties faced by the world economy. However, adherence to globalization is still the consensus reached by the international community. Most nations cherish the hope to maintain unity and cooperation, strengthen macro-policy coordination, and achieve high-quality development of their national economy and that of the whole world by promoting structural overhaul and pushing innovation-driven growth. With heightened openness and enhanced cooperation, China poises to bring benefit to countries across the globe, and fuels strong, sustainable, balanced, and inclusive growth of the world economy.

以日本人名、地名命名的疾病(四)

·平山病[Hirayama disease]若年性一侧上肢筋萎缩症Juvenile unilateral muscle atrophy青年性单侧上肢肌萎缩症。1959年由平山氏报告,因而得名。据认为是脊髓性进行性肌萎缩的一个亚型。·平野病[Hirano’s

Symmetry and Hojman Conserved Quantity of Tznoff Equations for Unilateral Holonomic System

Symmetry of Tzénoff equations for unilateral holonomic system under the infinitesimal transformationsof groups is investigated.Its definitions and discriminant equations of Mei symmetry and Lie symmetry of Tzénoffequations are given.Sufficient and necessary condition of Lie symmetry deduced by the Mei symmetry is also given.Hojman conserved quantity of Tzénoff equations for the system above through special Lie symmetry and Lie symmetryin the condition of special Mei symmetry respectively is obtained.

Mei symmetry and Mei conserved quantity of nonholonomic systems with unilateral Chetaev type in Nielsen style

This paper studies the Mei symmetry and Mei conserved quantity for nonholonomic systems of unilateral Chetaev type in Nielsen style. The differential equations of motion of the system above are established. The definition and the criteria of Mei symmetry, loosely Mei symmetry, strictly Mei symmetry for the system are given in this paper. The existence condition and the expression of Mei conserved quantity are deduced directly by using Mei symmetry. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Symptom experience and symptom burden of patients following first-ever stroke within 1 year： a cross-sectional study

Symptoms that are multidimensional and concurrent should be assessed from different dimensions and managed together. Few studies have evaluated concurrent and multidimensional symptoms in patients with stroke. Most studies of stroke focused on dysfunctions and complications. We hypothesize that patients with stroke have a heavy symptom burden within 1 year. This study aimed to describe multidimensional and concurrent symptoms within 1 year after stroke. This study recruited 230 patients with stroke from the Rehabilitation Department of Xuhui District Center Hospital of Shanghai and the Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center in China from March to September 2017. The patients＇ multidimensional symptom experience and symptom burden were analyzed using a self-made structured questionnaire and the influential factors for symptom burden were identified. The mean number of symptoms in patients with stroke was 11.7 ± 3.5. More than two thirds of the participants suffered from at least 10 co-occurring symptoms. Unilateral limb weakness had the highest prevalence and frequency. Participation restriction had the highest symptom dimensions of severity and distress. Lack of self-care ability（severity）, memory deterioration（frequency）, imbalance of body（distress）, moodiness（distress）, being unable to move limbs at will（distress）, shoulder pain（distress）, and slower response（frequency） were independent factors of the total symptom burden score. These findings can provide essential information for efficient symptom management of patients with stroke.

MRS study on lentiform nucleus in idiopathic Parkinson‘s disease with unilateral symptoms

Objective: To investigate changes in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of lentiform nucleus during the early stage of Parkinson抯 disease. Methods: Twenty-five patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease with unilateral symptoms (IPDUS) and 25 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. MRS of the lentiform nucleus in each patient was taken and then concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), Creatine (Cr) and Choline (Cho) were calculated. Results: Compared to that in the control, NAA/ (Cho+Cr) was significantly lower in the lentiform nucleus contralateral to symptoms and even that in the ipsilateral side in IPDUS patients (all P<0.05); while there was no difference between the two sides in the healthy volunteer (P>0.05). The ratio of NAA/(Cho+Cr) ipsilateral to the sympatomatic side of the patient was also lower than that of the control (P<0.05). Conclusions: there might be some changes with MRS on the lentiform nucleus during the early stage of idiopathic Parkinson抯 disease with unilateral symptom. MRS may be one of the reliable methods for early or even sub-clinical diagnosis.

Contrast-free air cholangiography-assisted unilateral plastic stenting in malignant hilar biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND:Endoscopic palliation in malignant hilar biliary obstruction requires endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP),whereas contrast injection leads to cholangitis.Contrast-free metal stenting with or without magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has shown encouraging results,but MRCP and metal stents are costly.There have been no reports on the use of air cholangiography.METHODS:We prospectively evaluated the role of air cholangiography-assisted unilateral plastic stenting in 10 patients with type Ⅱ malignant hilar biliary obstruction.A retrospectively analysed group of 10 patients treated with contrast-free unilateral metal stenting served as historical controls.RESULTS:Ten patients with unresectable type Ⅱ malignant hilar biliary obstruction were studied.Air cholangiography detected type Ⅱ obstruction in all patients,similar to MRCP.The patients underwent unilateral stenting.Successful endoscopic drainage was achieved in all patients.The mean patency of the stent was 95.8±17.5 days in the study group and 143.9±115.1 days in the control group (P=0.20).The mean survival was 121.8±41.6 days in the study group and 154.9±122.5 days in the control group (P=0.42).KaplanMeier analysis showed an estimated median survival of 100:95% CI (65.9,134.1) days in the study group and 98:95% CI (84.1,111.9) days in the control group (P=0.62).Cholangitis occurred in none of the patients and there were no 30-day deaths nor major complications.Air cholangiographyassisted unilateral plastic stenting was cheaper than contrastfree unilateral metal stenting.CONCLUSION:Air cholangiography-assisted unilateral plastic stenting is as safe and effective as contrast-free unilateral metal stenting in type Ⅱ malignant hilar biliary obstruction for palliating patients,but it is cheaper.

Lie-form invariance of non-holonomic systems with unilateral constraints

In this paper the Lie-form invariance of the non-holonomic systems with unilateral constraints is studied. The definition and the criterion of the Lie-form invariance of the system are given. The generalized Hojman conserved quantity and a new type of conserved quantity deduced from the Lie-form invariance are obtained. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the application of the results.