Impact of utilization of hepatitis C positive organs in liver transplant:Analysis of united network for organ sharing database

BACKGROUND The utility of hepatitis C virus(HCV)organs has increased after the Food and Drug Administration approval of direct acting anti-viral(DAA)medications for the HCV treatment.The efficacy of DAA in treating HCV is nearly 100%.AIM To analyze the United Network for Organ Sharing(UNOS)database to compare the survival rates between the hepatitis C positive donors and negative recipients and hepatitis C negative donors and recipients.METHODS We analyzed the adult patients in UNOS database who underwent deceased donor liver transplant from January 2014 to December 2017.The primary endpoint was to compare the survival rates among the four groups with different hepatitis C donor and recipient status:(Group 1)Both donor and recipient negative for HCV(Group 2)Negative donor and positive recipient for HCV(Group 3)Positive donor and negative recipient for HCV(Group 4)Both positive donor and recipient for HCV.SAS 9.4 software was used for the data analysis.Kaplan Meier log rank test was used to analyze the estimated survival rates among the four groups.RESULTS A total of 24512 patients were included:Group 1:16436,Group 2:6174,Group 3:253 and Group 4:1649.The 1-year(Group 1:91.8%,Group 2:92.12%,Group 3:87%,Group 4:92.8%),2-year(Group 1:88.4%,Group 2:88.1%,Group 3:84.3%,Group 4:87.5%),3-year(Group 1:84.9%,Group 2:84.3%,Group 3:75.9%,Group 4:83.2%)survival rates showed no statistical significance among the four groups.Kaplan Meier log rank test did not show any statistical significance difference in the estimated survival rates between Group 3 vs all the other groups.CONCLUSION The survival rates in hepatitis C positive donors and negative recipients are similar as compared to both hepatitis C negative donors and recipients.This could be due to the use of DAA therapy with cure rates of nearly 100%.This study supports the use of hepatitis C positive organs in the selected group of recipients with and without HCV infection.Further long-term studies are needed to further validate these findings.

Rural Cooperative Economic Organized United Association: A Case Study of Baoding City of Hebei Province

Taking its development in Baoding City as an example, we introduced service fields of rural cooperative economic organized united association. It mainly includes setting up service platform and providing scientific and technological services; organizing economic and trade negotiation and exchange, and promoting farmer-supermarket partnership; providing financial services and solving fund-raising problems. In line with these fields, we analyzed existing problems: (i) regional development is unbalanced and organization lacks internal connection; (ii) the development in some counties (cities) is to be improved, and the promotion effect is not significant; (iii) there is shortage of talent and the innovation strength is not enough; and (iv) it lacks system and management lacks restriction mechanism. Finally, we put forward countermeasures and recommendations: strengthen propaganda and cultivate farmers' cooperative awareness; incorporate rural cooperative economic organized united association into formal system arrangement, and absorb professional talents; innovate upon organization system of rural cooperative economic organized united association and improve service methods; improve internal operating mechanism and innovate upon working contents of rural cooperative economic organized united association at new development background.

UNITED INTERNATIONAL CENTRAL CITY: A NEW SPATIAL ORGANIZATION MODEL IN TUMEN RIVER ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT ZONE

This paper puts forward a new conceptual idea on constructing an international central city in the Tumen River Economy Development Zone (TREDZ) on the basis of analysis of the superiorities and problems in developing city, and from the view point of present social, economic and natural conditions in this area and the background of Northeast Asia. The united international central city is the best distribution model not only in its polycentric spatial structure but also in organizing form. Its feasibility and practicability are thoroughly proved from various aspects including urban planning principles, comparison of port cities, special characteristics of cooperation in TREDZ, and natural, social, cultural factors etc.

Copper-organic Framework Constructed from Rod-shaped Secondary Building Units with Selective Sorption Property

One novel metal-organic framework [Cu2（L）（μ3-OH）]n（1, H3L = [1,1＇：3＇,1＇＇-terphenyl]-4,4＇＇,5＇-tricarboxylic acid） has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal powder X-ray diffraction, IR and thermogravimetric analyses. Complex 1 crystallizes in orthorhombic crystal system, space group Pbca with a = 21.573（19）, b = 5.404（5）, c = 33.78（3） ？, C21H（12）O7Cu2, Mr = 503.39, V = 3938（6） A^3, Z = 8, Dc = 1.698 g·cm^-3, μ = 2.202 mm^-1, F（000） = 2016, 1.531〈θ〈25.009°, λ（Mo Kα） = 0.71073 A, T = 293（2） K, the final R = 0.0448 and wR = 0.1002. The structure of complex 1 is a three-dimensional（3D） framework based on infinite rod-shaped secondary building units and can be simplified as kgd topology. The gas adsorption measurements for N2, CO2, H2O, CH3OH and CH3CH2OH have been done. Fortunately, the selective sorption of CO2 over N2 was found at 195 K.

Analysis of hepatitis C virus-positive organs in liver transplantation

The authors of this study note that in liver transplantation(LT),the survival rates of hepatitis C virus(HCV)-positive donors and HCV-negative receivers are compa-rable to those of HCV-negative donors and recipients.Direct-acting antiviral(DAA)therapies have nearly 100%effectiveness in treating HCV.Between 2006 and 2016,the percentages of HCV-positive patients on the waiting list and HCVpositive LT recipients fell by 8.2 percent and 7.6 percent,respectively.Records from April 1,2014,in which the donor and receiver were both at least 18 years old and had a positive HCV status,were the only ones eligible for the study.The analysis for this study was restricted to the first transplant recorded for each patient using a data element that documented the number of prior transplants for each recipient,although some recipients appeared multiple times in the data set.HCV-positive recipients or people with fulminant hepatic failure were the main beneficiaries of primary biliary cirrhosis among HCV-positive donors.However,there is still a reticence to use HCV-positive donor organs in HCV recipients due to clinical and ethical considerations.Similar survival rates between HCV-positive donors and recipients and HCV-negative donors and receivers illustrate the efficacy of these DAA regimens.

Integrating Sustainable Development into Global Institutions:Reforming the United Nations

This article will briefly outline the origins,structure and functions of United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development in the context of the goals of ecologically sustainable development(ESD).Economic development,social development and environmental protection form the three interconnected parts of ESD.The achievements of the key UN environmental institutions and programs in opening up the global system to civil society,the private sector and a diversity of actors and interests,promoting the role of poverty alleviation as part of ESD through the Millennium Development Goals,and facilitating important Multilateral Environmental Agreements should be recognized.However,with these notable exceptions,organizations such as United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development have become weak in scientific and technical leadership,global policy,co-ordination(inside and outside the UN) and has few achievements in the international and national implementation of obligations and standards in Global Environmental Governance-including enforcement,compliance and effectiveness.This article will outline the key reasons for this inadequacy.Attention will also be focused on the way forward through of a new United Nations Environment Organization.This will require a clarification of purpose and function(within the UN system and as part of global governance structures) as well as consideration of whether it depends on system-wide UN reform.It is recommended that medium and long term strategies for reform are necessary.

Inferior outcomes of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma during early-COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

BACKGROUND Early in the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,there was a significant impact on routine medical care in the United States,including in fields of transplantation and oncology.AIM To analyze the impact and outcomes of early COVID-19 pandemic on liver transplantation(LT)for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)in the United States.METHODS WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11,2020.We retrospectively analyzed data from the United Network for Organ Sharing(UNOS)database regarding adult LT with confirmed HCC on explant in 2019 and 2020.We defined pre-COVID period from March 11 to September 11,2019,and early-COVID period as from March 11 to September 11,2020.RESULTS Overall,23.5%fewer LT for HCC were performed during the COVID period(518 vs 675,P<0.05).This decrease was most pronounced in the months of March-April 2020 with a rebound in numbers seen from May-July 2020.Among LT recipients for HCC,concurrent diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis significantly increased(23 vs 16%)and alcoholic liver disease(ALD)significantly decreased(18 vs 22%)during the COVID period.Recipient age,gender,BMI,and MELD score were statistically similar between two groups,while waiting list time decreased during the COVID period(279 days vs 300 days,P=0.041).Among pathological characteristics of HCC,vascular invasion was more prominent during COVID period(P<0.01),while other features were the same.While the donor age and other characteristics remained same,the distance between donor and recipient hospitals was significantly increased(P<0.01)and donor risk index was significantly higher(1.68 vs 1.59,P<0.01)during COVID period.Among outcomes,90-day overall and graft survival were the same,but 180-day overall and graft were significantly inferior during COVID period(94.7 vs 97.0%,P=0.048).On multivariable Coxhazard regression analysis,COVID period emerged as a significant risk factor of post-transplant mortality(Hazard ratio 1.85;95%CI:1.28-2.68,P=0.001).CONCLUSION During COVID period,there was a significant decrease in LTs performed for HCC.While early postoperative outcomes of LT for HCC were same,the overall and graft survival of LTs for HCC after 180 days were significantly inferior.

Equality Testing for Soil Grid Unit Resolutions to Polygon Unit Scales with DNDC Modeling of Regional SOC Pools

Matching soil grid unit resolutions with polygon unit map scales is important to minimize the uncertainty of regional soil organic carbon(SOC) pool simulation due to their strong influences on the modeling.A series of soil grid units at varying cell sizes was derived from soil polygon units at six map scales,namely,1:50 000(C5),1:200 000(D2),1:500 000(P5),1:1 000 000(N1),1:4 000 000(N4) and 1:14 000 000(N14),in the Taihu Region of China.Both soil unit formats were used for regional SOC pool simulation with a De Nitrification-DeC omposition(DNDC) process-based model,which spans the time period from 1982 to 2000 at the six map scales.Four indices,namely,soil type number(STN),area(AREA),average SOC density(ASOCD) and total SOC stocks(SOCS) of surface paddy soils that were simulated by the DNDC,were distinguished from all these soil polygon and grid units.Subjecting to the four index values(IV) from the parent polygon units,the variations in an index value(VIV,%) from the grid units were used to assess its dataset accuracy and redundancy,which reflects the uncertainty in the simulation of SOC pools.Optimal soil grid unit resolutions were generated and suggested for the DNDC simulation of regional SOC pools,matching their respective soil polygon unit map scales.With these optimal raster resolutions,the soil grid units datasets can have the same accuracy as their parent polygon units datasets without any redundancy,when VIV < 1% was assumed to be a criterion for all four indices.A quadratic curve regression model,namely,y = – 0.80 × 10^(–6)x^2 + 0.0228 x + 0.0211(R^2 = 0.9994,P < 0.05),and a power function model R? = 10.394?^(0.2153)(R^2 = 0.9759,P < 0.05) were revealed,which describe the relationship between the optimal soil grid unit resolution(y,km) and soil polygon unit map scale(1:10 000x),the ratio(R?,%) of the optimal soil grid size to average polygon patch size(?,km^2) and the ?,with the highest R^2 among different mathematical regressions,respectively.This knowledge may facilitate the grid partitioning of regions during the investigation and simulation of SOC pool dynamics at a certain map scale,and be referenced to other landscape polygon patches' mesh partition.

单位犯罪成立条款的立法修正——以单位刑事责任理论为分析工具

有关单位犯罪的刑法规定的修改和完善,应以组织体责任论作为单位承担刑事责任根据的学理基础。在将单位与自然人刑事责任追究分别予以考量的前提下,必须厘清单位刑事责任与单位中自然人刑事责任的关系。相较于“平行方式”“总分方式”“剩余方式”,“连带方式”重视单位犯罪与自然人犯罪的特征,在定罪时形成必要兼顾,在量刑时形成彼此关照,因而在法理论证上更易形成说服力,在司法实践中也更具可操作性。在此基础上,探讨完善单位犯罪成立条件的具体路径:应借鉴《民法典》《公司法》等法律优化单位犯罪主体范围;从违反对外义务和对内义务理解单位犯罪的行为类型属于真正的不作为犯;单位不像自然人那般具备认识能力和控制能力,无法在单位犯罪中完全贯彻罪责主义或者主客观相统一原则;“事前合规”可从违反义务的角度以积极条件的方式加以规定,而“事后合规”则不应在定罪阶段予以考虑,应在量刑阶段作为减免单位责任的事由。

重症监护病房多重耐药菌感染分布情况及影响因素分析

目的分析重症监护病房(ICU)患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染的分布情况及其危险因素,并提出相关的预防和控制措施。方法本研究以2021年7月至2022年12月汕头市某三级甲等医院ICU收治的1407例患者为对象,回顾性收集其住院期间是否发生MDRO感染,分析MDRO感染发生率和分布情况,并分为MDRO感染组和非MDRO感染组进行比较,采用多因素logistic回归筛选MDRO感染的相关危险因素。结果ICU共有1407例住院患者均接受细菌培养及耐药菌株检测,其中男性患者为880例,女性患者为527例;MDRO感染发生率为18.69%(263/1407)。ICU中MDRO感染菌株主要涉及大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌等。多因素分析结果显示,合并心血管病(OR=1.453,95%CI 1.006~2.079)、广谱抗生素使用时长≥1周(OR=1.900,95%CI 1.377~2.620)、使用≥2联抗生素(OR=1.913,95%CI 1.378~2.655)、留置血管内导管(OR=2.456,95%CI 1.416~3.241)与MDRO感染风险增高有关(P<0.05)。结论ICU患者中MDRO的感染发生率相对其他普通病区仍处于较高水平,应针对MDRO感染的特点和相关的高危因素及时采取预防和控制措施,有效降低MDRO的感染发生率。

The self-organizing worm algorithm

A new multi-modal optimization algorithm called the self-organizing worm algorithm （SOWA） is presented for optimization of multi-modal functions. The main idea of this algorithm can be described as follows： disperse some worms equably in the domain; the worms exchange the information each other and creep toward the nearest high point; at last they will stop on the nearest high point. All peaks of multi-modal function can be found rapidly through studying and chasing among the worms. In contrast with the classical multi-modal optimization algorithms, SOWA is provided with a simple calculation, strong convergence, high precision, and does not need any prior knowledge. Several simulation experiments for SOWA are performed, and the complexity of SOWA is analyzed amply. The results show that SOWA is very effective in optimization of multi-modal functions.

Architecture and Methodology of Unit Testing Embedding Pair-Wise Mode for Small Team

In this paper, the new organization for unit testing embedding pair-wise mode is proposed with the core thought focused on the cooperation of programmer and tester by “cross-testing”. The typical content of unit testing for the new organizing mode should have three aspects, including self-checking, cross-testing and independent-testing. For cross-testing, executing “pair-wise” mode, mainly tackles data testing, function testing and state testing, which function testing must be done by details and state testing must be considered for completeness. With the specializing of independent-testing, it should be taken as more rigid testing without arbitrariness. Consequently, strategy and measure are addressed for data testing focusing on boundary testing and function/state testing. And organizing method of procedure and key points of tackling unit testing are investigated for the new organizing mode. In order to assess the validity of our study and approach, a series of actual examples are demonstrated for GUI software. The result indicates that the execution of unit testing for the new organizing mode is effective and applicable.

Localized Corrosion in Copper Tubes by Volatile Organic Substance

An unusual form of localized corrsion in copper tubes was detected early in service and in leakage tests after manufacturing.The morphology of this corrosion is similar to that of an ant's nest when viewed in cross section. The corrosion mechanisms, cases ofant's nest corrosion, and preventive measures are presented.

单位犯罪教义学的两个问题

刑法教义学体系中应区别自然人构建单位或法人的教义学理论。对法人进行制裁,应首先考虑三点:法人是否具有人格;法人是否具有刑事责任能力;法人是否具有独立承担刑事谴责的可能性。立足法制统一原则,从刑法与民商法的关系来看,刑法并没有确认某一主体人格的功能,在民法上承认法人具有人格,在刑法上也就不能否认法人不具有人格。单位人格的特殊性,实质上决定了对单位承担刑事责任的哲学根据不是其具有相对的意志自由,而是其内部治理结构存在着弊端。组织体责任论的“内核”应采取规则组织体的观念,从合规的角度对单位进行分析,单位犯罪成立的判断流程设计应当在构成要件的适格性阶段进行。

黑龙江省逊克平原土壤有机碳分布与变化特征

根据1∶25万土地质量地球化学调查取得的有机碳数据,采用单位土壤碳量法计算土壤碳储量,结果显示:逊克平原土壤表层(0~0.2 m)有机碳储量为87.43 Mt,中层(0~1.0 m)为332.70 Mt,深层(0~1.8 m)为457.62 Mt.土壤表层有机碳密度为6.52 kg/m2,中层为24.82 kg/m2,深层为34.14 kg/m2.按地貌、土壤、土地利用和生态系统类型分别计算了土壤有机碳储量和碳密度,并与1986年第二次土壤普查成果比较,显示逊克平原土壤有机碳变化呈碳源效应,全区土壤有机碳减少了8.48 Mt,有机碳密度下降了8.94%.

新时代发展社会组织协商的逻辑进路

社会组织协商是社会主义协商民主的重要渠道,是基层协商的重要组成部分。党的二十大提出“坚持党的领导、统一战线、协商民主有机结合”的战略部署,为发展社会组织协商提供更为宏阔的创新空间,三者“有机结合”形成推动社会组织协商的强大动力源。党的领导为社会组织协商提供根本政治保证,统一战线为社会组织协商画出最大“同心圆”,协商民主为社会组织协商规定本质内容。社会组织要以加强自身建设为起点,积极融入坚持党的领导、统一战线、协商民主有机结合的伟大实践之中,在坚持三者“有机结合”的坐标系和动力场内积极参与、发展协商民主。

Effect of the Early Introduction of Mild Mobilization Performed by Nurses on the Recovery of Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Rationale: Recent studies have reported the effectiveness of the early introduction of rehabilitation for preventing muscle weakness in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). The early introduction of full-scale rehabilitation by a physical therapist is difficult in some cases because of disease severity and/or patient conditions. However, mild mobilization by a nurse (MMN), as a part of standard care performed, may have a positive effect on patient recovery. We examined the effect of the early introduction of MMN on the recovery of patients in the ICU. Methods: We retrospectively examined patients admitted to Niigata University Hospital’s ICU during between April 2014 and March 2015 who were receiving mechanical ventilation for 7 days or more. Patients were divided into two groups according to the date of initiation of MMN: group L comprised patients for whom MMN was started after 72 hours and group E comprised patients for whom MMN was started within 72 hours after ICU admission. The data were analyzed using the Fisher test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon test. Statistical significance was defined as P Results: Sixty-three patients were included: 42 patients in group L and 21 in group E. There was no significant difference between the two groups in patients’ background, including the type of illness, steroid use, presence of sepsis or diabetes, and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on ICU admission;however, the SOFA score at ICU discharge was significantly decreased in group E compared to that in group L (6.21 versus 4.30;P = 0.034). Conclusion: Our results indicate that MMN may reduce disease severity if started within 72 hours after ICU admission.

统战团结精神与现代中国社会的组织化

中国共产党通过统战工作,实现了现代中国社会的组织化,体现了统战团结精神。现代社会乃是有活力、有序的组织化社会或有机社会,社会学有关有机团结思想有益于理解现代社会的组织化与有机化。统战工作达到的团结,显然不是机械团结,而是强调一致性与多样性辩证统一的有机团结,是统战团结。中国共产党的统战工作以尊重分工但又超越分工及其特殊利益的无产阶级政党学说为理论基础,强调“每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件”,致力于重建社会关系,实现广泛的社会动员与团结,形成了优越于自由主义政体的现代社会动员及其组织化传统。新时代中国统战及其社会的组织化,特别体现为:国家民族的集聚与认同建构;吸纳与团结知识分子以推进社会的理性化;吸纳和团结新的阶层人士特别是民营企业家以推进经济社会建设。

国家力量、推送模式与国际组织的国家代表性——基于联合国系统职员数据的实证分析

成员国在国际组织任职的本国公民数量是该国在组织中代表性的重要组成部分。职员是成员国对国际组织施加非正式影响的途径之一,因此国际组织中的国家代表性也成为各成员国关注的重点。国家物质性力量、非物质性力量、国际组织活动数量以及时间对国家代表性均产生一定的影响。其中,非物质性力量在此前探讨国家代表性影响机制的研究中鲜有出现。通过对联合国成员国40年的数据进行分析以及对上述国家代表性影响因素进行验证,发现传统工业化国家和新兴国家在联合国的代表性特征各有不同。对亚洲和欧洲国家的案例分析进一步表明,如若按照国家力量水平和增长率这两个维度进行分类,不同国家在推动本国公民进入国际组织时采取的不同模式,可以概括为“维持秩序型国家”“寻求重构型国家”“顺水推舟型国家”及“被迫改变型国家”。这些国家在国际组织中的职员代表性现状千差万别,将本国公民推送进入国际组织投入的资源也各不相同。本研究对国家代表性领域过往文献进行了理论与实证补充,并为主权国家向国际组织输送本国公民任职的实践提供政策启示。

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Three-dimensional Metal-organic Framework [Zn_3(C_2H_2N_3)_2(C_7H_5O_2)_4]

Hydrothermal reaction between mixed ligand（1,2,4-triazole and benzoic acid） and Zn（NO3）2·6H2O afforded a three-dimensional（3D） metal-organic framework Zn3（C2H2N3）2（C7H5O2）4（C2H2N3=1,2,4-triazole, C7H5O2=benzoic acid）. The compound was crystallized in the hexagonal system with space group R3： a=2.90234（9） nm, b=2.90234（9） nm, c=1.08597（5） nm, γ=120°, V=7.9222（5） nm^3, Mr=816.68, Dc=1.541 g/cm^3, Z=9, F（000）=3708, R=0.0636, and wR=0. 1777. Its structure consists of ZnN2O2 tetrahedron and ZnN204 octahedron, which are connected by 1,2,4-triazole and benzoic acid ligands to form a 3D framework with helical units. This compound forms an interpenetrated NbO topology. The compound was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, FTIR spectra, and TGA measurements.