A Study of the Universal Two-child Policy’s Impact on China’s Future Population

The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.

Population ageing and the impacts of the universal two-child policy on China’s socio-economy

The two-child policy was officially proclaimed in the Guideline of the 13th Five-Year Plan and approved in March 2016.This article provides a detailed analysis of the Chinese demographic structure characterised by ageing with sub-replacement fertility.It argues that the universal two-child policy is timely and necessary for the New Normal economy.The policy has significance in relieving socio-economic pressure and promoting economic growth,for which it is not only a necessary premise but also a sufficient condition.Having reviewed the evolution of the demographic transition theory,this research undertakes a comparative analysis of different stages of demographic transition in different regions across the world.It further investigates the three stages of successful demographic transition in China.The universally adopted two-child policy,as it meets the requirements of demographic transition,is also inevitable for socio-economic development.

From“selective two-child policy”to universal two-child policy:Will the payment crisis of China’s pension system be solved?

With the rapid population aging,the payment crisis of China’s pension insurance fund is increasing yearly.The government adjusts fertility policy to alleviate population aging and improve the solvency of pension insurance fund.On January1,2016,China’s fertility policy was adjusted from“selective two-child policy”to universal two-child policy.This paper establishes actuarial models to analyze how fertility policy adjustment influences the pension insurance fund and concludes as follows:(1)if the“one-child policy”were still employed,the accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would appear in the year of 2076;(2)if all couples that satisfy the rules of“selective two-child policy”bear the second child,the time of accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would be postponed by about 9 years;(3)after implementing universal two-child policy,the time of accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would delay under different situations of fertility intentions,if more than 54% of the qualified couples bear a second child,the accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would not appear before 2090.The above conclusions have passed the sensitivity tests.Therefore,“two-child policy”can alleviate the payment pressure of pension insurance fund.If the government wants to solve the payment crisis of pension insurance fund,fertility intentions should be improved.

The Impacts of the Universal Two-Child Policy on China's Population

The universal two-child policy,implemented in October,2015,is considered to be the most significant adjustment in the history of China's family planning program.Using data from the 2014 national population sampling survey,this paper employs a population group-component calculation and projection method to compute the number of target population in 2016 and then to estimate the number of extra births that are likely to result from implementation of the universal two-child policy.The results show that the total number of extra births is estimated to be approximately 17.2 million in the years 2017-2021,with the number of extra births per year ranging from approximately 1.6 to 4.7 million.This will lead to a dramatic shift in China's TFR from an estimated 1.6 in 2016 to one approaching the replacement level,and then dropping to a projected 1.7.With the universal two-child policy in place,China's total population will grow to about 1.45 billion around 2028 and then gradually begin shrioking.The labor force will become larger under the universal two-child policy than it would if the stricter birth control policy were maintained,with an estimated 50 million additional people aged 15-59 in 2050.With implementation of China's new fertility policy,an estimated 34%of the population will be over 60 years of age in 2050,almost three percentage points lower than the level if the former fertility policy were continued.

Study on the Influence of the the Universal Two-childPolicy on China＇s Pension Payment

In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the ＂Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues＂ adopted by the Filth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 15, 2013, the party is the only child. Female couples can have a policy of giving birth to two children. On October 29, 2015, China introduced the ＂two-child policy＂, completely replacing the ＂one-child policy＂ that has been implemented in China for more than 30 years. The ＂two-child comprehensive＂ can alleviate the unfavorable population trend that plagues China＇s social security system to a certain extent. Optimize the age structure of the population and increase the supply of labor. However, for a long time, the financial distress and management dilemma faced by China＇s pension payment still exist, and the loose population birth policy will have a great impact on reducing pension payment, and will gradually appear in the policy implementation. This article combines the ＂comprehensive two-child＂ policy, focusing on the role of the new population birth policy to alleviate the pressure on China＇s pension.

China's Universal Second-Child Policy: Grounds, Effects and Strategies

The 13 th Five-Year Plan(2016─2020), with the balanced development of population being the core element, is crucial for China. The superimposed effect of an aging population and low birthrate leading to a reduction in the labor supply would have a fundamental influence on the long term balanced development of China's population, implying that China's population policy must be adjusted. This paper argues that a gradual relaxation of the family-planning policy adjustments accords with the original intention of the population policy design and development direction. The universal second-child policy is the logical results of the adjustment and improvement of China's family-planning policy, and is designed to bring about positive effects on future demographic and economic development, particularly in sustaining the long term balanced development of China's population, easing the marriage squeeze, extending the demographic dividend, and delaying the population aging process. China needs to develop and improve support and governance systems for fully implementing the universal second-child policy, realizing the policy transition from rewarding one-child families to population security and the modern transition of governance systems and capacity to a universal second-child policy.

The employment impact analysis of Full-scale two-child policy for career women

With the development of China＇s childbearing policy changes in recent years, it causes effects to women＇s social life. Based on the questionnaire survey of influencing factors about professional women＇s intention of second child birth and with two child policy was carry out as the background, summed up the three major factors influencing the working women fertility fertility intention, emotional factors and external security. At the same time using the structural equation model, studies the impact of the influence factors to the career development of working women. The conclusion is that childbearing willing has little effects on the professional women in Shanghai, emotional factors and external security has certain impact on women＇ s employment.

Research on spending policy for university endowment funds

University endowment funds are important capitals in many universities in China today. A lot of universities target their endowment spending at a fixed spending ratio. Because of volatile inflation, it is not optimal. In this paper, the author analyzes the importance of spending policy of university endowment funds, and suggests two models in accordance with inflation-adjusted value.

Perception of Universal Healthcare among College Students, Faculty, and Staff at the University of Evansville

The U.S. is a country founded on freedoms protected by our constitution. A debate rages currently about whether healthcare is a human right. We conducted a survey at the University of Evansville regarding perceptions of Universal Healthcare among students, faculty, and staff in the College of Education and Health Sciences. Over ninety percent of those who responded agreed that healthcare was a human right. This indicates a strong need for better policy discussion that includes the voice of the everyday person.

Tackling China’s Pension Fund Payment Crisis:Will the “Two-Child Policy” Be the Answer?——An example with the basic pension insurance program for urban employees

Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.

Seizures Related to Two-child Policy:A Case Report

From 1979 to 2012,the Chinese government implemented the one-child policy to control population growth.In 2013,families in which either parent was the only one child were allowed to apply for a second child.In 2016,China’s universal two-child policy was finally imposed.As such,many children who had always been the center of their family’s universe due to the unique family structure stemming from the one-child policy era became elder siblings during their adolescence.We report a case of a 9-year-old girl who developed seizures after the birth of her younger sister.The combination of clinical observation,laboratory examinations,and video-electroencephalography was not enough to make a confident diagnosis of epilepsy initially.Given her patient history and follow-up investigation,we speculated the two-child policy was related to her seizures.To our knowledge,this is the first report of seizures strongly related to the two-child policy.

Teaching Today＇s Students to Build Tomorrow＇s Universally Designed Society

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines the term universal design as the design of products, environments, programs and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. This paper attempts to highlight the importance of universal design as a core element in the training of architects and engineers. It emphasizes the need for students to take an interdisciplinary, comprehensive, and analytic approach to universal design through degree courses in these fields. An interdisciplinary teaching program for universal design as part of an introductory course for first-year students at Bergen University College in Norway, illustrates one possible strategy for raising awareness of universal design and for improving interaction across disciplines. In this context, the paper discusses the relevance of the seven principles of universal design as guidelines for the built environment. It also emphasizes why universal design should be an integral part of established subjects rather than be classified as a separate subject in a bachelor＇s or master＇s degree program.

The Influence of the Two-child Policy on Urbanization in China

Family planning has been China's basic national policy since 1980, but it changed from a onechild policy to a two-child policy at the end of 2015 as which will further stimulate the rapid growth of China's population and have a profound impact on the population structure and land use in China. Based on the forecast of total population change in national and provincial dimensions after the two -child policy, the paper forecasted the spatial pattern of China's population and provincial differentiation over the next 15 years, and discussed the far-reaching impact on the future urban and rural land use and planning. Conclusions as follows: the two-child policy will achieve rapid population growth in the next 5 years, then there will be a stable growth phase;the peak of China's population increase will occur in 2030 with a total population of about 1.55 billion people, which will continue the regional differentiation of urbanization, and urbanization level in southeastern region will remain generally higher than that of the northwest. In addition, population growth brings new demands in urban and rural construction land, therefore, more intensive use of land will be the inevitable choice for the future development for China.

Effects of the New Two-child Policy On Family Old-age Security

This paper analyzes the current situation of the aging population and low fertility rate.lt is found that the aging process is accelerated, the population growth potential is decreased, and the elderly dependency ratio is higher.Secondly, this paper mainly analyzes the impact of the new two-child policy on family pension security from three aspects： population policy, family support and social security.There are two aspects of the effects, the positive effects are：improve fertility, reduce elderly dependency ratio, relieve population aging,enhance the family development： the negative effects are： tremendous pressure on public resources, further inequality in birth right, heavy economic pressure on the family.At last. this paper puts forward the constructive countermeasures against the problems of the policy and the was out of the family old-age security.

Assessing the Impact of the“Two-child Policy”in China:The Effects of the Second Child on the Growth of Teenagers

Purpose:China’s new universal two-child policy has brought a baby boom of the second child in 2016.With the changing family structures,elder children in adolescence may have more and more emotional and even psycholog­ical problems such as“two-child syndrome”.This paper aims to explore the“influence factors and mechanism of the second child on the growth of teenagers”and has great practical significance to promote the physical and mental health of teenagers and the harmony of two-child families.Design/methodology/approach:By means of literature analysis,in-depth interview,questionnaire survey and statistical analysis,the elder children aged 12 to 18 in the two-child family were taken as the main body of the survey,and an empirical research based on NLP understanding hierarchy theory was carried out.Major Findings:(1)The most significant influence on the growth of teenagers is the attitude of parents,and then the gender of the first child.(2)Parents’favouritism towards the second child would lead to decline in the first child’s academic performance.(3)The higher the family income,the less the influence on the first child’s life.(4)When the age difference is large,the first child and the second child are not easy to have conflicts.Practical implications:Parents should try to treat any children equally.Parents should pay attention to the sibling relationship of their two chil­dren with small age gap.Parents who have two children with a large age gap should properly guide the elder child to help take care of the younger brother or sister.Originality/value:This study contributes to the growing literature focus­ing on the influence factors and mechanism of the second child on the growth of teenagers in the context of China’s new universal two-child policy.It adds some early empirical insights on the physical and mental health of teenagers in two-child families.

Public Policy Qualities and Training of New Engineering Talents in China-Based on the Practice and Enlightenment of EPP Professional Talent Training at Carnegie Mellon University

As a measure for higher engineering education in the new era to deal with a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial reform,China,s new engineering construction is an important strategic deployment to cultivate diversified and innovative engineering talents.In order to promote the new engineering construction in an all-rounded wa%talent training is the key.Compared with traditional engineering talents,new engineering talents need to have richer values and normative knowledge,especially public policy qualities,which is the ability that new engineering talents should have in this complex and changeable environment.The EPP(Engineering and Public Policy)professional training model at Carnegie Mellon University provides useful practical experience for the cultivation of public policy qualities of new engineering talents.

我国地方高校转型发展政策研究——138份中央与省级政策文本的分析

本研究基于138份政策文本,构建“政策工具政策内容要素”二维分析框架,考察地方高校转型政策工具的组合方式和不同政策内容要素的受重视程度。研究发现,转型政策过于依赖能力建设性政策工具,政策工具组合方式有待优化;政策内容呈现碎片化倾向,政策之间尚未形成发展合力;政策内容要素与政策工具的适配性不足,政策制定的科学性有待提升。基于此,我国应以新一轮审核评估为参照,提高应用型高校建设政策与评估政策的协同效应;出台高水平应用型高校支持计划,发挥政策示范效应;加强高校分类研究与设计,建设高质量应用型高等教育。

世界一流大学开放科学数据政策体系框架及内容要素研究

[目的/意义]针对世界一流大学制定的开放科学数据政策体系展开调研分析,以期为国内科研机构制定与完善开放科学数据政策体系提出政策建议。[方法/过程]本研究首先调研了世界一流大学制定的开放科学数据政策体系,其次归纳了其开放科学数据政策体系所包含的政策类型及涉及的相关政策法规,然后分析了各个政策类型应涵盖的与开放科学数据相关的政策内容要素,最后针对我国科研机构制定与完善开放科学数据政策体系提出了政策建议。[结果/结论]建议国内科研机构参考与借鉴世界一流大学的先进政策实践,尽快制定涵盖个人数据保护、科研档案管理、科研诚信管理、科研伦理治理、知识产权保护、数据安全管理等相关政策的开放科学数据政策体系,在政策制定层面支持科学数据、原始资料、科研档案的协同管理,以期确保在科学数据全生命周期内遵守近年来持续调整的各类相关政策法规,并关注科研机构与资助机构、出版机构、数据知识库等其他利益相关者制定的开放科学数据政策之间的政策协同问题。

全民健康覆盖视域下健康中国行动政策演进分析

目的:探究健康中国行动从酝酿布局阶段到全面实施阶段的政策演进,为加快推动健康中国建设提供理论依据。方法:收集2016—2022年国家层面健康中国行动相关政策文件946件,进行政策文本分析。结果:健康中国行动酝酿布局阶段以全方位干预健康影响因素为主,维护全生命周期健康和防控重大疾病为辅,重点关注健康环境、全民健身和健康知识普及行动;全面实施阶段三大健康领域均衡发展,重点关注传染病及地方病防控、老年健康、健康知识普及行动、中小学生健康和妇幼健康促进行动。结论:健康中国行动紧贴时代特征和现实国情,全面实施以来政策建设取得较好进展,不同健康领域和专项重点行动的政策主题存在阶段性变化,框架结构逐渐优化并趋于均衡,但整体层面按时完成率和部分行动总体完成率有待提高,还需重点加强心理健康和慢性病防治行动建设。

美国研究型大学的拔尖创新人才选拔

美国研究型大学在招生选拔目标上注重考查拔尖创新人才的T型知识结构、创造性思维和强烈的内在动机。在选拔手段上普遍采用综合评价机制,多数大学侧重对学生申请材料的整体评价,少数大学侧重个人独特品质的整体评价或是对学生学习环境的整体评价,但均看重多元考试成绩和学习背景,只有少数高选拔性私立大学注重对学生非学术因素的评价。在拔尖创新人才的选拔质量和公信力的制度保障上,美国大学拥有充分的自主权,但制度保障缺乏透明性,考试机构和高中则主要发挥基础性作用。其对我国研究型大学拔尖创新人才选拔的启示,一是科学考查基础学科拔尖创新人才的多样性特质,二是优化以统一考试为基础的中国特色综合评价机制,三是在人才选拔过程的公平性上继续完善管理制度保障。