Mohist Theoretic System: The Rivalry Theory of Confucianism and Interconnections With the Universal Values and Global Sustainability

Mohism was established in the Warring State period for two centuries and half.It is the third biggest schools following Confucianism and Daoism.Mozi(468 B.C.-376 B.C.)was the first major intellectual rivalry to Confucianism and he was taken as the second biggest philosophy in his times.However,Mohism is seldom studied during more than 2,000 years from Han dynasty to the middle Qing dynasty due to his opposition claims to the dominant Confucian ideology.In this article,the author tries to illustrate the three potential functions of Mohism:First,the critical/revision function of dominant Confucianism ethics which has DNA functions of Chinese culture even in current China;second,the interconnections with the universal values of the world;third,the biological constructive function for global sustainability.Mohist had the fame of one of two well-known philosophers of his times,Confucian and Mohist.His ideas had a decisive influence upon the early Chinese thinkers while his visions of meritocracy and the public good helps shape the political philosophies and policy decisions till Qin and Han(202 B.C.-220 C.E.)dynasties.Sun Yet-sen(1902)adopted Mohist concepts“to take the world as one community”(tian xia wei gong)as the rationale of his democratic theory and he highly appraised Mohist concepts of equity and“impartial love”(jian ai).Liang Qichao and Lu Xun appreciated Mohism.And early Chinese Communist Party leaders,such as Chen Duxiu,Li Dazhao,Zhang Tailei,and Mao Zedong had highly complimented Mohism,including the dialectic materialism.To some extent,Mohism had big impact on the theories of Chinese Communist Party.

Critical Dialogue on Creating Public Value:The Comparisons of Confucian Value,Socialist Core Value,Universal Value and Public Value

The Creating Public Value Theory by Mark Moore is more and more accepted all over the world.China has been a value-oriented society for all her history.However,China has been dominated by the Confucian ethics and modern political elite values,especially traditional instilled civil servants values and modern socialist core value.The public value of China has been highly cultured and localized.This paper tries to review briefly and make the critical comments on the following issues:(1)Confucian value;(2)the socialist core value;(3)the universal value;(4)the human common value;and(5)the public value.The paper highlights what differences of conceptualizing public value between China and the Western countries.

Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) as an Alternative Evaluation Tool for Historical Built Heritages in Lahore, Pakistan

Heritage Impact Assessments(HIAs)are progressively needed to investigate potential impacts and outcomes of development on the Outstanding Universal Value(OUV)of world heritage properties.However,many key stakeholders involved in implementing the World Heritage Convention lack the management system,methodological tools,and guidelines to conduct effective impact assessments in areas without these resources.The paper explores the successful utilization of the Heritage Impact Assessment(HIA)tool to address concerns raised by UNESCO and civil society.This occurred when the Punjab government initiated the Orange Line Metro Train Project(OLMT)near the World Heritage Shalimar Garden and other historic monuments in Lahore.The project aimed to meet the daily transportation needs of around 2.5 million commuters.