Assessment of Air Pollution,by the Urban Traffic,in University Campus of Bucharest

This study aims to measure traffic-related air pollution of vehicles with internal combustion, the main source of emissions of BTEX, organic compounds and NOx, NO2, NO, O3, CO, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5, inorganic compounds, in three sites of the University campus, surrounded by residential areas. According to the University data, around 8000 students are being exposed daily to the measured level of pollution, in all 3 studied places of campus. A mobile laboratory was used, which continuously measures above mentioned pollutants and mete-orological parameters. The diurnal variation of BTEX, in a sunny and rainy day showed two peaks of BTEX concentration in the morning and evening. In the rainy days, the non-polar (hydrophobic) compounds as BTEX are mechanically trained by rain into the ground, where either they enter into the groundwater, or volatilized and re-enter in the air. Particulate matter such as PM10 and PM2.5 is, in a large part, carried by the rain into the soil. The polar compounds (hydrophilic, NOx, SO2) dissolves in the rainwater and are absorbed in the soil (increasing soil acidity) and evaporated towards the clouds (leading to acid rain). In our study, BTEX compounds removed by the rain varied between 62% - 75%, NOx and SO2, 80% and 77% respectively. Particulate matters were washed out up to 68% for PM10, and 42% for PM2.5. In the sunny days the air pollution with measured concentrations of O3 (121.66 ± 7.02, 123.56 ± 4.89 μg/m3) remained for 7 hours close to the limit value (120 μg/m3). The maximum of solar radiation, with corresponding low concentrations in NOx and xylene, corresponds to photochemical reactions in the atmosphere, generating photochemical smog. In a sunny day and high traffic, we found the maximum value 5.4 μg/m3 for benzene, for 30 min., a known human carcinogen, exceeding the annual limit value de 5 μg/m3. The average background, from benzene, in three University campuses daily visited by around 8000 students was 0.97 μg/m3, exposed to 1.46 μg/m3 and the cancer risk is 1/100,000.

Evidence-based Landscape Design of University Campus:Relationship Between Characteristics of Outdoor Environments and Actual Uses of Students

Several studies have shown a positive relationship between high quality outdoor environments and users’health.Education of agricultural professionals also demands high quality outdoor environments in order to promote students’wellbeing,which in turn supports scientific researches.This study analyzed relationship between students’actual uses and campus outdoor environments,identified what environmental characteristics that students prefered,how they used and why they participated in the outdoor activities.The results could be used as guidance of campus design and management.Investigation of three universities in Harbin provided 686 valid questionnaires.The results suggested that health awareness effectively promoted students’use frequencies of outdoor environments.Environment with"natural"and"cultural"characteristics,especially undulating landform,vibrant plants and landmarks in a serpentins design style attracted more uses.Female students showed more preferences on social interaction activities than males.Students who had good economic consumption levels and participated in outdoor activities frequntly in childhood prefered to join all the kinds of activities after university enrollment.

Peking University Campus:From Ruined Garden to Yan Yuan

The current location of Peking University used to be the campus of Yenching University which was called Yan Yuan. It is situated in the northwestern suburb of Beijing, neighboring the well-known Qing-Dynasty imperial resorts "Summer Palace" and "Fragrant Hill" and the celebrated Tsinghua University.With the naturally endowed landscape, the northwest of Beijing became famous as ideal scenic resorts as early as 800 years ago. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, a cluster of imperial and private gardens were built on the site of

Investigation on occupant presence and appliance operation schedules for university campus in south China sub-tropical area

Building occupant presence during varying periods is crucial to the performance studies of buildings and city regions.However,the understanding of the building occupancies on the university campus remains limited.To address this gap,our study employs field measurements,payment records,course arrangements,and building access systems to depict the occupancy patterns of the canteen,dormitory,library,and teaching and lab buildings during weekdays and weekends.We found that the occupancy rates across different buildings are somehow interrelated,given that the total number of occupants on campus is generally constant.Notably,dormitory occupancy rates tend to be low during the morning and afternoon course hours,which inversely correlates with the high occupancy rates in the teaching and lab buildings during these periods.Similarly,canteens experience surges in occupancy during meal times,which coincide with a decrease in library usage.Moreover,we established appliance operation schedules for dormitories through surveys and on-site investigations.Water dispensers and electronic devices were identified as the primary energy consumers for both male and female occupants,with desk-top fans and hairdryers being significant energy users for male and female occupants,respectively.These findings are essential for energy studies within a campus setting,underlining the importance of considering occupant behaviors on a regional scale.

Conception and Planning of Campus Landscape Combined with Nature Education Based on Species Survey:A Case Study of North China University of Technology

From the perspective of habitats and species diversity in biodiversity,the species and richness of plants and animals in the campus green spaces of North China University of Technology were surveyed comprehensively by natural observation and field investigation.A total of 118 species of plants and 70species of animals were investigated.The relationship between plants and animals on the campus was analyzed qualitatively.Based on this,the richness of species in the plots suitable for natural education in the sites was investigated and analyzed,and the situations in different seasons were compared to plan natural education areas and trails.In addition,the ways to increase the biodiversity of the sites,the connection between habitats and landscape elements,and the setting of relevant landscape sites were discussed,and it was proposed to integrate more natural education methods to attract people to carry out natural education of biodiversity in the university campus with a learning atmosphere.

The University Campus in the United States-As a Designed Work to Produce Knowledge;and as an Artefact of Cultural Heritage

The university campus in the United States is a unique architectural and landscape architecture typology.Nothing like it existed until Harvard University was established in 1638.Invented during in the 17th century by the American colonists and later developed during the American Industrial Revolution,the American campus is a community devoted to teaching and generating knowledge.It can be urban,suburban,and/or rural in form and its planning directly correlates with a university’s research mission and the pedagogy of the American university system.Its buildings and landscapes are embedded with iconography,which the founding builders used to convey their values to future generations.This paper presents the history of how this designed work first emerged in American society and then evolved in ways that responded to changes that occurred in America.At the end of the 20th century,universities conserved parts of them as cultural heritage monuments.Originally,the university campus was built to disseminate a classical education,but later,the campus was built for technical and agricultural education.By the beginning of the 20th century,professional education and sport changed its architecture and landscape.The paper briefly discusses that while it has inspired how universities are built to teach and generate knowledge throughout the world.It concludes by reaffirming its value to cultural heritage and that it should be conserved.

Loving Groups Change Climate of University Campuses

ESTABLISHED at the Nanjing Teachers’ University, members of the Loving Fund, a group of university students and teachers who participate in charitable activities to aid poor students, has gradually increased its influence throughout the university and society. In 1992, 69 new students from southern and northern Jiangsu

Mathematical modelling of the spread of COVID-19 on a university campus

In this paper we present a deterministic transmission dynamic compartmental model for the spread of the novel coronavirus on a college campus for the purpose of analyzing strategies to mitigate an outbreak.The goal of this project is to determine and compare the utility of certain containment strategies including gateway testing,surveillance testing,and contact tracing as well as individual level control measures such as mask wearing and social distancing.We modify a standard SEIR-type model to reflect what is currently known about COVID-19.We also modify the model to reflect the population present on a college campus,separating it into students and faculty.This is done in order to capture the expected different contact rates between groups as well as the expected difference in outcomes based on age known for COVID-19.We aim to provide insight into which strategies are most effective,rather than predict exact numbers of infections.We analyze effectiveness by looking at relative changes in the total number of cases as well as the effect a measure has on the estimated basic reproductive number.We find that the total number of infections is most sensitive to parameters relating to student behaviors.We also find that contact tracing can be an effective control strategy when surveillance testing is unavailable.Lastly,we validate the model using data from Villanova University's online COVID-19 Dashboard from Fall 2020 and find good agreement between model and data when superspreader events are incorporated in the model as shocks to the number of infected individuals approximately two weeks after each superspreader event.

Detection of Mercury in Soil and Some Leaf Plants in Campus AL-Mustansaryah University, Baghdad, Iraq

The study was undertaken to assess the extent of mercury contamination in the soil and three types of leaf plants in Campus AL-Mustansaryah University sites within Baghdad, Iraq, as well as to determine the relationship between environmental parameters and the distribution of the mercury contamination with carbon in soil samples were collected and analyzed for inorganic mercury. The highest mercury concentrations were recorded at the sites located lowest cover the plant and close to the diesel-electric generators. Mercury concentrations in leaf plant Ziziphusspina-christi higher concentration than the rest type and soil were mostly higher mercury concentration. Also ratio of carbon to coincide with the increase in the concentration of mercury in the soil of the study areas. Mercury is more biologically because of his preference to bind with carbon. This research confirms that Campus University is key areas for formation of bioavailable mercury distribution is tied to organic carbon.

Conception of Planning Scheme of Zijingang West Campus of Zhejiang University

This paper, by introducing the conception of planning scheme of Zijingang West Campus of Zhejiang University, expounds how to integrate the traditional "human landscape" spirit into the planning and design of the modern campus, so as to create a personalized campus where cultural traditions are complementary to natural atmosphere. In this paper, with the campus planning and design as an extension as well as the blending and symbiosis between urban historical culture and natural scenery as the focus of attention, the Chinese thinking pattern stressing prefect harmony and in-depth dialogue between culture and nature is expected to be applied to the construction of modern cities to build and improve the "Shanshui city" planning system so that the planning concept that Chinese thought, "unity of man and nature", is used to build modern cities is carried forward.

THE NEW CAMPUS OF TIBET UNIVERSITY

On 13th of July,2007,the new campus of Tibet University was built and put into operation.The campus maintenance and expansion project of the university was setup on Nov.8,2004 with total investment of 540 million Yuan.Expansion area in this project covers 135 thousand sq.meters.In this project,the new campus which could accommodation with 4350 students is funded with 480 million Yuan and covers the area of 120 thousand sq.meters.

Research on the Difference of Human Thermal Comfort Perception in Outdoor Space of Campus in North China

Outdoor space on campus is an important place for daily activities of teachers and students,and there is an important connection between thermal comfort and users’ feelings.It is of great significance to explore the difference of thermal comfort perceived by human body for the effective use and renovation of space.With the typical outdoor space in the campus of North China University of Technology as the monitoring object,the influencing factors of the difference of human thermal comfort perception were analyzed by measuring the microclimate data of outdoor space in winter and the data of thermal comfort questionnaire.The results showed that the subjective feeling of human body to environmental thermal comfort in winter in outdoor space of campus in north China was correlated with various factors,and had significant correlation with gender and height.The research results are helpful to further explore the difference of thermal comfort perception.

Research on the Traveling Characteristics and Comparison of Bike Sharing in College Campus-A Case Study in Hangzhou

Bike sharing emerging from college campus in China's Mainland has become a major part in the daily traveling of Chinese urban residents.It changes the traveling behavior of urban residents,and simultaneously,raises higher requirements on urban transportation facility construction and management.However,the return of bike sharing to college campus causes more troubles to schools.The fundamental cause is the closed peculiarity of campus traveling comparing with city traveling,and also the discrepancy between college campuses of different types.This paper investigates the traveling characteristics of bike sharing in college campus in three different locations in Hangzhou City,Zhejiang Province of China in the questionnaire,and compares the discrepancy with urban bike sharing traveling characteristics and the discrepancy in bike sharing use between college campuses of different types.From the perspective of parking,maintenance and operation,and hardware design,the paper eventually raises suggestions to optimize independent college campus bike sharing service facility and management consistent with urban system.The research may also offer beneficial reference to the release of bike sharing facilities consistent with urban system in all sorts of independent parks,especially college campus.

Inviting Nature into Academic Learning:Exploring the Possibility to Activate the Introvert Courts inside the University Buildings

Established on peripheral sub-urban area of Sylhet city,Shahjalal University of Science and Technology is a public university well known for its beautiful natural environment and diversified landscape with green hillocks,waterscape,forests and biodiversity.But,the academic buildings of the campus were planned in an introvert way that the common void courts remain disconnected from the outside natural environment.Although designed with positive intention,most of the courts remain unused maximum the time of a year.As the campus natural environment is getting richer day by day and users prefer to spend more time in outside environment,it is high time to integrate nature into the academic learning.This research aims to explore the possibilities of these void courts to be incorporated with the outside natural environment to enhance joyful learning.A combined approach was adopted as research methodology consists of intensive physical survey,literature study,microclimate analysis,questioner surveys among the users,interviewing the field experts and selective national and international case studies.Lastly,a set recommendation has been proposed considering all the perspectives and issues that the research has identified.

ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF CAMPUS LEED® BUILDINGS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GREEN BUILDING AND ENERGY POLICY

Many university campuses in the United States are working toward their sustain-able goals by adopting energy or green building policies,which require Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED®)certification for new construction and major renovation projects.Because LEED certification heavily relies on whole building energy simulation to demonstrate building energy performance improve-ment,it is often assumed that the finished buildings will achieve the predicted level of energy efficiency.This paper presents a study that compares the energy model predictions with actual energy performance of three LEED buildings on a univer-sity campus.The study shows that one of the campus LEED buildings consumed twice the predicted energy usage while causing a high level of occupant dissatisfac-tion.Further investigation reveals a variety of contributing factors for these issues and provides insights to improve green building policy and practice.Not only are the research findings important for this particular campus(Ohio State University)on its way to sustainability,they also have widespread ramifications for other uni-versity campuses.

Understanding perceptions of college students on the operation of automated shuttle for persons with disabilities on campus walkways

Persons with disabilities have difficulties traveling from one point to the other due to the limited options of travel modes for the first and last mile.Western Michigan University tested using an autonomous shuttle on the main campus's sidewalks for persons with disabilities.This study's objectives are to understand the empathy college students without disabilities had on the need for suitable transportation services for students with disabilities and the perceived risks of the services'operation on sidewalks.The Bayesian ordered logit model and text mining analyzed 396 survey responses.The Bayesian ordered logistic regression results revealed that age,gender,and ethnicity are important factors that contribute to different opinions concerning perceived risks and sympathy brought by an autonomous shuttle operating on pedestrians'sidewalks.The text mining results revealed several patterns.While respondents who were against the operation focused on potential safety hazards and the crowdedness of the sidewalks,supporters focused on the expected improved mobility for people with disabilities.The findings from this study are expected to assist policymakers and vehicle manufacturers with pedestrian expectations and considerations related to risk and safety when sharing their walkways with the autonomous shuttle.

RMIT UNIVERSITY LAWN PRECINCT A CASE STUDY IN URBAN RENEWAL AND THE DESIGN OF PUBLIC SPACE

INTRODUCTION The University Lawn Precinct is a rare example of a large-scale urban refurbishment within an existing university campus embedded within the city.The ambition for the project was to transform a once degraded campus into a vibrant urban venue as a new public place-a place that reconnected the university back into the city it occupies.The University Lawn Precinct forms part of a larger campus-wide Urban Spaces Project that commenced in the mid-1990s.Originally a gravel car park hemmed in at the rear of the main university buildings,this forgotten service area has been transformed into a richly layered urban realm.The university has worked closely with the City of Melbourne as part of a sustained program of pedestrianisation and urban enhancement.

Credit Evaluation Model for College Students Based on Logistic Regression Model

Internet financing in China has been developing rapidly in China.Recently,college students start to be one of emerging target group of internet consumer financing services.However,college students' credit has not been fully taken account yet.This paper aims at contributing to making a step for solving this issue.In this paper,a credit fraud evaluation model is developed using a university' s students ' grade and campus consumption data.A logistic regression model is trained with the students' grade and daily consumption data.The features of the model with stepwise regression methods are selected.And this model achieves that the paper predicts the students' fault rate accurately.

Additions to the lichen flora of Assam with special reference to Astrothelium alboverrucoides,a new record to India

The present study enumerates the diversity of corticolous lichens from Kokrajhar district of Assam state.The study records 54 species of lichens belonging to 21 genera and 14 families.Majority of the species are crustose(44 species)and 10 are foliose.One of the species,Astrothelium alboverrucoides is a new record to India while five species viz.,Graphis sayeri,Hemithecium croceum,Malmidea piperis,Ocellularia allosporoides and Porina belanospora are new additions to the lichen biota of Assam.Among the species,nine are endemic to India.Graphidaceae is the dominant family and Dirinaria consimilis is frequently found in all the study sites.This indicates its scope for future applications in other studies related to lichens in the region.

TRANSFORMATIVE RENEWAL AND URBAN SUSTAINABILITY

A key tenet of sustainable urban development is adaptive reuse, which is the practice of reusing existing infrastructure for a purpose other than for what it was built. Communities have much to gain from the adaptive reuse and transformative renewal of the older built fabric of the city. Retaining older buildings has environmental benefits as it bypasses complete demolition and reconstruction, and conserves the considerable embodied energy stored within the structure. Adaptive reuse is a key environmental factor in land conservation and the reduction of urban sprawl, as it promotes the reuse and revitalization of downtown and inner city sites. Existing buildings highlight the social character and identity of a community through the retention of the irreplaceable historic fabric. Existing buildings promote a strong and vibrant sense of place, leading to increased citizen engagement. Economic benefits can follow as the adaptive reuse and revitalization creates renewal, new uses, and captures the value of the existing building stock, creating a spur to the local economy. For these reasons, the adaptive reuse of existing and historic buildings is an essential component of sustainable urban development. This article will review a case study of the new downtown campus for the University of Windsor and the use of three existing historic buildings as a relevant adaptive reuse strategy toward inner city regeneration and revitalization. The overall strategy for urban sustainability will be reviewed, as well as specific issues and opportunities for each of the three projects.